Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/title><br \/>\n<\/head><br \/>\n<body><\/p>\n<p>Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n<p>Python’da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zarif bir mekanizmad\u0131r. K\u0131saca, bir fonksiyonu ba\u015fka bir fonksiyonla “sarmak” ve orijinal fonksiyonun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden ek \u00f6zellikler eklemek anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu makalede, dekorat\u00f6rlerin ne olduklar\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve neden kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<h2>Dekorat\u00f6rler Nedir?<\/h2>\n<p>Bir dekorat\u00f6r, bir fonksiyonu al\u0131p, onu modifiye ederek yeni bir fonksiyon d\u00f6nd\u00fcren bir fonksiyondur. Bu modifikasyon, ek i\u015flevsellik eklemeyi, fonksiyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce veya sonra kod \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 veya hatta fonksiyonun tamamen nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi i\u00e7erebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir fonksiyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini \u00f6l\u00e7en, giri\u015f parametrelerini do\u011frulayan veya loglama yapan bir dekorat\u00f6r yazabilirsiniz. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, dekorat\u00f6rler, kodun tekrar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak daha temiz ve okunabilir kod yazman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu durum, \u00f6zellikle ayn\u0131 i\u015flemleri birden fazla fonksiyonda tekrarlamak gerekti\u011finde olduk\u00e7a faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Dekorat\u00f6rlerin Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Bir dekorat\u00f6r, genellikle `@` sembol\u00fc kullan\u0131larak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu sembol, dekorat\u00f6r fonksiyonunun dekore edilecek fonksiyonun hemen \u00fcst\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, `my_decorator` adl\u0131 bir dekorat\u00f6r, `say_hello` adl\u0131 fonksiyonu dekore eder:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\ndef my_decorator(func):\n def wrapper():\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce...\")\n func()\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra...\")\n return wrapper\n\n@my_decorator\ndef say_hello():\n print(\"Merhaba!\")\n\nsay_hello()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu kod \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce “Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce…” yazd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan “Merhaba!”, son olarak da “Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra…” yazd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. `my_decorator` fonksiyonu, `say_hello` fonksiyonunu sarmalayarak (wrap) ek i\u015flevsellik eklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<h2>Arg\u00fcmanl\u0131 Fonksiyonlar\u0131 Dekore Etmek<\/h2>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, dekorat\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz arg\u00fcman almadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak, bir\u00e7ok durumda dekorat\u00f6rlerin arg\u00fcman almas\u0131 ve bu arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 kullanarak daha karma\u015f\u0131k i\u015flemler yapmas\u0131 gerekebilir. Bunun i\u00e7in, `*args` ve `**kwargs` kullan\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\ndef my_decorator(func):\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce...\")\n result = func(*args, **kwargs)\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra...\")\n return result\n return wrapper\n\n@my_decorator\ndef greet(name):\n print(f\"Merhaba, {name}!\")\n\ngreet(\"Fatih\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte, `greet` fonksiyonu bir arg\u00fcman almaktad\u0131r ve dekorat\u00f6r bu arg\u00fcman\u0131 kullanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu, dekorat\u00f6rlerin esnekli\u011fini ve kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletir.<\/p>\n<h2>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya \u00d6rnekleri<\/h2>\n<p>Dekorat\u00f6rler, \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, hata yakalama mekanizmalar\u0131, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, giri\u015f do\u011frulama ve loglama i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu sayede kod daha okunabilir ve daha iyi organize edilmi\u015f olur. Daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\">fatihsoysal.com<\/a> sitesini ziyaret edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yapan bir dekorat\u00f6r \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nimport time\n\ndef measure_time(func):\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n start_time = time.time()\n result = func(*args, **kwargs)\n end_time = time.time()\n print(f\"Fonksiyon {end_time - start_time:.4f} saniye s\u00fcrd\u00fc.\")\n return result\n return wrapper\n\n@measure_time\ndef long_running_function():\n time.sleep(2) # 2 saniye bekler\n\nlong_running_function()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p>Python dekorat\u00f6rleri, kodun tekrar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak ve fonksiyonellik eklemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rarak, daha temiz, okunabilir ve bak\u0131m\u0131 kolay kod yazmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu makalede incelenen \u00f6rnekler ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ile dekorat\u00f6rlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlaman\u0131z\u0131 ve kendi projelerinizde kullanman\u0131z\u0131 umuyoruz. Daha fazla bilgi edinmek i\u00e7in, Python dok\u00fcmantasyonuna ve di\u011fer online kaynaklara g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz. <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/glossary.html#term-decorator\">Python Dok\u00fcmantasyonu<\/a> bu konuda size yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, konu ile ilgili daha kapsaml\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/realpython.com\/primer-on-python-decorators\/\">Real Python<\/a> makalesini inceleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/via.placeholder.com\/500x300?text=Python+Dekorat\u00f6rleri\" alt=\"Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri G\u00f6rseli\"><\/p>\n<p>Umar\u0131m bu makale Python dekorat\u00f6rleri hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Herhangi bir sorunuz veya \u00f6neriniz varsa l\u00fctfen ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7mekten \u00e7ekinmeyin.<\/p>\n<p>#Etiketler: Python, Dekorat\u00f6rler, Fonksiyonellik, Geli\u015ftirme, Programlama, Kod, @dekorat\u00f6r, Fonksiyonel Programlama, Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri \u00d6rnekleri, Python Decorators, Fonksiyonellik Art\u0131rma<\/p>\n<p><\/body><br \/>\n<\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f Python’da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4115","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n<title>Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Python'da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zarif bir mekanizmad\u0131r. K\u0131saca, bir fonksiyonu ba\u015fka bir fonksiyonla "sarmak" ve orijinal fonksiyonun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden ek \u00f6zellikler eklemek anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu makalede, dekorat\u00f6rlerin ne olduklar\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve neden kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/python-dekoratorleri-fonksiyonellik-gelistirme-icin-derinlemesine-anlayis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Python'da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zarif bir mekanizmad\u0131r. 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{"id":4115,"date":"2024-11-17T12:15:14","date_gmt":"2024-11-17T09:15:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/python-dekoratorleri-fonksiyonellik-gelistirme-icin-derinlemesine-anlayis\/"},"modified":"2024-11-17T12:15:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-17T09:15:14","slug":"python-dekoratorleri-fonksiyonellik-gelistirme-icin-derinlemesine-anlayis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/python-dekoratorleri-fonksiyonellik-gelistirme-icin-derinlemesine-anlayis\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\nPython Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/title><br \/>\n<\/head><br \/>\n<body><\/p>\n<p>Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n<p>Python’da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zarif bir mekanizmad\u0131r. K\u0131saca, bir fonksiyonu ba\u015fka bir fonksiyonla “sarmak” ve orijinal fonksiyonun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden ek \u00f6zellikler eklemek anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu makalede, dekorat\u00f6rlerin ne olduklar\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve neden kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<h2>Dekorat\u00f6rler Nedir?<\/h2>\n<p>Bir dekorat\u00f6r, bir fonksiyonu al\u0131p, onu modifiye ederek yeni bir fonksiyon d\u00f6nd\u00fcren bir fonksiyondur. Bu modifikasyon, ek i\u015flevsellik eklemeyi, fonksiyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce veya sonra kod \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 veya hatta fonksiyonun tamamen nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi i\u00e7erebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir fonksiyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini \u00f6l\u00e7en, giri\u015f parametrelerini do\u011frulayan veya loglama yapan bir dekorat\u00f6r yazabilirsiniz. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, dekorat\u00f6rler, kodun tekrar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak daha temiz ve okunabilir kod yazman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu durum, \u00f6zellikle ayn\u0131 i\u015flemleri birden fazla fonksiyonda tekrarlamak gerekti\u011finde olduk\u00e7a faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Dekorat\u00f6rlerin Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Bir dekorat\u00f6r, genellikle `@` sembol\u00fc kullan\u0131larak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu sembol, dekorat\u00f6r fonksiyonunun dekore edilecek fonksiyonun hemen \u00fcst\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, `my_decorator` adl\u0131 bir dekorat\u00f6r, `say_hello` adl\u0131 fonksiyonu dekore eder:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\ndef my_decorator(func):\n def wrapper():\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce...\")\n func()\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra...\")\n return wrapper\n\n@my_decorator\ndef say_hello():\n print(\"Merhaba!\")\n\nsay_hello()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu kod \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6nce “Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce…” yazd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan “Merhaba!”, son olarak da “Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra…” yazd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. `my_decorator` fonksiyonu, `say_hello` fonksiyonunu sarmalayarak (wrap) ek i\u015flevsellik eklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<h2>Arg\u00fcmanl\u0131 Fonksiyonlar\u0131 Dekore Etmek<\/h2>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, dekorat\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz arg\u00fcman almadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak, bir\u00e7ok durumda dekorat\u00f6rlerin arg\u00fcman almas\u0131 ve bu arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 kullanarak daha karma\u015f\u0131k i\u015flemler yapmas\u0131 gerekebilir. Bunun i\u00e7in, `*args` ve `**kwargs` kullan\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\ndef my_decorator(func):\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce...\")\n result = func(*args, **kwargs)\n print(\"Fonksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra...\")\n return result\n return wrapper\n\n@my_decorator\ndef greet(name):\n print(f\"Merhaba, {name}!\")\n\ngreet(\"Fatih\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekte, `greet` fonksiyonu bir arg\u00fcman almaktad\u0131r ve dekorat\u00f6r bu arg\u00fcman\u0131 kullanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu, dekorat\u00f6rlerin esnekli\u011fini ve kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletir.<\/p>\n<h2>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya \u00d6rnekleri<\/h2>\n<p>Dekorat\u00f6rler, \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, hata yakalama mekanizmalar\u0131, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, giri\u015f do\u011frulama ve loglama i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu sayede kod daha okunabilir ve daha iyi organize edilmi\u015f olur. Daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\">fatihsoysal.com<\/a> sitesini ziyaret edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yapan bir dekorat\u00f6r \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nimport time\n\ndef measure_time(func):\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n start_time = time.time()\n result = func(*args, **kwargs)\n end_time = time.time()\n print(f\"Fonksiyon {end_time - start_time:.4f} saniye s\u00fcrd\u00fc.\")\n return result\n return wrapper\n\n@measure_time\ndef long_running_function():\n time.sleep(2) # 2 saniye bekler\n\nlong_running_function()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p>Python dekorat\u00f6rleri, kodun tekrar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak ve fonksiyonellik eklemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rarak, daha temiz, okunabilir ve bak\u0131m\u0131 kolay kod yazmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu makalede incelenen \u00f6rnekler ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ile dekorat\u00f6rlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlaman\u0131z\u0131 ve kendi projelerinizde kullanman\u0131z\u0131 umuyoruz. Daha fazla bilgi edinmek i\u00e7in, Python dok\u00fcmantasyonuna ve di\u011fer online kaynaklara g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz. <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/glossary.html#term-decorator\">Python Dok\u00fcmantasyonu<\/a> bu konuda size yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, konu ile ilgili daha kapsaml\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/realpython.com\/primer-on-python-decorators\/\">Real Python<\/a> makalesini inceleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/via.placeholder.com\/500x300?text=Python+Dekorat\u00f6rleri\" alt=\"Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri G\u00f6rseli\"><\/p>\n<p>Umar\u0131m bu makale Python dekorat\u00f6rleri hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Herhangi bir sorunuz veya \u00f6neriniz varsa l\u00fctfen ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7mekten \u00e7ekinmeyin.<\/p>\n<p>#Etiketler: Python, Dekorat\u00f6rler, Fonksiyonellik, Geli\u015ftirme, Programlama, Kod, @dekorat\u00f6r, Fonksiyonel Programlama, Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri \u00d6rnekleri, Python Decorators, Fonksiyonellik Art\u0131rma<\/p>\n<p><\/body><br \/>\n<\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f Python’da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4115","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n<title>Python Dekorat\u00f6rleri: Fonksiyonellik Geli\u015ftirme \u0130\u00e7in Derinlemesine Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Python'da dekorat\u00f6rler, fonksiyonlar\u0131n i\u015flevselli\u011fini geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zarif bir mekanizmad\u0131r. 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