\n| Sistem A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Y\u00fcklenmesi (Overload)<\/td>\n | Sistemin kald\u0131rabilece\u011finden \u00e7ok daha fazla istek almas\u0131.<\/td>\n | Efsane Cuma indirimlerinde sitenin kilitlenmesi.<\/td>\n | H\u0131z S\u0131n\u0131rlama (Rate Limiting) ve Kuyruk y\u00f6netimi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n “G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn gibi ye\u011fenim,” diye devam etti day\u0131s\u0131, “her hatan\u0131n karakteri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ici bir a\u011f hatas\u0131 i\u00e7in sistemi kapatmak ne kadar yanl\u0131\u015fsa, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir veri taban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 hatas\u0131n\u0131 durmadan yeniden denemek de o kadar aptalcad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kal\u0131c\u0131 hatalar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli denemek, sistemi daha da yorar ve kaynaklar\u0131 t\u00fcketir.”<\/p>\n Yeniden Deneme (Retry) Mekanizmas\u0131 Nas\u0131l Tasarlan\u0131r?<\/h2>\nCan heyecanla araya girdi: “Day\u0131, o zaman ge\u00e7ici hatalar i\u00e7in hemen bir ‘d\u00f6ng\u00fc’ yaz\u0131p hata ald\u0131k\u00e7a tekrar istek atay\u0131m, de\u011fil mi?”<\/p>\n “Dur orada aceleci ye\u011fenim!” dedi day\u0131s\u0131. “E\u011fer bir servis yo\u011funluktan dolay\u0131 yava\u015flam\u0131\u015fsa ve sen ona durmadan, saniyede y\u00fczlerce kez ‘tekrar dene’ iste\u011fi g\u00f6nderirsen ne olur? O servisi tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kertirsin. Kendi ellerinle kendi sistemine siber sald\u0131r\u0131 (DDoS) yapm\u0131\u015f olursun. Bu y\u00fczden yeniden deneme (retry) mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 tasarlarken \u00e7ok dikkatli olmal\u0131y\u0131z.”<\/p>\n Day\u0131s\u0131, g\u00fcvenli bir yeniden deneme mekanizmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 alt\u0131n kural\u0131 s\u0131ralad\u0131:<\/p>\n \n- \u00dcstel Geri \u00c7ekilme (Exponential Backoff):<\/strong> Her ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z denemeden sonra bekleme s\u00fcresini katlayarak art\u0131rmal\u0131s\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin; ilk deneme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunca 1 saniye, ikincide 2 saniye, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcde 4 saniye beklemelisin.<\/li>\n
- Rastgele Sapma (Jitter):<\/strong> Bekleme s\u00fcrelerine ufak rastgele saniyeler eklemelisin. E\u011fer t\u00fcm istemciler ayn\u0131 anda \u00fcstel geri \u00e7ekilme yaparsa, hepsi ayn\u0131 saniyede tekrar istek atar ve hedef servisi yine kilitler. Jitter bu yo\u011funlu\u011fu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r.<\/li>\n
- Maksimum Deneme S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 (Max Retries):<\/strong> Sonsuza kadar deneme yapamazs\u0131n. Genellikle 3 veya 5 denemeden sonra pes edip alternatif plana ge\u00e7melisin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
“\u015eimdi gel bunu modern bir JavaScript koduyla somutla\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m,” diyerek Can’\u0131n klavyesine uzand\u0131 day\u0131s\u0131:<\/p>\n \n async function guvenliIstekAt(url, denemeSayisi = 3, gecikme = 1000) {\n try {\n const response = await fetch(url);\n if (!response.ok) throw new Error(\"Sunucu hatas\u0131!\");\n return await response.json();\n } catch (error) {\n if (denemeSayisi <= 1) {\n console.error(\"Maksimum deneme s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Hata:\", error.message);\n throw error;\n }\n \/\/ Rastgele sapma (Jitter) eklenmi\u015f \u00fcstel geri \u00e7ekilme hesaplamas\u0131\n const jitter = Math.random() * 200;\n const sonrakiGecikme = gecikme * 2 + jitter;\n \n console.warn(\u0130stek ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. ${gecikme}ms sonra tekrar deneniyor...<\/code>);\n await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, gecikme));\n \n return guvenliIstekAt(url, denemeSayisi - 1, sonrakiGecikme);\n }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n“Bak ye\u011fenim,” dedi day\u0131s\u0131 kodu g\u00f6stererek. “Bu kodda hem \u00fcstel geri \u00e7ekilme uygulad\u0131k hem de araya jitter<\/code> ekleyerek sunucunun nefes almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131k. \u0130\u015fte profesyonel hata y\u00f6netimi budur.”<\/p>\nDevre Kesici (Circuit Breaker) Deseni Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\nCan kodu inceledi ama akl\u0131na ba\u015fka bir soru tak\u0131ld\u0131: “Peki day\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131daki servis tamamen \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015fse ve bizim 5 saniye bekleyecek vaktimiz yoksa ne yapaca\u011f\u0131z? Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 her seferinde saniyelerce bekletmek haks\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011fil mi?”<\/p>\n Day\u0131s\u0131 keyifle g\u00fcl\u00fcmsedi. “Harika bir noktaya parmak bast\u0131n Can. \u0130\u015fte tam bu senaryo i\u00e7in elektrik m\u00fchendisli\u011finden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir desenimiz var: Devre Kesici (Circuit Breaker) deseni.”<\/p>\n “Evlerimizdeki sigorta kutusunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn,” diye devam etti day\u0131s\u0131. “E\u011fer bir odada k\u0131sa devre varsa, sigorta atar ve elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 keser. B\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm evin yanmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Yaz\u0131l\u0131mda da devre kesici ayn\u0131 mant\u0131kla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 temel durumu (state) vard\u0131r:”<\/p>\n \n- Kapal\u0131 (Closed):<\/strong> Her \u015fey yolundad\u0131r. \u0130stekler hedef servise do\u011frudan iletilir. Hatalar izlenir.<\/li>\n
- A\u00e7\u0131k (Open):<\/strong> Hedef servis belirlenen hata e\u015fi\u011fini (\u00f6rne\u011fin son 10 istekten 5’inin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131) a\u015farsa devre a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Art\u0131k istekler hedef servise hi\u00e7 g\u00f6nderilmez, do\u011frudan hata veya yedek plan (fallback) d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece sistem zaman kazan\u0131r ve kar\u015f\u0131 servis iyile\u015fme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulur.<\/li>\n
- Yar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k (Half-Open):<\/strong> Belirli bir s\u00fcre sonra devre kesici, kar\u015f\u0131 servisin d\u00fczelip d\u00fczelmedi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 deneme iste\u011fi g\u00f6nderir. E\u011fer bu istekler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursa devre tekrar ‘Kapal\u0131’ konumuna d\u00f6ner. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa ‘A\u00e7\u0131k’ konumuna geri d\u00f6ner.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Bu desen sayesinde, \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f bir servise \u0131srarla istek g\u00f6ndererek hem kendi kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 (thread, bellek) t\u00fcketmeyiz hem de kar\u015f\u0131 servisin \u00fczerindeki y\u00fck\u00fc kald\u0131rarak onun daha h\u0131zl\u0131 aya\u011fa kalkmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluruz.<\/p>\n Yedek Plan (Fallback) ve Kademeli Bozulma Nedir?<\/h2>\nCan kafas\u0131n\u0131 sallad\u0131. “Devre kesici harika bir \u015feymi\u015f day\u0131! Ama devre a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131ya sadece hata ekran\u0131 m\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fiz? Bu da k\u00f6t\u00fc bir deneyim de\u011fil mi?”<\/p>\n “Kesinlikle k\u00f6t\u00fc bir deneyim ye\u011fenim,” dedi day\u0131s\u0131. “\u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden devre a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya t\u00fcm denemeler ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funda devreye Yedek Plan (Fallback) mekanizmas\u0131 girer. Amac\u0131m\u0131z kademeli bozulma (graceful degradation) sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.”<\/p>\n Day\u0131s\u0131 yerel bir e-ticaret sitesinden \u00f6rnek verdi: “D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ki T\u00fcrkiye’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir e-ticaret sitesindesin. Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya \u00f6zel \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6nerileri sunan yapay zeka servisin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na kocaman bir ‘500 Sunucu Hatas\u0131’ m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmal\u0131s\u0131n? Yoksa o alan bo\u015f kalmas\u0131n diye veritaban\u0131ndan \u00f6nceden \u00f6nbelle\u011fe (cache) al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f en \u00e7ok satan pop\u00fcler \u00fcr\u00fcnleri mi g\u00f6stermelisin?”<\/p>\n Can, “Tabii ki en \u00e7ok satanlar\u0131 g\u00f6steririm day\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamaz bile!” dedi.<\/p>\n “Aynen \u00f6yle Can,” dedi day\u0131s\u0131. “Yedek planlar hayat kurtar\u0131r. Bir \u00f6deme servisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ‘\u015eu an banka entegrasyonumuzda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma var, sipari\u015finizi kaydettik, en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede i\u015fleme alaca\u011f\u0131z’ demek bir yedek pland\u0131r. Veya ana veritaban\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde verileri salt okunur (read-only) bir yedek veritaban\u0131ndan sunmak kademeli bozulmad\u0131r. Sistem tam kapasite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz ama tamamen de durmaz.”<\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya Senaryosu: Bir E-Ticaret \u00d6deme Ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\nDay\u0131s\u0131, konunun iyice peki\u015fmesi i\u00e7in Can’a ger\u00e7ek bir vaka analizi sundu. “Gel \u015fimdi seninle ‘Efsane Cuma’ gecesinde \u00e7\u00f6ken bir \u00f6deme sistemini nas\u0131l kurtaraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m tasarlayal\u0131m.”<\/p>\n Senaryomuzda bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sepetindeki \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sat\u0131n almak i\u00e7in “\u00d6de” butonuna bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. Arkada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00f6deme mikroservisi, yerel bir bankan\u0131n API’sine ba\u011flanmak zorunda. Ancak banka sunucular\u0131 yo\u011funluktan dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok yava\u015f yan\u0131t veriyor.<\/p>\n Day\u0131s\u0131 bu s\u00fcreci nas\u0131l y\u00f6netmeleri gerekti\u011fini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlatt\u0131:<\/p>\n \n- Ad\u0131m 1: Zaman A\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (Timeout) Belirleme:<\/strong> Banka API’sine yap\u0131lan istek i\u00e7in maksimum 3 saniyelik bir zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi koymal\u0131y\u0131z. E\u011fer banka 3 saniye i\u00e7inde cevap vermezse, iste\u011fi hemen sonland\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z. Sonsuza kadar bekleyerek sistemdeki i\u015f par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (threads) kilitleyemeyiz.<\/li>\n
- Ad\u0131m 2: Devre Kesiciyi Devreye Sokma:<\/strong> E\u011fer son 20 istekten 10’u bu \u015fekilde zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frarsa, devre kesiciyi ‘A\u00e7\u0131k’ konumuna getirmeliyiz. Art\u0131k yeni gelen \u00f6deme isteklerini bankaya g\u00f6ndermemeliyiz.<\/li>\n
- Ad\u0131m 3: Yedek Plan\u0131 (Fallback) \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<\/strong> Devre a\u00e7\u0131kken gelen \u00f6demeler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ‘Birincil \u00f6deme kanal\u0131m\u0131zda yo\u011funluk ya\u015fan\u0131yor, sizi alternatif \u00f6deme kanal\u0131m\u0131za y\u00f6nlendiriyoruz’ mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmeli ve istek otomatik olarak ikinci bir \u00f6deme ge\u00e7idine (\u00f6rne\u011fin ba\u015fka bir banka veya iyzico gibi bir arac\u0131 kurum) y\u00f6nlendirilmelidir.<\/li>\n
- Ad\u0131m 4: Asenkron S\u00fcre\u00e7 Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> E\u011fer alternatif kanal da yan\u0131t vermiyorsa, sipari\u015fi ‘Beklemede’ durumuna al\u0131p kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ‘\u00d6demeniz s\u0131raya al\u0131nd\u0131, onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda size SMS ile bilgi verece\u011fiz’ diyerek i\u015flemi arka planda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00fcvenli bir mesaj kuyru\u011funa (message queue) aktarmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Can g\u00f6zleri parlayarak dinliyordu. “Day\u0131, bu senaryoda kullan\u0131c\u0131 siteden eli bo\u015f d\u00f6nm\u00fcyor, al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini tamaml\u0131yor ve biz de sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131yoruz!”<\/p>\n Hata Y\u00f6netiminde S\u0131k\u00e7a Yap\u0131lan Hatalar Nelerdir?<\/h2>\nDay\u0131s\u0131 aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131, \u00e7ay barda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tazelemek i\u00e7in y\u00f6nelirken son olarak Can’\u0131 s\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar konusunda uyard\u0131. “Hata y\u00f6netimi yap\u0131yorum derken kendi topu\u011funa s\u0131kma ye\u011fenim. \u015eu \u00fc\u00e7 hatadan kesinlikle uzak durmal\u0131s\u0131n:”<\/p>\n \u0130lk olarak, hatalar\u0131 yutmak (silent exceptions)<\/strong> en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnahlardan biridir. Bir catch<\/code> blo\u011fu yaz\u0131p i\u00e7ini bo\u015f b\u0131rakmak veya sadece hata mesaj\u0131n\u0131 konsola bas\u0131p ge\u00e7mek, sistemdeki sorunlar\u0131 hal\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na s\u00fcp\u00fcrmektir. Hatalar mutlaka loglanmal\u0131 (kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131) ve izleme (monitoring) ara\u00e7lar\u0131na bildirilmelidir.<\/p>\n\u0130kinci olarak, yanl\u0131\u015f hata t\u00fcrlerini yeniden denemek<\/strong> gelir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u015fifresini yanl\u0131\u015f girmesi sonucu olu\u015fan bir “Yetkisiz Eri\u015fim (401 Unauthorized)” hatas\u0131n\u0131 5 kez yeniden denemek tamamen anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Yeniden deneme mekanizmalar\u0131 sadece ge\u00e7ici a\u011f ve sunucu hatalar\u0131 (500, 503, 504 gibi) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\nSon olarak, zaman a\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 (timeouts) yap\u0131land\u0131rmamak<\/strong> sistemlerin yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00f6lmesine neden olur. Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n her d\u0131\u015f k\u00fct\u00fcphane ve HTTP istemcisi i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan zaman a\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 mutlaka manuel olarak set etmelisin. Varsay\u0131lan de\u011ferler genellikle \u00e7ok uzundur veya hi\u00e7 yoktur.<\/p>\n“\u015eimdi Can,” dedi day\u0131s\u0131 kap\u0131dan \u00e7\u0131karken, “git ve o yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n mikroservise \u00fcstel geri \u00e7ekilmeli bir yeniden deneme mekanizmas\u0131 ve g\u00fczel bir devre kesici ekle. Ak\u015fama kontrol edece\u011fim!”<\/p>\n Hata Y\u00f6netimi Hakk\u0131nda S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\nHata y\u00f6netimi ile hata ay\u0131klama (debugging) aras\u0131ndaki fark nedir?<\/h3>\nHata ay\u0131klama (debugging), yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda koddaki hatalar\u0131 bulup d\u00fczeltme s\u00fcrecidir. Hata y\u00f6netimi (failure handling) ise, sistem canl\u0131 ortamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz operasyonel hatalar\u0131 (a\u011f kesintisi, servis \u00e7\u00f6kmesi vb.) sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesini engelleyecek \u015fekilde y\u00f6netme stratejisidir.<\/p>\n Her API iste\u011fi i\u00e7in devre kesici (circuit breaker) kullanmal\u0131 m\u0131y\u0131m?<\/h3>\nHay\u0131r, her istek i\u00e7in gerek yoktur. \u00d6zellikle kritik \u00f6neme sahip, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan ve sistemin darbo\u011faz (bottleneck) olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi ana servis ge\u00e7i\u015flerinde (\u00f6deme sistemleri, d\u0131\u015f veri sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 vb.) devre kesici kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. Kendi kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcz alt\u0131ndaki kararl\u0131 i\u00e7 servisler i\u00e7in basit zaman a\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 yeterli olabilir.<\/p>\n Yedek plan (fallback) verileri g\u00fcncel de\u011filse ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/h3>\nYedek plan\u0131n amac\u0131 m\u00fckemmel veriyi sunmak de\u011fil, sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r halde tutmakt\u0131r. Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya eski (stale) veri g\u00f6stermek, hi\u00e7 veri g\u00f6stermemekten veya hata ekran\u0131 vermekten genellikle daha iyidir. Ancak kritik finansal i\u015flemlerde eski veri g\u00f6stermek yerine, i\u015flemi g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde s\u0131raya al\u0131p kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 bilgilendirmek daha do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hata y\u00f6netimi sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkiler mi?<\/h3>\nAksine, do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hata y\u00f6netimi sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 korur. Devre kesiciler sayesinde yan\u0131t vermeyen servislere bo\u015funa istek at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilir ve sistem kaynaklar\u0131 (CPU, bellek, thread) gereksiz yere t\u00fcketilmez. Sadece yeniden deneme (retry) say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek tutulursa ge\u00e7ici bir ek y\u00fck olu\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n #Teknoloji #HataYonetimi #YazilimGelisitirme #SistemMimarisi<\/p>\n \u00d6rnek kod:<\/strong> github.com\/fatihsoysalcom\/microservice-payment-failure-handling<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yaz\u0131l\u0131m sistemlerinde hata y\u00f6netimi (failure handling) s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini, day\u0131-ye\u011fen sohbeti e\u015fli\u011finde, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131 ve pratik kod \u00f6rnekleriyle ke\u015ffedin.","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-43286","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nHata Y\u00f6netimi Nedir? 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