{"id":39388,"date":"2026-02-20T12:40:43","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T09:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=39388"},"modified":"2026-02-20T12:40:43","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T09:40:43","slug":"apacheyi-lets-encrypt-ile-ubuntu-14-04-uzerinde-guvenli-hale-getirme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/apacheyi-lets-encrypt-ile-ubuntu-14-04-uzerinde-guvenli-hale-getirme\/","title":{"rendered":"Apache&#8217;yi Let&#8217;s Encrypt ile Ubuntu 14.04 \u00dczerinde G\u00fcvenli Hale Getirme"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><body><\/p>\n<h2>Apache&#8217;yi Let&#8217;s Encrypt ile Ubuntu 14.04 \u00dczerinde G\u00fcvenli Hale Getirme<\/h2>\n<h3>Giri\u015f: Neden HTTPS ve Let&#8217;s Encrypt?<\/h3>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz internet d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda web sitelerinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, kullan\u0131c\u0131 deneyimi ve veri gizlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, ziyaret ettikleri sitelerin g\u00fcvenli oldu\u011fundan emin olmak isterler ve taray\u0131c\u0131lar da g\u00fcvenli olmayan siteleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015faretleyerek kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 uyar\u0131r. Bu noktada devreye HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) girer. HTTPS, bir web sitesi ile taray\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm ileti\u015fimi \u015fifreleyerek, verilerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraflarca okunmas\u0131n\u0131 veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini engeller. Kredi kart\u0131 bilgileri, ki\u015fisel veriler, giri\u015f kimlik bilgileri gibi hassas verilerin iletimi i\u00e7in HTTPS bir zorunluluktur.<\/p>\n<p>Geleneksel olarak, HTTPS kurmak i\u00e7in bir SSL\/TLS sertifikas\u0131 sat\u0131n almak ve bunu sunucuya manuel olarak kurmak gerekiyordu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 hem maliyetli hem de teknik bilgi gerektiren karma\u015f\u0131k bir i\u015flemdi. \u0130\u015fte tam bu noktada Let&#8217;s Encrypt sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Let&#8217;s Encrypt, Internet Security Research Group (ISRG) taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen \u00fccretsiz, otomatik ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir Sertifika Yetkilisidir (CA). Amac\u0131, t\u00fcm web sitelerinin HTTPS kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in SSL\/TLS sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 edinme ve kurma s\u00fcrecini basitle\u015ftirmek ve otomatikle\u015ftirmektir. Let&#8217;s Encrypt sayesinde, art\u0131k herkes web sitesini \u00fccretsiz ve kolayca g\u00fcvenli hale getirebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu makalede, Apache web sunucusunu Ubuntu 14.04 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde Let&#8217;s Encrypt ile nas\u0131l g\u00fcvenli hale getirece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlataca\u011f\u0131z. Ubuntu 14.04, art\u0131k &#8220;End of Life&#8221; (EOL) stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olsa da, hala belirli projelerde veya eski altyap\u0131larda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor olabilir. Bu nedenle, bu eski ancak yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan platform i\u00e7in g\u00fcncel ve ge\u00e7erli bir rehber sunmak \u00f6nemlidir. Bu rehber, Apache&#8217;nin temel kurulumundan Let&#8217;s Encrypt istemcisi Certbot&#8217;un kurulumuna, sertifika edinme ve otomatik yenileme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kadar t\u00fcm ad\u0131mlar\u0131 kapsayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00d6n Ko\u015fullar<\/h3>\n<p>Bu rehbere ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131n yerine getirildi\u011finden emin olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z:<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>Ubuntu 14.04 Sunucusu:<\/strong> Bir Ubuntu 14.04 sunucusuna root eri\u015fimi veya sudo yetkisine sahip bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 ile eri\u015fiminiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Apache Web Sunucusu:<\/strong> Sunucunuzda Apache web sunucusu kurulu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer kurulu de\u011filse, sonraki ad\u0131mlarda nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fiz.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Alan Ad\u0131 (Domain Name):<\/strong> Sunucunuzun IP adresine i\u015faret eden kay\u0131tl\u0131 bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code>ornekalanadi.com<\/code>. Let&#8217;s Encrypt, sertifika verme s\u00fcrecinde alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in bu alan ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanacakt\u0131r. Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n A kayd\u0131n\u0131n sunucunuzun genel IP adresine do\u011fru \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011finden emin olun.<br \/>\n*   <strong>G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 (Firewall):<\/strong> Sunucunuzda bir g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin UFW) etkinse, HTTP (80) ve HTTPS (443) portlar\u0131n\u0131n gelen ba\u011flant\u0131lara izin verecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 1: Sistem G\u00fcncelleme ve Apache Kurulumu (Gerekliyse)<\/h3>\n<p>Bu ilk ad\u0131mda, sunucunuzun paket listelerini g\u00fcncelleyece\u011fiz ve Apache web sunucusunun kurulu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edece\u011fiz. E\u011fer Apache kurulu de\u011filse, bu ad\u0131mda kuraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<h4>Sistem Paketlerini G\u00fcncelleme<\/h4>\n<p>Sunucunuzun paket listelerini g\u00fcncelleyerek ve kurulu paketleri y\u00fckselterek ba\u015flay\u0131n. Bu, yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n kurulumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt-get update\nsudo apt-get upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>apt-get update<\/code> komutu, yerel paket indeksini uzak depolardaki en son bilgilerle senkronize ederken, <code>apt-get upgrade -y<\/code> komutu ise kurulu t\u00fcm paketleri en son s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine y\u00fckseltir. <code>-y<\/code> bayra\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcm sorulara otomatik olarak &#8220;evet&#8221; yan\u0131t\u0131 verilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<h4>Apache Web Sunucusunu Kurma (Gerekliyse)<\/h4>\n<p>E\u011fer Apache sunucunuzda kurulu de\u011filse, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutla kurabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt-get install apache2 -y<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Kurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, Apache servisinin otomatik olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131 gerekir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo service apache2 status<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da <code>apache2 is running<\/code> veya benzeri bir ifade g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Ayr\u0131ca, web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan sunucunuzun IP adresini ziyaret ederek Apache&#8217;nin varsay\u0131lan kar\u015f\u0131lama sayfas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp g\u00f6rmedi\u011finizi kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h4>G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131n\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rma (UFW)<\/h4>\n<p>E\u011fer sunucunuzda UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) etkinse, Apache&#8217;nin web trafi\u011fini alabilmesi i\u00e7in HTTP ve HTTPS portlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7man\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo ufw app list<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, UFW taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan uygulama profillerini listeler. <code>Apache Full<\/code>, <code>Apache<\/code> ve <code>Apache Secure<\/code> gibi profiller g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>Apache:<\/strong> Sadece port 80 (HTTP) trafi\u011fine izin verir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Apache Secure:<\/strong> Sadece port 443 (HTTPS) trafi\u011fine izin verir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Apache Full:<\/strong> Hem port 80 (HTTP) hem de port 443 (HTTPS) trafi\u011fine izin verir.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s Encrypt kurulumu i\u00e7in her iki porta da ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131ndan <code>Apache Full<\/code> profilini etkinle\u015ftirmek en iyisidir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'\nsudo ufw status<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>sudo ufw status<\/code> komutu, g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 listeler ve <code>Apache Full<\/code> profilinin etkin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 2: Certbot (Let&#8217;s Encrypt \u0130stemcisi) Kurulumu<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s Encrypt sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 edinmek ve y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in Certbot ad\u0131 verilen bir istemci yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Ubuntu 14.04&#8217;\u00fcn varsay\u0131lan depolar\u0131 genellikle g\u00fcncel Certbot s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermez veya hi\u00e7 i\u00e7ermez. Bu nedenle, Certbot&#8217;u bir PPA (Personal Package Archive) \u00fczerinden kuraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<h4>PPA Eklemek \u0130\u00e7in Gerekli Paketleri Kurma<\/h4>\n<p>PPA ekleyebilmek i\u00e7in <code>software-properties-common<\/code> paketine ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt-get install software-properties-common -y<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Certbot PPA&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131 Ekleme<\/h4>\n<p>\u015eimdi Certbot&#8217;un resmi PPA&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131 sisteminize ekleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot\/certbot<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komutun ard\u0131ndan bir onay istemi gelebilir, <code>Enter<\/code> tu\u015funa basarak devam edin.<\/p>\n<p>PPA eklendikten sonra, yeni depodaki paket bilgilerini almak i\u00e7in paket listelerinizi tekrar g\u00fcncelleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt-get update<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Certbot&#8217;u Apache \u0130\u00e7in Kurma<\/h4>\n<p>Art\u0131k Certbot&#8217;u Apache entegrasyonu ile birlikte kurabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt-get install python-certbot-apache -y<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, Certbot&#8217;un Apache web sunucusu ile sorunsuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak gerekli Python mod\u00fcllerini ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da kuracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 3: Apache Sanal Host (Virtual Host) Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s Encrypt, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in web sunucunuzla ileti\u015fim kurar. Bu do\u011frulama genellikle HTTP \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir, bu nedenle alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in do\u011fru \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Sanal Host (Virtual Host) dosyan\u0131z\u0131n olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Certbot, bu Sanal Host dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bulacak ve HTTPS yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak ekleyecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Varsay\u0131lan olarak, Apache <code>\/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/<\/code> dizininde yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 tutar. E\u011fer hen\u00fcz alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir Sanal Host dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmad\u0131ysan\u0131z, bunu yapman\u0131z gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00d6rnek Sanal Host Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>Yeni bir Sanal Host dosyas\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m. <code>ornekalanadi.com<\/code> yerine kendi alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/ornekalanadi.com.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki i\u00e7eri\u011fi yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-apache\"><VirtualHost *:80>\n    ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost\n    ServerName ornekalanadi.com\n    ServerAlias www.ornekalanadi.com\n    DocumentRoot \/var\/www\/html\n    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}\/error.log\n    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}\/access.log combined\n\n    <Directory \/var\/www\/html>\n        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews\n        AllowOverride All\n        Order allow,deny\n        allow from all\n    <\/Directory>\n<\/VirtualHost><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>ServerName:<\/strong> Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ana adresi.<br \/>\n*   <strong>ServerAlias:<\/strong> Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n alternatif adresleri (\u00f6rn. www \u00f6n eki ile).<br \/>\n*   <strong>DocumentRoot:<\/strong> Web sitenizin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu dizin. Varsay\u0131lan olarak <code>\/var\/www\/html<\/code> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak kendi projenizin dizinini buraya yazmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<br \/>\n*   <strong>ErrorLog<\/strong> ve <strong>CustomLog:<\/strong> Apache&#8217;nin hata ve eri\u015fim g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini nereye yazaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n<p>Dosyay\u0131 kaydedin ve kapat\u0131n (CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X).<\/p>\n<h4>Sanal Host&#8217;u Etkinle\u015ftirme ve Apache&#8217;yi Yeniden Y\u00fckleme<\/h4>\n<p>Yeni olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz Sanal Host dosyas\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo a2ensite ornekalanadi.com.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Apache&#8217;nin yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin ve herhangi bir hata olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apache2ctl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>E\u011fer <code>Syntax OK<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rsan\u0131z, yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z do\u011fru demektir. \u015eimdi Apache servisini yeniden y\u00fckleyerek de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri uygulay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo service apache2 reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Art\u0131k web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan <code>http:\/\/ornekalanadi.com<\/code> adresini ziyaret etti\u011finizde, web sitenizin i\u00e7eri\u011fini (veya varsay\u0131lan Apache sayfas\u0131n\u0131) g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu ad\u0131m, Let&#8217;s Encrypt&#8217;in alan ad\u0131 do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla yapabilmesi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 4: Let&#8217;s Encrypt SSL Sertifikas\u0131n\u0131 Edinme<\/h3>\n<p>T\u00fcm \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re, \u015fimdi Certbot&#8217;u kullanarak Let&#8217;s Encrypt SSL sertifikas\u0131n\u0131 edinebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. <code>ornekalanadi.com<\/code> ve <code>www.ornekalanadi.com<\/code> yerine kendi alan adlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 virg\u00fclle ay\u0131rarak ekleyin. Birden fazla alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in tek bir sertifika alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot --apache -d ornekalanadi.com -d www.ornekalanadi.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda Certbot, Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131 analiz edecek ve otomatik olarak gerekli de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapmaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Size birka\u00e7 soru sorulacakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>E-posta Adresi:<\/strong> Acil bildirimler ve kay\u0131p anahtar kurtarma i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli bir e-posta adresi girmeniz istenecektir. Bu \u00f6nemlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sertifikan\u0131z\u0131n s\u00fcresi dolmak \u00fczereyken size uyar\u0131lar g\u00f6nderilecektir.<br \/>\n2.  <strong>Hizmet \u015eartlar\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131:<\/strong> Let&#8217;s Encrypt&#8217;in hizmet \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeniz istenecektir. Okuyup kabul etmek i\u00e7in <code>A<\/code> (Agree) yaz\u0131p Enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131n.<br \/>\n3.  <strong>EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation) ile E-posta Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, EFF&#8217;in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi almak i\u00e7in e-posta adresinizi onlarla payla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul edip etmedi\u011finiz sorulacakt\u0131r. <code>Y<\/code> (Yes) veya <code>N<\/code> (No) se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7ebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n4.  <strong>HTTP Trafi\u011fini HTTPS&#8217;e Y\u00f6nlendirme:<\/strong> Certbot, HTTP trafi\u011fini otomatik olarak HTTPS&#8217;e y\u00f6nlendirip y\u00f6nlendirmeyece\u011finizi soracakt\u0131r.<br \/>\n    *   <strong>1: No Redirect (Y\u00f6nlendirme Yapma):<\/strong> HTTP ve HTTPS ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.<br \/>\n    *   <strong>2: Redirect (Y\u00f6nlendirme Yap):<\/strong> T\u00fcm HTTP istekleri otomatik olarak HTTPS&#8217;e y\u00f6nlendirilir. <strong>Bu genellikle \u00f6nerilen se\u00e7enektir<\/strong> \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sitenizin her zaman g\u00fcvenli ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00fczerinden eri\u015filmesini sa\u011flar. <code>2<\/code> yaz\u0131p Enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131n.<\/p>\n<p>Certbot, t\u00fcm bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyecek ve SSL sertifikas\u0131n\u0131 kuracakt\u0131r. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir kurulumun ard\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">IMPORTANT NOTES:\n - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:\n   \/etc\/letsencrypt\/live\/ornekalanadi.com\/fullchain.pem\n   Your key file has been saved at:\n   \/etc\/letsencrypt\/live\/ornekalanadi.com\/privkey.pem\n   Your cert will expire on 2024-07-25. To obtain a new or tweaked\n   version of this certificate in the future, simply run\n   certbot again. To non-interactively renew <em>all<\/em> of your\n   certificates, run \"certbot renew\"\n - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:\n\n   Donating to ISRG \/ Let's Encrypt:   https:\/\/letsencrypt.org\/donate\n   Donating to EFF:                    https:\/\/eff.org\/donate<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu ve nerede sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 5: SSL Sertifikas\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011frulama<\/h3>\n<p>Sertifikay\u0131 edindikten sonra, web sitenizin art\u0131k HTTPS \u00fczerinden g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde eri\u015filebilir oldu\u011funu do\u011frulaman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>Taray\u0131c\u0131 ile Kontrol:<\/strong> Web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n ve <code>https:\/\/ornekalanadi.com<\/code> adresini ziyaret edin. Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n adres \u00e7ubu\u011funda bir kilit simgesi g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu, ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcvenli oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. Kilit simgesine t\u0131klayarak sertifika ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 (kimin taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fi, ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi vb.) kontrol edebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n2.  <strong>SSL Labs Testi:<\/strong> SSL Labs&#8217;\u0131n \u00fccretsiz SSL Sunucu Testi (https:\/\/www.ssllabs.com\/ssltest\/) gibi \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanarak sunucunuzun SSL yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 daha derinlemesine analiz edebilirsiniz. Bu ara\u00e7, sunucunuzun TLS\/SSL yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n kalitesi, desteklenen protokoller ve \u015fifreleme s\u00fcitleri hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bir rapor sunar ve size A+ gibi bir derecelendirme vermeyi hedeflemelidir.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 6: Sertifika Yenilemeyi Otomatikle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s Encrypt sertifikalar\u0131 90 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu k\u0131sa s\u00fcre, sertifikalar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 durumunda potansiyel hasar\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in bilin\u00e7li bir tasar\u0131m karar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, bu ayn\u0131 zamanda sertifikalar\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak yenilemeniz gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Certbot, bu yenileme s\u00fcrecini otomatikle\u015ftirerek hayat\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Certbot kurulumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda, sisteminize otomatik olarak bir cron job veya systemd timer eklenir. Bu g\u00f6rev, sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n s\u00fcresi dolmadan \u00f6nce otomatik olarak yenilenmesini sa\u011flar. Genellikle bu g\u00f6rev, sertifikalar\u0131n s\u00fcresi dolmadan 30 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>Yenileme \u0130\u015flemini Test Etme<\/h4>\n<p>Otomatik yenileme s\u00fcrecinin do\u011fru \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in bir kuru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma (dry-run) yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot renew --dry-run<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, yenileme s\u00fcrecini ger\u00e7ekte bir sertifika yenilemeden sim\u00fcle eder. E\u011fer \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131da herhangi bir hata g\u00f6rmezseniz ve <code>Congratulations, all renewals succeeded.<\/code> gibi bir mesaj al\u0131rsan\u0131z, otomatik yenileme i\u015fleminiz do\u011fru \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n<h4>Cron Job Kontrol\u00fc<\/h4>\n<p>Ubuntu 14.04&#8217;te cron job&#8217;lar genellikle <code>\/etc\/cron.d\/certbot<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu dosyay\u0131 kontrol ederek Certbot&#8217;un yenileme g\u00f6revinin mevcut olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">cat \/etc\/cron.d\/certbot<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, genellikle her g\u00fcn belirli bir saatte <code>certbot renew<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran bir cron girdisi i\u00e7ermelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">0 <em>\/12 <\/em> <em> <\/em> root test -x \/usr\/bin\/certbot -a \\! -d \/run\/systemd\/system && perl -e 'sleep int(rand(3600))' && certbot -q renew<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu, certbot&#8217;un her 12 saatte bir yenileme kontrol\u00fc yapaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Ancak sadece s\u00fcresi dolmak \u00fczere olan sertifikalar\u0131 yeniler.<\/p>\n<h3>Ad\u0131m 7: Geli\u015fmi\u015f G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>Sertifikay\u0131 kurmak harika bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131r, ancak web sitenizin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini daha da art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yapabilece\u011finiz ek ad\u0131mlar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) Uygulama<\/h4>\n<p>HSTS, web sitenizin taray\u0131c\u0131lara yaln\u0131zca HTTPS \u00fczerinden eri\u015filmesi gerekti\u011fini bildiren bir g\u00fcvenlik mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla HTTP \u00fczerinden sitenize eri\u015fmesini veya man-in-the-middle sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda HTTPS&#8217;e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini engeller.<\/p>\n<p>HSTS&#8217;i etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Apache&#8217;nin <code>headers<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn etkin oldu\u011fundan emin olun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo a2enmod headers\nsudo service apache2 restart<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Daha sonra, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n SSL Sanal Host yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131na (Certbot&#8217;un olu\u015fturdu\u011fu veya de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi dosya) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin. Bu dosya genellikle <code>\/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/ornekalanadi.com-le-ssl.conf<\/code> \u015feklinde olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/ornekalanadi.com-le-ssl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code><VirtualHost *:443><\/code> blo\u011funun i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-apache\">Header always set Strict-Transport-Security \"max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>max-age=63072000:<\/strong> Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bu kural\u0131 2 y\u0131l boyunca (63072000 saniye) hat\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<br \/>\n*   <strong>includeSubDomains:<\/strong> Alt alan adlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de HSTS&#8217;yi etkinle\u015ftirir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>preload:<\/strong> Bu, sitenizi HSTS preload listesine dahil etmek istedi\u011finizi belirtir (iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve uzun vadeli bir taahh\u00fctt\u00fcr).<\/p>\n<p>De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra Apache&#8217;yi yeniden y\u00fckleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo service apache2 reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Dikkat:<\/strong> HSTS uygulad\u0131ktan sonra, sitenizin her zaman HTTPS \u00fczerinden eri\u015filebilir oldu\u011fundan emin olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. E\u011fer HSTS etkinle\u015ftirildikten sonra bir SSL sorunu ya\u015farsan\u0131z, taray\u0131c\u0131lar sitenize hi\u00e7 eri\u015femeyebilir ve bu durumu geri almak zor olabilir.<\/p>\n<h4>TLS Protokollerini ve \u015eifreleme S\u00fcitlerini G\u00fc\u00e7lendirme<\/h4>\n<p>Ubuntu 14.04, daha eski OpenSSL s\u00fcr\u00fcmleriyle birlikte gelebilir, bu da varsay\u0131lan TLS yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n modern g\u00fcvenlik standartlar\u0131na tam olarak uymayabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Apache&#8217;nin SSL yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 manuel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, daha g\u00fcvenli \u015fifreleme algoritmalar\u0131 kullanman\u0131z\u0131 ve zay\u0131f protokolleri devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<p>Certbot, <code>\/etc\/letsencrypt\/options-ssl-apache.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda baz\u0131 varsay\u0131lan g\u00fcvenli ayarlar\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu dosyay\u0131 inceleyebilir ve gerekirse daha da s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, sadece TLS 1.2 ve TLS 1.3&#8217;\u00fc desteklemek ve zay\u0131f \u015fifreleme s\u00fcitlerini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/etc\/letsencrypt\/options-ssl-apache.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 bulup g\u00fcncelleyin (veya ekleyin):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-apache\"># G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifreleme s\u00fcitlerini kullan\nSSLCipherSuite EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH\n<h2>Zay\u0131f \u015fifrelemeleri yasakla<\/h2>\nSSLHonorCipherOrder on\n<h2>Sadece TLS 1.2 ve TLS 1.3'\u00fc etkinle\u015ftir<\/h2>\nSSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1\n<h2>G\u00fcvenli yeniden anla\u015fmay\u0131 etkinle\u015ftir<\/h2>\nSSLRenegotiation safe<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Not:<\/strong> Ubuntu 14.04&#8217;teki OpenSSL s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc TLS 1.3&#8217;\u00fc desteklemeyebilir. E\u011fer desteklemiyorsa, <code>TLSv1.3<\/code>&#8216;\u00fc kald\u0131rman\u0131z gerekebilir ve en y\u00fcksek desteklenen s\u00fcr\u00fcm TLS 1.2 olacakt\u0131r. Herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131ktan sonra Apache&#8217;yi yeniden ba\u015flatmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo service apache2 restart<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu t\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapmadan \u00f6nce dikkatli olun ve sitenizin farkl\u0131 taray\u0131c\u0131larda ve cihazlarda hala eri\u015filebilir oldu\u011fundan emin olmak i\u00e7in testler yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n<h4>Birden Fazla Alan Ad\u0131 i\u00e7in Sertifika<\/h4>\n<p>E\u011fer ayn\u0131 sunucuda birden fazla alan ad\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Certbot&#8217;u her alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir veya tek bir komutla birden fazla alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in sertifika alabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot --apache -d ornekalanadi.com -d www.ornekalanadi.com -d digerdomain.com -d www.digerdomain.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Certbot, t\u00fcm bu alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan tek bir sertifika olu\u015fturacak ve her biri i\u00e7in Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyecektir.<\/p>\n<h4>Sorun Giderme \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>Alan Ad\u0131 Y\u00f6nlendirme Sorunlar\u0131:<\/strong> <code>certbot<\/code> \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bir hata al\u0131rsan\u0131z, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n A kayd\u0131n\u0131n sunucunuzun do\u011fru IP adresine i\u015faret etti\u011finden emin olun. <code>dig ornekalanadi.com<\/code> veya <code>ping ornekalanadi.com<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak bunu kontrol edebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n*   <strong>G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131:<\/strong> Port 80 ve 443&#8217;\u00fcn g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131zda a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Apache Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Hatalar\u0131:<\/strong> <code>sudo apache2ctl configtest<\/code> komutuyla Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131zda hata olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Rate Limits (Oran S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131):<\/strong> Let&#8217;s Encrypt&#8217;in sertifika edinimi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 oran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7ok s\u0131k deneme yaparsan\u0131z ge\u00e7ici olarak engellenebilirsiniz. Genellikle haftal\u0131k 50 sertifika limiti vard\u0131r. <code>certbot renew --dry-run<\/code> komutunu kullanarak test yaparken bu limitleri a\u015fmazs\u0131n\u0131z.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Ubuntu 14.04 ve TLS 1.3:<\/strong> Ubuntu 14.04, OpenSSL 1.0.1 ile birlikte gelir ve bu s\u00fcr\u00fcm TLS 1.3&#8217;\u00fc desteklemez. Bu nedenle, yukar\u0131daki gibi SSLProtocol ayarlar\u0131nda TLS 1.3&#8217;\u00fc etkinle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak hataya neden olabilir veya g\u00f6rmezden gelinebilir. En g\u00fcncel g\u00fcvenlik protokollerini kullanmak i\u00e7in daha yeni bir Ubuntu s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne y\u00fckseltmek en iyisidir.<\/p>\n<h3>Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n<p>Bu makalede, Ubuntu 14.04 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Apache web sunucunuzu Let&#8217;s Encrypt ile nas\u0131l g\u00fcvenli hale getirece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011frendiniz. HTTPS&#8217;in \u00f6nemi, Let&#8217;s Encrypt&#8217;in sundu\u011fu kolayl\u0131klar ve Certbot istemcisinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 detayl\u0131ca a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Sistem g\u00fcncellemelerinden ba\u015flayarak, Apache kurulumu, Certbot&#8217;un PPA \u00fczerinden kurulumu, Sanal Host yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131, SSL sertifikas\u0131 edinimi, sertifika do\u011frulama ve otomatik yenileme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri titizlikle ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, HSTS gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri ve yayg\u0131n sorun giderme ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 da sunuldu.<\/p>\n<p>Art\u0131k web siteniz, \u00fccretsiz ve otomatik olarak yenilenen bir SSL\/TLS sertifikas\u0131 sayesinde g\u00fcvenli HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden eri\u015filebilir durumda. Bu, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n verilerini korurken, arama motoru s\u0131ralamalar\u0131n\u0131z \u00fczerinde de olumlu bir etki yaratacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, Ubuntu 14.04 art\u0131k resmi olarak desteklenmeyen (End of Life) bir i\u015fletim sistemidir. Bu durum, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fcncellemeleri almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir ve zamanla g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha savunmas\u0131z hale gelebilir. Bu rehber, mevcut 14.04 altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak isteyenler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olsa da, uzun vadede web sitenizin ve sunucunuzun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in daha g\u00fcncel bir i\u015fletim sistemine (\u00f6rne\u011fin Ubuntu 20.04 LTS veya 22.04 LTS) y\u00fckseltmeyi ciddi \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeniz \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir. Modern i\u015fletim sistemleri, daha g\u00fcncel yaz\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri, daha iyi g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zellikleri ve daha uzun destek s\u00fcreleri sunar. Ancak, mevcut kurulumunuzda kalman\u0131z gerekiyorsa, bu rehber size temel ve etkili bir g\u00fcvenlik katman\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeterli olacakt\u0131r. Web g\u00fcvenli\u011fi s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fen bir aland\u0131r; bu nedenle, en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 takip etmek ve sistemlerinizi d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncellemek her zaman \u00f6nemlidir.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Apache&#8217;yi Let&#8217;s Encrypt ile Ubuntu 14.04 \u00dczerinde G\u00fcvenli Hale Getirme\nGiri\u015f: Neden HTTPS ve Let&#8217;s Encrypt?\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz internet d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda web s","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-39388","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Apache&#039;yi Let&#039;s Encrypt ile Ubuntu 14.04 \u00dczerinde G\u00fcvenli Hale Getirme - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/apacheyi-lets-encrypt-ile-ubuntu-14-04-uzerinde-guvenli-hale-getirme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apache&#039;yi Let&#039;s Encrypt ile Ubuntu 14.04 \u00dczerinde G\u00fcvenli Hale Getirme\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Apache&#039;yi Let&#039;s Encrypt ile Ubuntu 14.04 \u00dczerinde G\u00fcvenli Hale Getirme Giri\u015f: Neden HTTPS ve Let&#039;s Encrypt? 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