{"id":39511,"date":"2026-02-23T03:40:39","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T00:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=39511"},"modified":"2026-02-23T03:40:39","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T00:40:39","slug":"ubuntu-18-04-uzerine-takas-alani-swap-space-ekleme-kapsamli-rehberi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-18-04-uzerine-takas-alani-swap-space-ekleme-kapsamli-rehberi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 18.04 \u00dczerine Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Ekleme Kapsaml\u0131 Rehberi"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Ubuntu 18.04 \u00dczerine Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Ekleme Kapsaml\u0131 Rehberi<\/h2>\n

Ubuntu 18.04, uzun s\u00fcreli destek (LTS) s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olmas\u0131 nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok sunucu ve ki\u015fisel bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilmeye devam etmektedir. Her ne kadar yeni Ubuntu s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri takas dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 varsay\u0131lan olarak olu\u015ftursa da, 18.04 ve \u00f6nceki s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerde bu durum her zaman ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. \u00d6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck RAM’e sahip sistemlerde veya belirli uygulamalar\u0131n yo\u011fun bellek kullan\u0131m\u0131 gerektirdi\u011fi durumlarda, sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in takas alan\u0131 (swap space) eklemek hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu kapsaml\u0131 rehberde, Ubuntu 18.04 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde takas alan\u0131 olu\u015fturma, etkinle\u015ftirme, kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirme ve optimize etme ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Takas Alan\u0131 Nedir ve Neden \u00d6nemlidir?<\/h3>\n

Takas alan\u0131, bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n fiziksel belle\u011fi (RAM) doldu\u011funda i\u015fletim sisteminin kullanabilece\u011fi bir disk alan\u0131d\u0131r. RAM, h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan ge\u00e7ici bir depolama birimi iken, takas alan\u0131 daha yava\u015f olan sabit diskin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc veya ayr\u0131 bir takas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletim sistemi, aktif olarak kullan\u0131lmayan bellek sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 RAM’den takas alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yarak RAM’de yeni uygulamalar veya veriler i\u00e7in yer a\u00e7ar. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 “sayfalama” (paging) olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n

Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi birka\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131dan ele al\u0131nabilir:<\/p>\n

* Bellek Yetersizli\u011fini Giderme:<\/strong> En belirgin faydas\u0131, sistemin RAM’i t\u00fckendi\u011finde \u00e7\u00f6kmesini veya donmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektir. Takas alan\u0131 sayesinde, sistem bellek yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle kritik s\u00fcre\u00e7leri sonland\u0131rmak zorunda kalmaz.
\n* Performans Stabilizasyonu:<\/strong> \u00d6zellikle birden fazla uygulama \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran veya bellek yo\u011fun g\u00f6revler y\u00fcr\u00fcten sistemlerde, takas alan\u0131 ani bellek taleplerini kar\u015f\u0131layarak genel sistem performans\u0131n\u0131n daha istikrarl\u0131 olmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.
\n* Haz\u0131rda Bekletme (Hibernation):<\/strong> Bir\u00e7ok Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda, haz\u0131rda bekletme (uyku modundan farkl\u0131 olarak, sistemin t\u00fcm durumunu diske yaz\u0131p g\u00fcc\u00fc tamamen kesme) i\u015flevi i\u00e7in takas alan\u0131 gereklidir. Haz\u0131rda bekletme durumunda, RAM’deki t\u00fcm i\u00e7erik takas alan\u0131na yaz\u0131l\u0131r ve sistem a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda buradan geri y\u00fcklenir. Bu nedenle, haz\u0131rda bekletme kullanmay\u0131 planl\u0131yorsan\u0131z, takas alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n RAM boyutundan en az bir miktar daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir.
\n* Bellek Yo\u011fun Uygulamalar:<\/strong> Veritaban\u0131 sunucular\u0131, sanalla\u015ft\u0131rma yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131, video d\u00fczenleme programlar\u0131 veya b\u00fcy\u00fck veri analizi ara\u00e7lar\u0131 gibi bellek yo\u011fun uygulamalar, takas alan\u0131na sahip olmaktan b\u00fcy\u00fck fayda sa\u011flar. Bu t\u00fcr uygulamalar, beklenenden daha fazla bellek kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda takas alan\u0131 bir tampon g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ancak takas alan\u0131, RAM’in bir yede\u011fi veya yerine ge\u00e7ecek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fildir. Sabit diskler, RAM’e g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, sistemin yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde takas alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 (thrashing) genel performansta ciddi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flere neden olabilir. Bu nedenle, takas alan\u0131 sadece RAM’in doldu\u011fu anlarda bir “can simidi” olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeli ve ideal olan her zaman yeterli RAM’e sahip olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Takas Alan\u0131 \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 Belirleme<\/h3>\n

Takas alan\u0131 eklemeden \u00f6nce, mevcut sisteminizin takas durumu ve ihtiyac\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmek \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Mevcut Takas Durumunu Kontrol Etme<\/h4>\n

Sisteminizde zaten bir takas alan\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ne kadar kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n

* free -h<\/code>: Bu komut, sistemin toplam, kullan\u0131lan ve bo\u015f RAM miktar\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca takas alan\u0131n\u0131n durumunu (toplam, kullan\u0131lan, bo\u015f) kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu bir formatta g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

$ free -h\n                  total        used        free      shared  buff\/cache   available\n    Mem:           3.8G        1.2G        1.5G        143M        1.1G        2.2G\n    Swap:            0B          0B          0B<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte Swap: 0B<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131, sistemde hen\u00fcz bir takas alan\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
*   swapon --show<\/code>: Bu komut, etkin takas alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n hangi dosya veya b\u00f6l\u00fcmden geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. E\u011fer hi\u00e7bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 vermiyorsa, aktif bir takas alan\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n
$ swapon --show\n    # (\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 yoksa takas alan\u0131 yok demektir)<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   sudo apt install htop<\/code> (iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131): htop<\/code> g\u00f6rsel bir sistem izleme arac\u0131d\u0131r ve RAM ile takas alan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 grafiksel olarak takip etmenizi sa\u011flar. Kurulumdan sonra htop<\/code> komutu ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nerilen Takas Alan\u0131 Boyutlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n boyutu konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler olsa da, genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f baz\u0131 y\u00f6nergeler bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Ubuntu 18.04 gibi eski s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerde veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck RAM’li sistemlerde bu y\u00f6nergeler daha kritik hale gelir.<\/p>\n
*   1 GB RAM veya Daha Az:<\/strong> RAM’inizin en az iki kat\u0131 (\u00f6rn. 1 GB RAM i\u00e7in 2 GB takas).
\n*   2 GB – 4 GB RAM:<\/strong> RAM’inizle ayn\u0131 boyutta veya RAM’inizin iki kat\u0131 (\u00f6rn. 2 GB RAM i\u00e7in 2-4 GB takas).
\n*   4 GB – 8 GB RAM:<\/strong> RAM’inizin yar\u0131s\u0131 veya RAM’inizle ayn\u0131 boyutta (\u00f6rn. 8 GB RAM i\u00e7in 4-8 GB takas).
\n*   8 GB RAM veya Daha Fazla:<\/strong> Minimum 2 GB veya RAM’inizin yar\u0131s\u0131 (\u00f6rn. 16 GB RAM i\u00e7in 4-8 GB takas).
\n*   Haz\u0131rda Bekletme Kullan\u0131lacaksa:<\/strong> Takas alan\u0131, RAM boyutundan en az bir miktar daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmal\u0131d\u0131r (\u00f6rn. 8 GB RAM i\u00e7in 9-10 GB takas).<\/p>\n
Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, modern sistemlerde genellikle \u00e7ok fazla takas alan\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeterli RAM mevcuttur. Ancak sanal makineler, veritaban\u0131 sunucular\u0131 veya geli\u015ftirme ortamlar\u0131 gibi belirli senaryolarda daha b\u00fcy\u00fck takas alanlar\u0131 faydal\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n
Takas Alan\u0131 Ekleme Ad\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Ubuntu 18.04 \u00fczerinde takas alan\u0131 eklemek i\u00e7in bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturma y\u00f6ntemini kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu y\u00f6ntem, ayr\u0131 bir takas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktan daha esnek ve kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1. Takas Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in fallocate<\/code> komutunu kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu komut, belirtilen boyutta bir dosya olu\u015fturur ve diske an\u0131nda yer ay\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo fallocate -l 4G \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yukar\u0131daki komut, k\u00f6k dizininde (root) swapfile<\/code> ad\u0131nda 4 GB boyutunda bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. \u0130htiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re 4G<\/code> de\u011ferini 2G<\/code>, 8G<\/code> vb. de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer fallocate<\/code> komutu sisteminizde yoksa veya bir hata verirse, daha yava\u015f ama alternatif olan dd<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/swapfile bs=1M count=4096<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/dev\/zero<\/code>‘dan bo\u015f veri okuyarak \/swapfile<\/code> dosyas\u0131na yazar. bs=1M<\/code> her seferinde 1 MB veri yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, count=4096<\/code> ise bu i\u015flemin 4096 kez tekrarlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir, bu da toplamda 4096 MB (4 GB) bir dosya anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
2. Dosya \u0130zinlerini Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
Takas dosyas\u0131, hassas sistem verilerini i\u00e7erebilece\u011fi i\u00e7in sadece root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir ve yaz\u0131labilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n takas dosyas\u0131na eri\u015fmesini engelleyerek g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
sudo chmod 600 \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   chmod 600<\/code>: Bu izin ayar\u0131, dosya sahibi (root) i\u00e7in okuma ve yazma (rw<\/code>) izni verirken, grup ve di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir izin vermez.<\/p>\n
Bu ad\u0131m\u0131 atlamak, takas alan\u0131n\u0131n etkinle\u015ftirilememesine veya g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n
3. Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Bi\u00e7imlendirme<\/h4>\n
Olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz dosyay\u0131 bir takas alan\u0131 olarak kullanabilmek i\u00e7in mkswap<\/code> komutu ile bi\u00e7imlendirmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo mkswap \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bir takas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak i\u015faretler ve gerekli meta verileri yazar. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 genellikle \u015f\u00f6yle olacakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)\nno label, UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx<\/code><\/pre>\n
4. Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 sistemde hemen kullanmaya ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in swapon<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n
sudo swapon \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir ve sistemin bellek y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131labilir hale getirir.<\/p>\n
5. Do\u011frulama<\/h4>\n
Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla etkinle\u015ftirilip etkinle\u015ftirilmedi\u011fini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in tekrar free -h<\/code> ve swapon --show<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabiliriz.<\/p>\n
$ free -h\n              total        used        free      shared  buff\/cache   available\nMem:           3.8G        1.2G        1.5G        143M        1.1G        2.2G\nSwap:          4.0G          0B        4.0G\n\n$ swapon --show\nNAME      TYPE  SIZE USED PRIO\n\/swapfile file    4G   0B   -2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Swap:<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131nda takas alan\u0131n\u0131n boyutunu ve swapon --show<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131nda \/swapfile<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131n listelendi\u011fini g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu, takas alan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla eklendi\u011fi ve aktif oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
6. Kal\u0131c\u0131 Hale Getirme<\/h4>\n
\u015eu ana kadar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaybolacakt\u0131r. Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n her \u00f6ny\u00fcklemede otomatik olarak etkinle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131na bir giri\u015f eklememiz gerekir.<\/p>\n
\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131, sistemin \u00f6ny\u00fckleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda hangi dosya sistemlerini nereye ba\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan kritik bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu dosyay\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken dikkatli olunmal\u0131d\u0131r, yanl\u0131\u015f bir giri\u015f sistemi ba\u015flat\u0131lamaz hale getirebilir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komutla nano<\/code> metin d\u00fczenleyicisini kullanarak \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n. Dosyan\u0131n en sonuna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   \/swapfile<\/code>: Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n yolu.
\n*   none<\/code>: Takas alan\u0131 bir ba\u011flama noktas\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in none<\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   swap<\/code>: Dosya sisteminin tipi takas oldu\u011fundan swap<\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   sw<\/code>: Ba\u011flama se\u00e7enekleri. sw<\/code> (swap) takas alan\u0131 i\u00e7in standart bir se\u00e7enektir.
\n*   0<\/code>: dump<\/code> arac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yedeklenip yedeklenmeyece\u011fini belirtir (0 = yedekleme yapma).
\n*   0<\/code>: fsck<\/code> arac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ny\u00fcklemede kontrol edilip edilmeyece\u011fini belirtir (0 = kontrol etme, takas i\u00e7in gerekli de\u011fildir).<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydetmek i\u00e7in Ctrl+O<\/code>, ard\u0131ndan Enter<\/code> tu\u015funa bas\u0131n ve nano<\/code>‘dan \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in Ctrl+X<\/code> tu\u015flar\u0131na bas\u0131n.<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fikliklerin do\u011fru yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in, sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm girdileri yeniden y\u00fcklemeyi deneyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo mount -a<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm girdileri okur ve hen\u00fcz ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan dosya sistemlerini ba\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. E\u011fer takas alan\u0131 zaten etkinse veya herhangi bir hata olu\u015fmazsa, bu komut sessizce \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Herhangi bir hata mesaj\u0131 al\u0131rsan\u0131z, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki yeni giri\u015finizi kontrol etmeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
Takas Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 Optimize Etme: Swappiness ve Cache Pressure<\/h3>\n
Takas alan\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirildikten sonra, sistemin takas alan\u0131n\u0131 ne zaman ve ne kadar kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen baz\u0131 \u00e7ekirdek parametrelerini optimize edebiliriz. Bu parametreler swappiness<\/code> ve vfs_cache_pressure<\/code>‘d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Swappiness Nedir?<\/h4>\n
swappiness<\/code> parametresi, Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011finin RAM’deki verileri ne kadar agresif bir \u015fekilde takas alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder. De\u011feri 0 ile 100 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir:<\/p>\n
*   swappiness = 0<\/code>:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, RAM’i tamamen dolana kadar takas alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaktan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r. Bu, sunucular gibi bellek performans\u0131n\u0131n kritik oldu\u011fu sistemler i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilebilir, ancak RAM tamamen doldu\u011funda sistem donabilir.
\n*   swappiness = 60<\/code> (Varsay\u0131lan):<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, RAM dolmadan \u00f6nce bile belirli bir e\u015fi\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda verileri takas alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131maya ba\u015flar. Bu, \u00e7o\u011fu masa\u00fcst\u00fc sistemi i\u00e7in iyi bir dengedir.
\n*   swappiness = 100<\/code>:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, RAM’deki verileri takas alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok agresif davran\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck RAM’li sistemlerde veya belirli durumlarda faydal\u0131 olabilir, ancak genellikle performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mevcut swappiness<\/code> de\u011ferinizi kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
cat \/proc\/sys\/vm\/swappiness<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011feri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin 10’a ayarlamak):<\/p>\n
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik ge\u00e7icidir ve sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaybolur. Kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlememiz gerekir:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n sonuna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
vm.swappiness=10<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra, sudo sysctl -p<\/code> komutu ile yeni ayarlar\u0131 hemen uygulayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Hangi swappiness<\/code> de\u011feri sizin i\u00e7in uygun?<\/strong><\/p>\n
*   Masa\u00fcst\u00fc Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (bol RAM’li):<\/strong> 10-20 aras\u0131 bir de\u011fer genellikle iyi bir deneyim sunar. Sistem RAM’i daha \u00e7ok kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve takas alan\u0131na daha az ba\u015fvurur.
\n*   Sunucular (veritaban\u0131, web sunucular\u0131 vb.):<\/strong> Genellikle 0-10 aras\u0131 de\u011ferler tercih edilir. Bu, kritik servislerin RAM’de kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve disk G\/\u00c7’sini azalt\u0131r.
\n*   D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck RAM’li Sistemler:<\/strong> Varsay\u0131lan 60 de\u011feri genellikle kabul edilebilir. Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir de\u011fer, sistemin RAM’i doldu\u011funda daha h\u0131zl\u0131 donmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n
vfs_cache_pressure Nedir?<\/h4>\n
vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> parametresi, Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011finin dizin ve inode \u00f6nbelleklerini ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 geri kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (bo\u015faltaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131) kontrol eder. Bu \u00f6nbellekler, dosya sistemi i\u015flemlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
*   vfs_cache_pressure = 0<\/code>:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, dizin ve inode \u00f6nbelleklerini geri kazanmaktan tamamen ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r. Bu, sistemin uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda bellek s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na benzer sorunlara yol a\u00e7abilir.
\n*   vfs_cache_pressure = 100<\/code> (Varsay\u0131lan):<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, dizin ve inode \u00f6nbelleklerini ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda olduk\u00e7a agresif bir \u015fekilde geri kazan\u0131r. Bu, \u00e7o\u011fu sistem i\u00e7in iyi bir dengedir.
\n*   vfs_cache_pressure > 100<\/code>:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, \u00f6nbellekleri daha da agresif bir \u015fekilde geri kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mevcut vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> de\u011ferinizi kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
cat \/proc\/sys\/vm\/vfs_cache_pressure<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011feri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin 50’ye ayarlamak):<\/p>\n
sudo sysctl vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ard\u0131ndan sudo sysctl -p<\/code> ile uygulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Genellikle vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan 100 de\u011feri \u00e7o\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlarda (\u00f6rn. s\u00fcrekli dosya sistemi i\u015flemleri yapan sunucular) bu de\u011feri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek gerekebilir. Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir de\u011fer, dosya sistemi \u00f6nbelleklerinin daha uzun s\u00fcre bellekte kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak dosya sistemi i\u015flemlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir, ancak di\u011fer uygulamalar i\u00e7in daha az RAM b\u0131rakabilir.<\/p>\n
Mevcut Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Kald\u0131rma (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131)<\/h3>\n
E\u011fer mevcut takas alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya tamamen kald\u0131rmak isterseniz, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyebilirsiniz. Bu, \u00f6zellikle takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n boyutunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finizde veya art\u0131k takas alan\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.  Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma:<\/strong>
\n    \u00d6ncelikle, etkin olan takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo swapoff \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer sisteminizde birden fazla takas alan\u0131 varsa ve hepsini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak istiyorsan\u0131z sudo swapoff -a<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
2.  Takas Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 Silme:<\/strong>
\n    Takas alan\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, fiziksel dosyay\u0131 silebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
sudo rm \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
3.  \/etc\/fstab<\/code> Giri\u015fini Kald\u0131rma:<\/strong>
\n    Sistemin yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 tekrar etkinle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki ilgili sat\u0131r\u0131 silmeniz veya yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 haline getirmeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Dosyay\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131ktan sonra, daha \u00f6nce ekledi\u011finiz \/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 silin veya ba\u015f\u0131na #<\/code> i\u015fareti koyarak yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n:<\/p>\n
#\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Kaydedin ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n (Ctrl+O<\/code>, Enter<\/code>, Ctrl+X<\/code>).<\/p>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, sisteminizde takas dosyas\u0131 etkin olmayacak ve disk alan\u0131n\u0131z geri kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak istiyorsan\u0131z, kald\u0131rma i\u015fleminden sonra bu rehberin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki “Takas Alan\u0131 Ekleme Ad\u0131mlar\u0131” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc takip ederek yeni bir dosya olu\u015fturabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Takas Alan\u0131 Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u0130zleme<\/h3>\n
Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n etkin bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ne kadar kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak izlemek, sistem performans\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
*   free -h<\/code>:<\/strong> En temel ve h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemdir. Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n toplam boyutunu, kullan\u0131lan ve bo\u015f alan miktar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
$ free -h\n    ...\n    Swap:          4.0G        256M        3.7G<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Yukar\u0131daki \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, 4 GB takas alan\u0131n\u0131n 256 MB’\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
*   swapon --show<\/code>:<\/strong> Hangi takas dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n veya b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin etkin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
$ swapon --show\n    NAME      TYPE  SIZE USED PRIO\n    \/swapfile file    4G 256M   -2<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   top<\/code> ve htop<\/code>:<\/strong> Bu komutlar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ve sistem kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (CPU, RAM, Takas) anl\u0131k durumunu g\u00f6steren interaktif ara\u00e7lard\u0131r.
\n    *   top<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mda “Swap” sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz.
\n    *   htop<\/code> (e\u011fer y\u00fckl\u00fcyse, sudo apt install htop<\/code>) daha g\u00f6rsel ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu bir aray\u00fcze sahiptir. htop<\/code>‘u \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mda RAM ve Swap \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz. Bu \u00e7ubuklar, takas alan\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rsel olarak g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
Bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanarak, takas alan\u0131n\u0131n beklenenden daha fazla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ederseniz, bu durum RAM yetersizli\u011fine veya bellek s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olan bir uygulamaya i\u015faret edebilir. Bu durumda, daha fazla RAM eklemeyi veya bellek t\u00fcketen uygulamalar\u0131 optimize etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Sorun Giderme ve Yayg\u0131n Hatalar<\/h3>\n
Takas alan\u0131 ekleme s\u00fcrecinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlar ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
*   fallocate<\/code> veya dd<\/code> komutu hatas\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    *   “Permission denied” (\u0130zin reddedildi):<\/strong> Komutu sudo<\/code> ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131n\u0131z veya hedef dizine yazma izniniz yok. \/swapfile<\/code> i\u00e7in k\u00f6k dizini kullanmak en iyisidir ve sudo<\/code> gereklidir.
\n    *   “No space left on device” (Cihazda bo\u015f yer kalmad\u0131):<\/strong> Disk alan\u0131n\u0131z yetersiz. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 deneyin veya diskte yer a\u00e7\u0131n.
\n*   mkswap<\/code> komutu hatas\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    *   “Permission denied”:<\/strong> sudo<\/code> kullanmay\u0131 unuttunuz.
\n    *   “Cannot stat \/swapfile: No such file or directory”:<\/strong> Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmad\u0131n\u0131z veya yanl\u0131\u015f yola i\u015faret ettiniz.
\n*   swapon<\/code> komutu hatas\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    *   “swapon: \/swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 expected”:<\/strong> Bu, takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n izinlerinin yanl\u0131\u015f ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. sudo chmod 600 \/swapfile<\/code> komutunu kullanarak izinleri d\u00fczeltin.
\n    *   “swapon: \/swapfile: read swap header failed”:<\/strong> Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 mkswap<\/code> ile bi\u00e7imlendirmediniz.
\n*   Sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda takas alan\u0131 kayboluyor:<\/strong>
\n    *   \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131na sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code> ile do\u011fru giri\u015fi eklemedi\u011finiz anlam\u0131na gelir. Sat\u0131r\u0131n 0 0<\/code> ile bitti\u011finden emin olun ve do\u011fru formatta oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n    *   \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki bir hata, sistemin \u00f6ny\u00fcklenememesine neden olabilir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda, kurtarma modunda (recovery mode) \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yap\u0131p \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmeniz gerekebilir.
\n*   Takas alan\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sistem yava\u015f:<\/strong>
\n    *   Bu, takas alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yo\u011fun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 (thrashing) anlam\u0131na gelebilir. RAM’iniz yetersiz olabilir veya bir uygulama bellek s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na sahip olabilir. htop<\/code> veya top<\/code> kullanarak hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin \u00e7ok fazla bellek kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.
\n    *   swappiness<\/code> de\u011feri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olabilir. Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir swappiness<\/code> de\u011feri (\u00f6rn. 10-20) denemeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Herhangi bir sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, hata mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice okuyun ve internette arama yaparak benzer sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n. Linux toplulu\u011fu, bu t\u00fcr sorunlar i\u00e7in zengin bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Ubuntu 18.04 i\u015fletim sisteminize takas alan\u0131 eklemek, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck RAM’e sahip sistemlerde veya bellek yo\u011fun uygulamalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken sistem kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Bu rehberde ad\u0131m ad\u0131m takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturma, izinleri ayarlama, bi\u00e7imlendirme, etkinle\u015ftirme ve kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ele ald\u0131k. Ayr\u0131ca, swappiness<\/code> ve vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> gibi parametreleri optimize ederek takas alan\u0131n\u0131n sisteminizle en iyi \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdik.<\/p>\n
Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, takas alan\u0131 fiziksel RAM’in yerini tutmaz. Optimal performans i\u00e7in her zaman yeterli RAM’e sahip olmak esast\u0131r. Takas alan\u0131, RAM’in bir “yedek” veya “destek” mekanizmas\u0131 olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu rehberdeki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 dikkatlice uygulayarak Ubuntu 18.04 sisteminizin daha verimli ve kararl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilirsiniz. D\u00fczenli olarak takas alan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 izlemek ve gerekti\u011finde ayarlamalar yapmak, sisteminizin uzun vadeli sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 18.04 \u00dczerine Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Ekleme Kapsaml\u0131 Rehberi\nUbuntu 18.04, uzun s\u00fcreli destek (LTS) s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olmas\u0131 nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-39511","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nUbuntu 18.04 \u00dczerine Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Ekleme Kapsaml\u0131 Rehberi - 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