Ubuntu 18.04, uzun s\u00fcreli destek (LTS) sunan ve bir\u00e7ok geli\u015ftirici taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilen sa\u011flam bir i\u015fletim sistemidir. Python ise basit s\u00f6zdizimi, geni\u015f k\u00fct\u00fcphane deste\u011fi ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sayesinde web geli\u015ftirme, veri bilimi, makine \u00f6\u011frenimi, otomasyon ve daha bir\u00e7ok alanda pop\u00fclerli\u011fini koruyan dinamik bir programlama dilidir. Bu rehber, Ubuntu 18.04 \u00fczerinde Python 3’\u00fcn en g\u00fcncel s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurman\u0131n ve verimli bir yerel programlama ortam\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131n ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yollar\u0131n\u0131 detayland\u0131racakt\u0131r. Amac\u0131m\u0131z, hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de deneyimli geli\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in net ve kapsaml\u0131 bir yol haritas\u0131 sunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Python’\u0131n pop\u00fclaritesi, okunabilirli\u011fi ve geni\u015f ekosistemi sayesinde h\u0131zla artmaktad\u0131r. Ubuntu 18.04 ise kararl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 ve geni\u015f topluluk deste\u011fi ile Python geli\u015ftiricileri i\u00e7in ideal bir platform sunar. Her ne kadar Ubuntu 18.04 varsay\u0131lan olarak Python 3.6.9 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcyle gelse de, bir\u00e7ok modern proje ve k\u00fct\u00fcphane daha yeni Python 3 s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerini (\u00f6rne\u011fin 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 veya daha yenisi) gerektirebilir. Bu nedenle, en g\u00fcncel Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurmak ve projeler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in sanal ortamlar olu\u015fturmak kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bu rehberde, Python’\u0131 sisteminize g\u00fcvenli ve esnek bir \u015fekilde nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131, paket y\u00f6neticisi PIP’i nas\u0131l kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve projelerinizi izole etmek i\u00e7in sanal ortamlar\u0131 nas\u0131l olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz. Ayr\u0131ca, geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinizi kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak pop\u00fcler entegre geli\u015ftirme ortamlar\u0131na (IDE) ve metin d\u00fczenleyicilere de de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Herhangi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m kurulumuna ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sisteminizin g\u00fcncel oldu\u011fundan ve gerekli t\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klara sahip oldu\u011fundan emin olmak \u00f6nemlidir. Bu, olas\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nler ve sorunsuz bir kurulum s\u00fcreci sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk ad\u0131m olarak, Ubuntu paket listelerini g\u00fcncelleyelim ve y\u00fckl\u00fc paketleri en son s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine y\u00fckseltelim. Bu i\u015flem, sisteminizin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ve yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde kurulmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
sudo apt update\nsudo apt upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\nsudo apt update<\/code> komutu, yerel paket indeksinizi g\u00fcncellerken, sudo apt upgrade -y<\/code> komutu ise mevcut t\u00fcm paketlerinizi onay gerektirmeden y\u00fckseltir. Bu i\u015flem biraz zaman alabilir.<\/p>\nGerekli Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
Python’\u0131 kaynak koddan derlemek veya baz\u0131 Python k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerini kurmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli geli\u015ftirme ara\u00e7lar\u0131na ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerine ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar genellikle derleyicileri, ba\u015fl\u0131k dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer geli\u015ftirme ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install build-essential zlib1g-dev libncursesg5-dev libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev libsqlite3-dev wget libbz2-dev -y<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komutla y\u00fcklenen baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli paketler \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n* build-essential<\/code>: GCC derleyicisi ve make gibi temel derleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir.
\n* zlib1g-dev<\/code>: Zlib s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin geli\u015ftirme dosyalar\u0131.
\n* libssl-dev<\/code>: OpenSSL k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin geli\u015ftirme dosyalar\u0131, Python’\u0131n HTTPS deste\u011fi i\u00e7in gereklidir.
\n* libffi-dev<\/code>: Foreign Function Interface k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin geli\u015ftirme dosyalar\u0131, Python’\u0131n C k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleriyle etkile\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.
\n* libsqlite3-dev<\/code>: SQLite veritaban\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin geli\u015ftirme dosyalar\u0131.
\n* wget<\/code>: Dosyalar\u0131 internetten indirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir komut sat\u0131r\u0131 arac\u0131.<\/p>\nBu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fckl\u00fc olmas\u0131, Python’\u0131 kaynak koddan derlerken veya daha sonra pip<\/code> ile baz\u0131 paketleri kurarken kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz hatalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\nPython 3 Kurulum Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/h3>\n
Ubuntu 18.04’e Python 3 kurman\u0131n birka\u00e7 yolu vard\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131 apt<\/code> paket y\u00f6neticisi ile kurulum ve kaynak koddan derleyerek kurulumdur. Her iki y\u00f6ntemin de avantajlar\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\nAPT ile Kurulum (Basit Y\u00f6ntem)<\/h4>\n
Ubuntu 18.04, varsay\u0131lan olarak Python 3.6.9 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. Bu s\u00fcr\u00fcm, bir\u00e7ok temel g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in yeterli olabilir. apt<\/code> ile kurulum h\u0131zl\u0131 ve kolayd\u0131r, ancak genellikle en g\u00fcncel Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamaz.<\/p>\nVarsay\u0131lan Python S\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Kontrol Etme<\/h5>\n
Kuruluma ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sisteminizdeki mevcut Python 3 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol edebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
python3 --version<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 Python 3.6.9<\/code> gibi bir \u015fey ise, bu Ubuntu’nun varsay\u0131lan s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\nAPT ile Python 3 ve PIP Kurulumu<\/h5>\n
E\u011fer daha yeni bir s\u00fcr\u00fcme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z yoksa ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kurulum ar\u0131yorsan\u0131z, apt<\/code> ile Python 3 ve PIP’i kurabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nsudo apt install python3 python3-pip -y<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Python 3 yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve Python paket y\u00f6neticisi olan PIP’i kuracakt\u0131r. Ancak bu y\u00f6ntemle kurulan PIP, genellikle sistem genelinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve projelere \u00f6zel sanal ortamlar olu\u015fturmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Bu nedenle, \u00f6zellikle birden fazla proje \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, kaynak koddan kurulum ve ard\u0131ndan venv<\/code> ile sanal ortam kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha esnektir.<\/p>\nKaynak Koddan Kurulum (\u00d6nerilen Y\u00f6ntem)<\/h4>\n
Kaynak koddan kurulum, size Python’\u0131n en g\u00fcncel s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurma ve derleme se\u00e7enekleri \u00fczerinde daha fazla kontrol sahibi olma imkan\u0131 sunar. Bu y\u00f6ntem, \u00f6zellikle belirli bir Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z varsa veya en yeni \u00f6zellikleri kullanmak istiyorsan\u0131z tercih edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
En Son Python S\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130ndirme<\/h5>\n
Python’\u0131n en son kararl\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Python’\u0131n resmi web sitesinden (python.org) indirebilirsiniz. Bu rehber yaz\u0131l\u0131rken, Python 3.9 veya 3.10 gibi s\u00fcr\u00fcmler g\u00fcncel olarak mevcuttur. \u00d6rnek olarak, Python 3.9.10 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc indirelim:<\/p>\n
cd \/tmp\nwget https:\/\/www.python.org\/ftp\/python\/3.9.10\/Python-3.9.10.tgz<\/code><\/pre>\n\/tmp<\/code> dizini, ge\u00e7ici dosyalar i\u00e7in iyi bir yerdir. wget<\/code> komutu, belirtilen URL’den Python kaynak kod ar\u015fivini indirir.<\/p>\nAr\u015fivi \u00c7\u0131karma<\/h5>\n
\u0130ndirdi\u011finiz .tgz<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131z gerekmektedir:<\/p>\ntar -xf Python-3.9.10.tgz<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Python-3.9.10<\/code> ad\u0131nda yeni bir dizin olu\u015fturacak ve t\u00fcm kaynak dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 bu dizine \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\nDerleme ve Kurulum<\/h5>\n
\u015eimdi, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan dizine gidelim ve Python’\u0131 derleyip kural\u0131m.<\/p>\n
cd Python-3.9.10<\/code><\/pre>\nArd\u0131ndan, derleme s\u00fcrecini yap\u0131land\u0131ral\u0131m. --enable-optimizations<\/code> bayra\u011f\u0131, Python’\u0131 performans optimizasyonlar\u0131yla derler, bu da derleme s\u00fcresini uzatabilir ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n.\/configure --enable-optimizations<\/code><\/pre>\nYap\u0131land\u0131rma tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, Python’\u0131 derleyebiliriz. make -j $(nproc)<\/code> komutu, sisteminizdeki t\u00fcm CPU \u00e7ekirdeklerini kullanarak derleme s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\nmake -j $(nproc)<\/code><\/pre>\nDerleme i\u015flemi sisteminizin donan\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak biraz zaman alabilir.<\/p>\n
Kurulum a\u015famas\u0131nda make altinstall<\/code> kullanmak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. make install<\/code> yerine make altinstall<\/code> kullanmak, mevcut Python 3.6.9 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya onunla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Bu, sisteminizin d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik olan varsay\u0131lan Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. altinstall<\/code>, yeni Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ayr\u0131 bir ikili dosya olarak (\u00f6rn. python3.9<\/code>, pip3.9<\/code>) kurar.<\/p>\nsudo make altinstall<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, Python kaynak dizininden \u00e7\u0131kabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
cd ..<\/code><\/pre>\nVe indirilen kaynak dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 temizleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
rm -rf Python-3.9.10 Python-3.9.10.tgz<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulumu Do\u011frulama<\/h5>\n
Yeni kurdu\u011funuz Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol edelim:<\/p>\n
python3.9 --version<\/code><\/pre>\n\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 Python 3.9.10<\/code> gibi bir \u015fey olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, Python’\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\nPIP Kurulumu ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
PIP (Package Installer for Python), Python paketlerini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan standart bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. K\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri kurman\u0131za, g\u00fcncellemenize ve kald\u0131rman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r. Kaynak koddan kurulum yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, PIP genellikle Python ile birlikte gelmez veya ayr\u0131 olarak kurulmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
PIP Kurulumu (Kaynak Koddan Kurulum Sonras\u0131)<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer Python’\u0131 kaynak koddan kurduysan\u0131z, PIP’i ayr\u0131ca kurman\u0131z gerekebilir. Python 3.4 ve sonraki s\u00fcr\u00fcmler genellikle ensurepip<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fc ile gelir, bu da PIP’i kurmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\npython3.9 -m ensurepip --upgrade<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Python 3.9 i\u00e7in PIP’i kuracak ve en son s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne y\u00fckseltecektir.<\/p>\n
PIP S\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Kontrol Etme<\/h5>\n
PIP’in do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kuruldu\u011fundan emin olmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol edebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
pip3.9 --version<\/code><\/pre>\n\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da PIP’in s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc ve Python 3.9 ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n
PIP Temel Komutlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
PIP, Python projelerinizde k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131 temel PIP komutlar\u0131:<\/p>\n
* Paket Kurulumu:<\/strong><\/p>\npip3.9 install <\/code><\/pre>\n \u00d6rnek: pip3.9 install requests<\/code>
\n* Paket G\u00fcncelleme:<\/strong><\/p>\npip3.9 install --upgrade <\/code><\/pre>\n \u00d6rnek: pip3.9 install --upgrade requests<\/code>
\n* Paket Kald\u0131rma:<\/strong><\/p>\npip3.9 uninstall <\/code><\/pre>\n \u00d6rnek: pip3.9 uninstall requests<\/code>
\n* Y\u00fckl\u00fc Paketleri Listeleme:<\/strong><\/p>\npip3.9 list<\/code><\/pre>\n* Paket Bilgisi G\u00f6sterme:<\/strong><\/p>\npip3.9 show <\/code><\/pre>\n \u00d6rnek: pip3.9 show requests<\/code><\/p>\n\u00d6nemli Not:<\/strong> sudo<\/code> ile pip<\/code> kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. sudo pip install<\/code> komutu, paketleri sistem genelinde kurar ve bu, sistem Python kurulumunuzu bozabilir veya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Bunun yerine, sanal ortamlar kullanarak paketleri proje baz\u0131nda y\u00f6netmelisiniz.<\/p>\nSanal Ortamlar\u0131n (Virtual Environments) Kurulumu ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
Sanal ortamlar, Python geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden biridir. Bir sanal ortam, her projenin kendi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k setine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n di\u011fer projelerle veya sistemin genel Python kurulumuyla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Bu, projeler aras\u0131 izolasyon ve temiz bir geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Neden Sanal Ortamlar Kullan\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/h4>\n
* Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k \u0130zolasyonu:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 projeler farkl\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphane s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine ihtiya\u00e7 duyabilir. Sanal ortamlar, her projenin kendi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k setine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n* Sistem Temizli\u011fi:<\/strong> Paketleri global olarak kurmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131narak sistem Python kurulumunuzun temiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n* Yeniden \u00dcretilebilirlik:<\/strong> Bir projenin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 requirements.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131na kaydederek, projenin ba\u015fka bir ortamda kolayca kurulabilmesini sa\u011flar.
\n* G\u00fcvenlik:<\/strong> K\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli bir paketin sistem genelinde zarar vermesini engeller, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc etkileri sanal ortamla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\nvenv<\/code> Mod\u00fcl\u00fc ile Sanal Ortam Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\nPython 3.3 ve sonraki s\u00fcr\u00fcmler, sanal ortamlar olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in yerle\u015fik venv<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. Bu, ayr\u0131 bir paket kurman\u0131za gerek kalmadan sanal ortamlar olu\u015fturman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nSanal Ortam Olu\u015fturma<\/h5>\n
Projenizin dizininde bir sanal ortam olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullan\u0131n. \u00d6nce bir proje dizini olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n
mkdir my_python_project\ncd my_python_project<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi, my_project_env<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir sanal ortam olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\npython3.9 -m venv my_project_env<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, my_project_env<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dizin olu\u015fturacak ve bu dizinin i\u00e7ine Python yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131, PIP’i ve di\u011fer gerekli dosyalar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirecektir.<\/p>\nSanal Ortam\u0131 Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h5>\n
Sanal ortam\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in onu etkinle\u015ftirmeniz gerekir:<\/p>\n
source my_project_env\/bin\/activate<\/code><\/pre>\nSanal ortam etkinle\u015ftirildi\u011finde, terminal istemcinizin ba\u015f\u0131nda sanal ortam\u0131n ad\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, (my_project_env)<\/code>) g\u00f6r\u00fcnecektir. Bu, art\u0131k sanal ortam\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funuzu ve burada yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z pip install<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131n sadece bu ortama paket kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\nEtkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir sanal ortamda python --version<\/code> ve pip --version<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, bunlar sanal ortamdaki Python ve PIP’i g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\nSanal Ortamda Paket Kurulumu<\/h5>\n
Sanal ortam etkinle\u015ftirildikten sonra, pip<\/code> komutunu kullanarak paketleri kurabilirsiniz. Bu paketler sadece bu sanal ortama kurulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n(my_project_env) pip install requests beautifulsoup4<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komutlar requests<\/code> ve beautifulsoup4<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerini sadece my_project_env<\/code> sanal ortam\u0131na kurar.<\/p>\nSanal Ortam\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma<\/h5>\n
Sanal ortamdan \u00e7\u0131kmak ve sistem Python’\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in deactivate<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n(my_project_env) deactivate<\/code><\/pre>\nTerminal istemcinizin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki sanal ortam ad\u0131 kaybolacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
requirements.txt<\/code> Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\nBir projenin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek ve payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in requirements.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n* Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Kaydetme:<\/strong> Bir projenin t\u00fcm y\u00fckl\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 requirements.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131na kaydetmek i\u00e7in sanal ortam etkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015fken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n(my_project_env) pip freeze > requirements.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n Bu komut, sanal ortamda y\u00fckl\u00fc olan t\u00fcm paketleri ve s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerini requirements.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131na yazar. Bu dosyay\u0131 projenizin s\u00fcr\u00fcm kontrol sistemine (\u00f6rn. Git) eklemelisiniz.<\/p>\n* Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Kurma:<\/strong> Ba\u015fka bir geli\u015ftirici projenizi klonlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya siz yeni bir ortamda projeyi kurdu\u011funuzda, requirements.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 kolayca kurabilirsiniz. \u00d6nce yeni bir sanal ortam olu\u015fturup etkinle\u015ftirmeyi unutmay\u0131n:<\/p>\n(new_env) pip install -r requirements.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n Bu komut, requirements.txt<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda listelenen t\u00fcm paketleri belirtilen s\u00fcr\u00fcmleriyle birlikte yeni sanal ortama kuracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\nGeli\u015ftirme Ortam\u0131 Se\u00e7imi (IDE\/Metin Edit\u00f6r\u00fc)<\/h3>\n
Python kodunuzu yazmak ve y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in uygun bir geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131 se\u00e7mek, \u00fcretkenli\u011finizi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir. \u0130\u015fte pop\u00fcler se\u00e7eneklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131:<\/p>\n
Visual Studio Code (VS Code)<\/h4>\n
VS Code, Microsoft taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen \u00fccretsiz, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 ve olduk\u00e7a pop\u00fcler bir kod d\u00fczenleyicidir. Geni\u015f eklenti ekosistemi sayesinde Python geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in harika bir se\u00e7enektir.<\/p>\n
* Kurulum:<\/strong><\/p>\nsudo snap install --classic code<\/code><\/pre>\n Veya resmi web sitesinden .deb<\/code> paketini indirip kurabilirsiniz.
\n* Python Eklentisi:<\/strong> VS Code’u kurduktan sonra, Python geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in Microsoft’un resmi Python eklentisini (ms-python.python) y\u00fcklemeniz \u00f6nerilir. Bu eklenti, IntelliSense, hata ay\u0131klama, kod bi\u00e7imlendirme ve sanal ortam entegrasyonu gibi \u00f6zellikler sunar.<\/p>\nPyCharm<\/h4>\n
PyCharm, JetBrains taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen, Python i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Entegre Geli\u015ftirme Ortam\u0131d\u0131r (IDE). Hem \u00fccretli Professional hem de \u00fccretsiz Community s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri bulunur.<\/p>\n
* Kurulum (Community Edition):<\/strong><\/p>\nsudo snap install pycharm-community --classic<\/code><\/pre>\n PyCharm, proje tabanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hata ay\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131, kod analizi, refactoring ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve sanal ortamlarla sorunsuz entegrasyon gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zellikler sunar. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli projeler ve profesyonel geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in idealdir.<\/p>\n
Jupyter Notebook<\/h4>\n
Jupyter Notebook, \u00f6zellikle veri bilimi, makine \u00f6\u011frenimi ve interaktif hesaplamalar i\u00e7in pop\u00fcler bir web tabanl\u0131 interaktif geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131d\u0131r. Kod, metin ve g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirmeleri tek bir belgede birle\u015ftirmenize olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
* Kurulum (Sanal Ortamda):<\/strong><\/p>\n(my_project_env) pip install jupyter<\/code><\/pre>\n* Ba\u015flatma:<\/strong><\/p>\n(my_project_env) jupyter notebook<\/code><\/pre>\n Bu komut, varsay\u0131lan web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda bir Jupyter Notebook aray\u00fcz\u00fc a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011ferleri<\/h4>\n
* Sublime Text:<\/strong> H\u0131zl\u0131, hafif ve son derece \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilebilir bir metin d\u00fczenleyicidir.
\n* Atom:<\/strong> GitHub taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen, hacklenebilir bir metin d\u00fczenleyicidir.
\n* Vim\/Neovim veya Emacs:<\/strong> Komut sat\u0131r\u0131 tabanl\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve deneyimli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in tercih edilen edit\u00f6rlerdir.<\/p>\nSe\u00e7iminiz ki\u015fisel tercihinize, projenizin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk Python Program\u0131<\/h3>\n
Ortam\u0131n\u0131z haz\u0131r oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, ilk Python program\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 yaz\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m.<\/p>\n
1. Proje Dizini Olu\u015fturma ve Sanal Ortam\u0131 Etkinle\u015ftirme:<\/strong>
\n E\u011fer hen\u00fcz yapmad\u0131ysan\u0131z, bir proje dizini olu\u015fturun ve sanal ortam\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\nmkdir my_first_program\n cd my_first_program\n python3.9 -m venv venv\n source venv\/bin\/activate<\/code><\/pre>\n2. Python Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma:<\/strong>
\n Se\u00e7ti\u011finiz metin d\u00fczenleyici veya IDE’yi kullanarak hello.py<\/code> ad\u0131nda yeni bir dosya olu\u015fturun ve i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kodu yaz\u0131n:<\/p>\n# hello.py\n name = input(\"Ad\u0131n\u0131z nedir? \")\n print(f\"Merhaba, {name}! Ubuntu 18.04 \u00fczerinde Python d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ho\u015f geldiniz.\")<\/code><\/pre>\n3. Program\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<\/strong>
\n Terminalinizde, sanal ortam\u0131n\u0131z etkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015fken, dosyay\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n(venv) python hello.py<\/code><\/pre>\n Program sizden ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 isteyecek ve ard\u0131ndan ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir kar\u015f\u0131lama mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n
Tebrikler! Ubuntu 18.04 \u00fczerinde Python 3’\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131yla kurdunuz ve ilk program\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Sorun Giderme ve \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Kurulum ve geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlar ve bunlara y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler:<\/p>\n
PATH De\u011fi\u015fkeni Sorunlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer python3.9<\/code> veya pip3.9<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ram\u0131yorsan\u0131z, sisteminizin PATH<\/code> de\u011fi\u015fkeni do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlanmam\u0131\u015f olabilir. Kaynak koddan kurulumda, altinstall<\/code> genellikle ikili dosyalar\u0131 \/usr\/local\/bin<\/code> dizinine yerle\u015ftirir, bu dizin genellikle PATH<\/code> i\u00e7inde bulunur.
\nE\u011fer yine de sorun ya\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, ~\/.bashrc<\/code> veya ~\/.profile<\/code> dosyan\u0131za a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyerek PATH’inizi g\u00fcncelleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\nexport PATH=\"\/usr\/local\/bin:$PATH\"<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri uygulamak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
source ~\/.bashrc<\/code><\/pre>\nBirden Fazla Python S\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc Y\u00f6netimi<\/h4>\n
Sisteminizde farkl\u0131 Python 3 s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri (\u00f6rn. 3.6.9, 3.9.10) bulunabilir. python<\/code> komutu genellikle Python 2’yi, python3<\/code> ise sistemin varsay\u0131lan Python 3’\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015faret eder. Belirli bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc kullanmak i\u00e7in her zaman python3.9<\/code> veya pip3.9<\/code> gibi tam s\u00fcr\u00fcm numaras\u0131n\u0131 belirtin.
\nDaha geli\u015fmi\u015f Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in pyenv<\/code> gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz. pyenv<\/code>, birden fazla Python s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kolayca kurman\u0131za ve bunlar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yapman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\nsudo<\/code> ile pip<\/code> Kullanmaktan Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n<\/h4>\nYukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, sudo pip install<\/code> komutunu kullanmak sisteminize zarar verebilir. Daima sanal ortamlar kullan\u0131n ve paketleri sanal ortam etkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015fken pip install<\/code> ile kurun. E\u011fer bir global paket kurman\u0131z gerekiyorsa ve bunun sistem genelinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kritikse, pip install --user<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. Bu, paketi kullan\u0131c\u0131 dizininize kurar ve sistem Python’\u0131n\u0131 etkilemez.<\/p>\nPIP ve venv<\/code> G\u00fcncel Tutma<\/h4>\nHem PIP’i hem de venv<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncellemek, en yeni \u00f6zelliklere ve hata d\u00fczeltmelerine sahip olman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\nPIP’i g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in (sanal ortam i\u00e7inde):<\/p>\n(venv) pip install --upgrade pip<\/code><\/pre>\nPython’\u0131n kendisini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla venv<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in ise, Python’\u0131n yeni bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc indirip kaynak koddan tekrar kurman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\nSonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu kapsaml\u0131 rehberde, Ubuntu 18.04 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde Python 3’\u00fcn en g\u00fcncel s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131, PIP paket y\u00f6neticisini nas\u0131l kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve projelerinizi izole etmek i\u00e7in sanal ortamlar\u0131 nas\u0131l olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frendiniz. Ayr\u0131ca, geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinizi kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak pop\u00fcler IDE ve metin d\u00fczenleyicilere de de\u011findik.<\/p>\n
Art\u0131k Python projelerinize ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in sa\u011flam ve esnek bir geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131na sahipsiniz. Sanal ortamlar\u0131 kullanma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 edinmek, uzun vadede bir\u00e7ok ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtaracak ve daha d\u00fczenli, y\u00f6netilebilir projelere sahip olman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Python d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ho\u015f geldiniz ve kodlaman\u0131n tad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n! Bu bilgilerle, web uygulamalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmekten veri analizi yapmaya, otomasyon senaryolar\u0131 yazmaktan makine \u00f6\u011frenimi modelleri olu\u015fturmaya kadar bir\u00e7ok alanda Python’\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalanmaya haz\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 18. 04 \u00dczerine Python 3 Kurulumu ve Yerel Programlama Ortam\u0131 Kurulum Rehberi Ubuntu 18.","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-41066","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n
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