{"id":38866,"date":"2026-02-09T14:40:56","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T11:40:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=38866"},"modified":"2026-02-09T14:40:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T11:40:56","slug":"ubuntu-22-04-uzerinde-ozel-ag-icin-bind-dns-sunucusu-kurulumu-ve-yapilandirmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-22-04-uzerinde-ozel-ag-icin-bind-dns-sunucusu-kurulumu-ve-yapilandirmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 22.04 \u00dczerinde \u00d6zel A\u011f \u0130\u00e7in BIND DNS Sunucusu Kurulumu ve Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Ubuntu 22.04 \u00dczerinde \u00d6zel A\u011f \u0130\u00e7in BIND DNS Sunucusu Kurulumu ve Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

Giri\u015f<\/h3>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn karma\u015f\u0131k a\u011f altyap\u0131lar\u0131nda, her cihaz\u0131n bir IP adresine sahip olmas\u0131, bu adresleri ak\u0131lda tutmay\u0131 neredeyse imkans\u0131z hale getirmektedir. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada Domain Name System (DNS) devreye girerek, kolayca hat\u0131rlanabilen alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, sunucu1.yerel<\/code>) IP adreslerine (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 192.168.1.10<\/code>) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme i\u015flevini \u00fcstlenir. \u0130nternet genelinde bu g\u00f6rev k\u00fcresel DNS sunucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilirken, \u00f6zel a\u011flar (yerel a\u011flar, intranetler) i\u00e7in kendi \u00f6zel DNS sunucusuna sahip olmak, a\u011f y\u00f6netimini, kaynak ke\u015ffini ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu makalede, Ubuntu 22.04 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en yayg\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc DNS sunucusu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olan BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) kullanarak \u00f6zel bir a\u011f DNS sunucusunun nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Kendi DNS sunucunuzu kurarak, a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki cihazlara \u00f6zel alan adlar\u0131 atayabilir, dahili hizmetlerinizi kolayca y\u00f6netebilir ve d\u0131\u015f DNS sunucular\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltabilirsiniz. Bu rehber, hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de deneyimli sistem y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir kaynak olmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir.<\/p>\n

DNS Nedir ve Neden \u00d6zel A\u011fda Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3>\n

DNS, internetin telefon rehberi gibidir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n web sitelerine veya di\u011fer a\u011f kaynaklar\u0131na eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in IP adreslerini ezberlemek yerine, anlaml\u0131 ve hat\u0131rlanabilir alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bir web sitesine eri\u015fmek istedi\u011finizde, taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z \u00f6nce DNS sunucusuna gider, alan ad\u0131n\u0131n IP adresini sorar ve bu IP adresini ald\u0131ktan sonra ilgili sunucuyla ba\u011flant\u0131 kurar.<\/p>\n

Peki, neden \u00f6zel bir a\u011fda DNS sunucusuna ihtiya\u00e7 duyal\u0131m? Bunun birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli nedeni vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1. Dahili Ana Bilgisayar Ad\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi:<\/strong> Bir \u00f6zel a\u011fda genellikle bir\u00e7ok sunucu, sanal makine, a\u011f depolama birimi ve di\u011fer cihazlar bulunur. Bu cihazlara sunucu1<\/code>, veritabani<\/code>, web-uygulama<\/code> gibi anlaml\u0131 isimler vermek, IP adreslerini kullanmaktan \u00e7ok daha kolayd\u0131r. \u00d6zel bir DNS sunucusu, bu isimleri a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki IP adreslerine \u00e7evirerek cihazlar aras\u0131 ileti\u015fimi ve y\u00f6netimi basitle\u015ftirir.
\n2. Hizmet Ke\u015ffi ve Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> Dahili web sunucular\u0131, veritabanlar\u0131, e-posta sunucular\u0131 veya di\u011fer uygulamalar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel alan adlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayabilirsiniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, veritabani.yerel.com<\/code>). Bu, uygulamalar\u0131n ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fru hizmetlere kolayca ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve bir sunucunun IP adresi de\u011fi\u015fse bile, DNS kayd\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyerek kesintiyi minimuma indirirsiniz.
\n3. D\u0131\u015f DNS Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Azaltma:<\/strong> \u00d6zel a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki kaynaklar i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f DNS sunucular\u0131na g\u00fcvenmek yerine, kendi sunucunuzu kullanarak daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme s\u00fcreleri elde edersiniz ve internet ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131zda bir sorun oldu\u011funda bile dahili a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmesini sa\u011flars\u0131n\u0131z.
\n4. G\u00fcvenlik ve Gizlilik:<\/strong> Dahili a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya if\u015fa etmeden y\u00f6netebilirsiniz. \u00d6zel alan adlar\u0131 ve IP adresleri sadece kendi a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenir, bu da harici sald\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fczeyini azalt\u0131r.
\n5. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Kontrol:<\/strong> Kendi DNS sunucunuzla, alan ad\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde tam kontrole sahip olursunuz. \u00d6zel kay\u0131tlar ekleyebilir, belirli alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyebilir veya y\u00f6nlendirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, \u00f6zel bir DNS sunucusu, a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n daha organize, y\u00f6netilebilir, g\u00fcvenli ve verimli olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nko\u015fullar ve Sistem G\u00fcncelleme<\/h3>\n

BIND DNS sunucusunu kurmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sisteminizin belirli gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

* Ubuntu 22.04 Sunucusu:<\/strong> Temiz bir Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) kurulumu \u00f6nerilir.
\n* Root veya Sudo Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131:<\/strong> Kurulum ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u00e7in sudo<\/code> yetkisine sahip bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya veya root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacak.
\n* Statik IP Adresi:<\/strong> DNS sunucunuzun her zaman ayn\u0131 IP adresine sahip olmas\u0131 kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bu, istemcilerin DNS sunucusunu g\u00fcvenilir bir \u015fekilde bulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. DHCP ile atanm\u0131\u015f dinamik bir IP adresi kullanmak, sunucunun IP’si de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda kesintilere yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Bu rehberde DNS sunucumuz i\u00e7in 192.168.1.10<\/code> IP adresini ve example.com<\/code> alan ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. A\u011f\u0131n\u0131za uygun IP adresini ve alan ad\u0131n\u0131 kendi de\u011ferlerinizle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ad\u0131m olarak, sistem paket listelerinizi g\u00fcncelleyelim ve mevcut paketleri y\u00fckseltelim. Bu, en son g\u00fcvenlik yamalar\u0131na ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine sahip olman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

sudo apt update\nsudo apt upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Sisteminizde Netplan kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa, statik IP adresi yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 sudo nano \/etc\/netplan\/00-installer-config.yaml<\/code> (veya benzer bir dosya) dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek yapabilirsiniz. \u00d6rnek bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi olabilir:<\/p>\n
network:\n  ethernets:\n    enp0s3: # A\u011f aray\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fcn ad\u0131, 'ip a' komutuyla kontrol edebilirsiniz.\n      dhcp4: no\n      addresses: [192.168.1.10\/24]\n      routes:\n        - to: default\n          via: 192.168.1.1 # Varsay\u0131lan a\u011f ge\u00e7idiniz\n      nameservers:\n        addresses: [192.168.1.10, 8.8.8.8] # Kendi DNS'inizi ve yedek olarak Google DNS'i\n  version: 2<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri uygulad\u0131ktan sonra Netplan yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n
sudo netplan apply<\/code><\/pre>\n
IP adresinizin do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ip a<\/code> komutuyla kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
BIND Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
BIND, Ubuntu depolar\u0131nda bind9<\/code> paketi olarak bulunur. Kurulum olduk\u00e7a basittir:<\/p>\n
sudo apt install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   bind9<\/code>: BIND DNS sunucusu \u00e7ekirdek paketi.
\n*   bind9utils<\/code>: DNS sorgulama ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in yard\u0131mc\u0131 programlar (\u00f6rn. named-checkconf<\/code>, named-checkzone<\/code>, dig<\/code>).
\n*   bind9-doc<\/code>: BIND ile ilgili belgeler.<\/p>\n
Kurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, BIND hizmetinin otomatik olarak ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da active (running)<\/code> ifadesini g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
BIND Temel Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n
BIND’in yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 genellikle \/etc\/bind\/<\/code> dizininde bulunur. Ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 named.conf<\/code>‘tur. Bu dosya genellikle di\u011fer yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir (include<\/code> direktifleri ile), bu da yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 daha mod\u00fcler ve okunabilir hale getirir.<\/p>\n
Ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n*   named.conf.options<\/code>: Genel sunucu se\u00e7enekleri, y\u00f6nlendiriciler (forwarders), g\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131 vb.
\n*   named.conf.local<\/code>: Yerel olarak tan\u0131mlanan b\u00f6lgeler (zone’lar) i\u00e7in ileri ve ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc kay\u0131tlar.
\n*   named.conf.default-zones<\/code>: Varsay\u0131lan k\u00f6k ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve localhost b\u00f6lgeleri. Bu dosyay\u0131 genellikle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyiz.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi bu dosyalar\u0131 \u00f6zel a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in yap\u0131land\u0131ral\u0131m.<\/p>\n
named.conf.options Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h4>\n
Bu dosya, BIND sunucunuzun genel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyayla nas\u0131l etkile\u015fime girece\u011fini belirler. D\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/bind\/named.conf.options<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi d\u00fczenleyin. Mevcut i\u00e7eri\u011fi yedekleyip tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir veya gerekli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
options {\n    directory \"\/var\/cache\/bind\";\n\n    \/\/ DNS sunucusunun hangi IP adreslerinden gelen sorgular\u0131 dinleyece\u011fini belirtir.\n    \/\/ Kendi sunucunuzun statik IP adresini veya 'any' kullanarak t\u00fcm aray\u00fczleri dinleyebilirsiniz.\n    listen-on port 53 { 192.168.1.10; }; # Kendi DNS sunucunuzun IP adresi\n    listen-on-v6 port 53 { none; }; # IPv6 kullanm\u0131yorsan\u0131z 'none' yap\u0131n\n\n    \/\/ Hangi IP adreslerinin DNS sunucunuza sorgu yapmas\u0131na izin verildi\u011fini belirtir.\n    \/\/ \u0130\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n IP aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya 'any' kullanarak t\u00fcm istemcilere izin verebilirsiniz.\n    allow-query { 192.168.1.0\/24; 127.0.0.1; }; # \u0130\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n IP aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\n\n    \/\/ Sunucunun kendisi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyemedi\u011fi sorgular\u0131 g\u00f6nderece\u011fi harici DNS sunucular\u0131.\n    \/\/ Genellikle Google DNS, Cloudflare DNS veya ISP'nizin DNS sunucular\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\n    forwarders {\n        8.8.8.8;  \/\/ Google Public DNS\n        8.8.4.4;  \/\/ Google Public DNS\n    };\n\n    \/\/ DNSSEC do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir. G\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilir.\n    dnssec-validation auto;\n\n    \/\/ \u00d6zyinelemeli sorgulara izin verilip verilmedi\u011fini belirler.\n    \/\/ \u0130\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in genellikle 'yes' olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n    recursion yes;\n\n    \/\/ DNS sunucusunun ne kadar \u00f6nbellek kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131).\n    \/\/ max-cache-size 90%;\n\n    \/\/ DNS sunucusunun kimler taraf\u0131ndan aktar\u0131m (zone transfer) yap\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011fini belirtir.\n    \/\/ \u0130kincil DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131z varsa onlar\u0131n IP'lerini buraya ekleyin.\n    \/\/ allow-transfer { none; }; \/\/ Varsay\u0131lan olarak hi\u00e7 kimseye izin vermeyin veya sadece ikincil sunuculara.\n\n    \/\/ BIND'in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 istatistiklerini kimin sorgulayabilece\u011fini belirtir.\n    allow-recursion { 192.168.1.0\/24; 127.0.0.1; }; # \u0130\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n IP aral\u0131\u011f\u0131\n\n    \/\/ BIND'in kimler taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilebilece\u011fini (rndc komutuyla) belirtir.\n    allow-control { 127.0.0.1; };\n\n    \/\/ BIND'in k\u00f6k ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 hangi dosyadan alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.\n    \/\/ Bu genellikle named.conf.default-zones dosyas\u0131nda tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.\n    \/\/ root-hints \"\/etc\/bind\/db.root\";\n\n    \/\/ Sunucunun dinleyece\u011fi port (varsay\u0131lan 53't\u00fcr).\n    \/\/ listen-on port 53 { any; };\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu yap\u0131land\u0131rmada, DNS sunucunuzun 192.168.1.10<\/code> IP adresinden gelen sorgular\u0131 dinlemesini, 192.168.1.0\/24<\/code> a\u011f\u0131ndaki istemcilerin sorgu yapmas\u0131na izin vermesini ve kendisinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyemedi\u011fi sorgular\u0131 Google DNS sunucular\u0131na iletmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
named.conf.local Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h4>\n
Bu dosya, \u00f6zel a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in tan\u0131mlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ileri y\u00f6nl\u00fc (forward lookup) ve ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc (reverse lookup) b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7erir. \u0130leri y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge, alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 IP adreslerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrken, ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge IP adreslerini alan adlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/bind\/named.conf.local<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n sonuna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bloklar\u0131 ekleyin. example.com<\/code> yerine kendi \u00f6zel alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131, 192.168.1<\/code> yerine ise a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7 oktetini kullanmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
\/\/ \u0130leri Y\u00f6nl\u00fc B\u00f6lge Tan\u0131m\u0131 (Forward Lookup Zone)\nzone \"example.com\" {\n    type master; \/\/ Bu sunucu, bu b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in birincil (master) sunucudur.\n    file \"\/etc\/bind\/db.example.com\"; \/\/ B\u00f6lge verilerini i\u00e7eren dosya yolu\n    allow-transfer { none; }; \/\/ Bu b\u00f6lge verilerinin kimseye aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verme\n    allow-update { none; }; \/\/ Dinamik g\u00fcncellemeleri kapat\n};\n\n\/\/ Ters Y\u00f6nl\u00fc B\u00f6lge Tan\u0131m\u0131 (Reverse Lookup Zone)\n\/\/ IP adresinin ters yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hali: 192.168.1 -> 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa\nzone \"1.168.192.in-addr.arpa\" {\n    type master;\n    file \"\/etc\/bind\/db.192.168\"; \/\/ Ters b\u00f6lge verilerini i\u00e7eren dosya yolu\n    allow-transfer { none; };\n    allow-update { none; };\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu tan\u0131mlamalar, BIND’e example.com<\/code> alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve 192.168.1.x<\/code> IP adresleri i\u00e7in \/etc\/bind\/db.192.168<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n
\u0130leri Y\u00f6nl\u00fc (Forward Lookup) B\u00f6lge Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
\u015eimdi named.conf.local<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ileri y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmal\u0131y\u0131z. BIND, \u00f6rnek b\u00f6lge dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 \/etc\/bind<\/code> dizininde sa\u011flar. db.local<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kopyalayarak ba\u015flayabiliriz.<\/p>\n
sudo cp \/etc\/bind\/db.local \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com\nsudo nano \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini kendi alan ad\u0131n\u0131z ve sunucular\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in g\u00fcncelleyin. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnek, example.com<\/code> alan ad\u0131 ve ns1.example.com<\/code> (DNS sunucusu), webserver.example.com<\/code> ve mailserver.example.com<\/code> gibi \u00f6rnek ana bilgisayarlar i\u00e7in kay\u0131tlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
$TTL    604800\n@       IN      SOA     ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (\n                              3         ; Serial\n                         604800         ; Refresh\n                          86400         ; Retry\n                        2419200         ; Expire\n                          604800 )      ; Negative Cache TTL\n;\n@       IN      NS      ns1.example.com.\n@       IN      A       192.168.1.10    ; example.com i\u00e7in IP adresi (genellikle DNS sunucusunun kendisi)\nns1     IN      A       192.168.1.10    ; DNS sunucusunun IP adresi\nwebserver IN    A       192.168.1.20    ; Web sunucusunun IP adresi\nmailserver IN   A       192.168.1.30    ; E-posta sunucusunun IP adresi<\/code><\/pre>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klamalar:<\/strong>
\n*   $TTL<\/code>: Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n istemciler taraf\u0131ndan ne kadar s\u00fcreyle \u00f6nbelle\u011fe al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (saniye cinsinden).
\n*   @<\/code>: Mevcut alan ad\u0131n\u0131 (yani example.com<\/code>) temsil eder.
\n*   IN<\/code>: \u0130nternet s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.
\n*   SOA (Start of Authority)<\/code>: B\u00f6lge i\u00e7in yetkili ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kayd\u0131d\u0131r.
\n    *   ns1.example.com.<\/code>: Birincil isim sunucusunun tam nitelikli alan ad\u0131 (FQDN). Sondaki nokta \u00f6nemlidir.
\n    *   admin.example.com.<\/code>: B\u00f6lge y\u00f6neticisinin e-posta adresi (burada @<\/code> yerine .<\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131r).
\n    *   Serial<\/code>: B\u00f6lgenin seri numaras\u0131. Her de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bu numaray\u0131 art\u0131rmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z (genellikle tarih format\u0131nda YYYYMMDDNN<\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6rn. 2023102701<\/code>). BIND, ikincil sunucular\u0131n g\u00fcncellemeleri ne zaman almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in bu numaray\u0131 kullan\u0131r.
\n    *   Refresh<\/code>: \u0130kincil sunucular\u0131n birincil sunucuyu ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla kontrol edece\u011fini belirtir.
\n    *   Retry<\/code>: Birincil sunucuya ula\u015f\u0131lamazsa ikincil sunucular\u0131n ne kadar bekleyip tekrar deneyece\u011fini belirtir.
\n    *   Expire<\/code>: \u0130kincil sunucular\u0131n birincil sunucuya ula\u015f\u0131lamazsa b\u00f6lge verilerini ne zaman ge\u00e7ersiz sayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.
\n    *   Negative Cache TTL<\/code>: Olumsuz yan\u0131tlar\u0131n (kay\u0131t bulunamad\u0131) ne kadar s\u00fcreyle \u00f6nbelle\u011fe al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.
\n*   NS (Name Server)<\/code>: Bu alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in yetkili isim sunucusunu belirtir.
\n*   A (Address)<\/code>: Bir ana bilgisayar ad\u0131n\u0131 IPv4 adresine e\u015fler.
\n*   CNAME (Canonical Name)<\/code>: Bir ana bilgisayar ad\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka bir ana bilgisayar ad\u0131na takma ad olarak e\u015fler. (\u00d6rn: www IN CNAME webserver.example.com.<\/code>)<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemli:<\/strong> FQDN’lerin sonundaki noktay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n (\u00f6rn. ns1.example.com.<\/code>). Bu, alan ad\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k dizine g\u00f6re tam nitelikli oldu\u011funu belirtir.<\/p>\n
Ters Y\u00f6nl\u00fc (Reverse Lookup) B\u00f6lge Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
Ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131, IP adreslerini alan adlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, hata ay\u0131klama, g\u00fcnl\u00fck kayd\u0131 ve baz\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik protokolleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. db.127<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kopyalayarak ba\u015flayabiliriz.<\/p>\n
sudo cp \/etc\/bind\/db.127 \/etc\/bind\/db.192.168\nsudo nano \/etc\/bind\/db.192.168<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi d\u00fczenleyin. IP adreslerinin sadece son oktetini (ana bilgisayar k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131) kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
$TTL    604800\n@       IN      SOA     ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (\n                              3         ; Serial\n                         604800         ; Refresh\n                          86400         ; Retry\n                        2419200         ; Expire\n                          604800 )      ; Negative Cache TTL\n;\n@       IN      NS      ns1.example.com.\n10      IN      PTR     ns1.example.com.        ; 192.168.1.10 i\u00e7in PTR kayd\u0131\n20      IN      PTR     webserver.example.com.  ; 192.168.1.20 i\u00e7in PTR kayd\u0131\n30      IN      PTR     mailserver.example.com. ; 192.168.1.30 i\u00e7in PTR kayd\u0131<\/code><\/pre>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klamalar:<\/strong>
\n*   PTR (Pointer)<\/code>: Bir IP adresini bir alan ad\u0131na e\u015fler. Burada sadece IP adresinin son okteti kullan\u0131l\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6lge tan\u0131m\u0131 (1.168.192.in-addr.arpa<\/code>) zaten ilk \u00fc\u00e7 okteti belirtir.<\/p>\n
Her iki b\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131n\u0131 da kaydettikten sonra, dosya izinlerinin do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olmak iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r:<\/p>\n
sudo chown root:bind \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com\nsudo chmod 644 \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com\nsudo chown root:bind \/etc\/bind\/db.192.168\nsudo chmod 644 \/etc\/bind\/db.192.168<\/code><\/pre>\n
BIND Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 Test Etme<\/h3>\n
Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131nda herhangi bir hata olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in BIND ile birlikte gelen yard\u0131mc\u0131 programlar\u0131 kullanmak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Bu ad\u0131m\u0131 atlamak, BIND hizmetinin ba\u015flamamas\u0131na veya hatal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n
1.  Ana Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    named-checkconf<\/code> komutu, named.conf<\/code> ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131n (\u00f6rn. named.conf.options<\/code>, named.conf.local<\/code>) s\u00f6zdizimini kontrol eder. Herhangi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 yoksa, s\u00f6zdizimi do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n
sudo named-checkconf<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  B\u00f6lge Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    named-checkzone<\/code> komutu, belirli bir b\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini ve i\u00e7eri\u011fini kontrol eder.<\/p>\n
    *   \u0130leri Y\u00f6nl\u00fc B\u00f6lge \u0130\u00e7in:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo named-checkzone example.com \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
        zone example.com\/IN: loaded serial 3<\/code> ve OK<\/code> gibi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
    *   Ters Y\u00f6nl\u00fc B\u00f6lge \u0130\u00e7in:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo named-checkzone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa \/etc\/bind\/db.192.168<\/code><\/pre>\n
        Yine zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa\/IN: loaded serial 3<\/code> ve OK<\/code> gibi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
Herhangi bir hata mesaj\u0131 al\u0131rsan\u0131z, ilgili dosyay\u0131 tekrar kontrol edin ve hatalar\u0131 d\u00fczeltin. Genellikle noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl eksikli\u011fi, yanl\u0131\u015f FQDN format\u0131 (sondaki nokta eksikli\u011fi) veya seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmemesi gibi basit hatalar sorunlara yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm kontrollerden ba\u015far\u0131yla ge\u00e7tikten sonra, BIND hizmetini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
Hizmetin durumunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
active (running)<\/code> ve herhangi bir hata mesaj\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi DNS sunucunuzun do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in dig<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n. dig<\/code>, DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n
*   Kendi alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sorgulama:<\/strong><\/p>\n
dig @192.168.1.10 example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
    ANSWER SECTION<\/code> alt\u0131nda example.com<\/code> i\u00e7in IP adresini g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
*   \u0130leri y\u00f6nl\u00fc kay\u0131tlar\u0131 sorgulama:<\/strong><\/p>\n
dig @192.168.1.10 webserver.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
    ANSWER SECTION<\/code> alt\u0131nda webserver.example.com<\/code> i\u00e7in 192.168.1.20<\/code> IP adresini g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
*   Ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc kay\u0131tlar\u0131 sorgulama:<\/strong><\/p>\n
dig -x @192.168.1.10 192.168.1.20<\/code><\/pre>\n
    ANSWER SECTION<\/code> alt\u0131nda 192.168.1.20<\/code> i\u00e7in webserver.example.com<\/code> ana bilgisayar ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
*   Harici bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131 sorgulama (forwarders’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in):<\/strong><\/p>\n
dig @192.168.1.10 google.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Google’\u0131n IP adreslerini g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu, BIND sunucunuzun kendi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyemedi\u011fi sorgular\u0131 named.conf.options<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda belirtti\u011finiz forwarder’lara ba\u015far\u0131yla iletti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n
Ubuntu’da varsay\u0131lan g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 UFW’dir (Uncomplicated Firewall). DNS sunucunuzun a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki istemciler taraf\u0131ndan eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 53 numaral\u0131 UDP ve TCP portlar\u0131na izin vermeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo ufw allow 53\/udp\nsudo ufw allow 53\/tcp\nsudo ufw reload<\/code><\/pre>\n
UFW durumunu kontrol ederek kurallar\u0131n etkinle\u015ftirildi\u011finden emin olabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo ufw status<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da 53 numaral\u0131 port i\u00e7in ALLOW<\/code> kurallar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
\u0130stemcileri Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h3>\n
DNS sunucunuzu kurduktan sonra, a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki istemci cihazlar\u0131n bu sunucuyu kullanacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu, istemcinin i\u015fletim sistemine ve a\u011f yap\u0131land\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
1. Ubuntu\/Linux \u0130stemcileri \u0130\u00e7in (Ge\u00e7ici veya Manuel):<\/strong><\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7ici olarak DNS sunucusunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \/etc\/resolv.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilirsiniz. Ancak bu dosya genellikle NetworkManager veya Netplan taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir ve yeniden ba\u015flatmalarda veya a\u011f de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinde \u00fczerine yaz\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/resolv.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Mevcut nameserver<\/code> sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 haline getirin veya silin ve kendi DNS sunucunuzun IP adresini ekleyin:<\/p>\n
# Generated by resolvconf\nnameserver 192.168.1.10 # Kendi DNS sunucunuzun IP adresi\n
nameserver 127.0.0.53<\/h2>\noptions edns0 trust-ad\nsearch example.com # \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131: Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik ge\u00e7icidir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in NetworkManager veya Netplan’\u0131 kullanman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n
2. Ubuntu\/Linux \u0130stemcileri \u0130\u00e7in (Kal\u0131c\u0131 – Netplan):<\/strong><\/p>\n
E\u011fer istemciniz de Netplan kullan\u0131yorsa (genellikle sunucularda), ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde IP adresi yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 yaparken nameservers<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131na DNS sunucunuzun IP adresini ekleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
network:\n  ethernets:\n    enp0s3:\n      dhcp4: no\n      addresses: [192.168.1.20\/24] # \u0130stemcinin kendi IP adresi\n      routes:\n        - to: default\n          via: 192.168.1.1\n      nameservers:\n        addresses: [192.168.1.10, 8.8.8.8] # Kendi DNS sunucunuz ve yedek\n        search: [example.com] # \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131: Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\n  version: 2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Uygulamak i\u00e7in: sudo netplan apply<\/code><\/p>\n
3. Ubuntu\/Linux \u0130stemcileri \u0130\u00e7in (Kal\u0131c\u0131 – NetworkManager GUI):<\/strong><\/p>\n
Masa\u00fcst\u00fc ortam\u0131 kullanan Ubuntu istemcilerinde, Ayarlar -> A\u011f -> Ba\u011flant\u0131 Ayarlar\u0131 (Di\u015fli simgesi) -> IPv4 sekmesine gidin. “DNS” k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 “Otomatik (DHCP)” yerine “Manuel” olarak ayarlay\u0131n ve DNS sunucunuzun IP adresini ekleyin. \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak arama alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 da ekleyebilirsiniz (example.com<\/code>).<\/p>\n
4. Windows \u0130stemcileri \u0130\u00e7in:<\/strong><\/p>\n
*   Denetim Masas\u0131 -> A\u011f ve Payla\u015f\u0131m Merkezi -> Ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirin.
\n*   Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z a\u011f ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na (\u00f6rn. Ethernet veya Wi-Fi) sa\u011f t\u0131klay\u0131n ve “\u00d6zellikler”i se\u00e7in.
\n*   “\u0130nternet Protokol\u00fc S\u00fcr\u00fcm 4 (TCP\/IPv4)” se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in ve “\u00d6zellikler”e t\u0131klay\u0131n.
\n*   “A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki DNS sunucu adreslerini kullan” se\u00e7ene\u011fini i\u015faretleyin ve “Tercih Edilen DNS sunucusu” alan\u0131na kendi DNS sunucunuzun IP adresini (192.168.1.10<\/code>) girin. \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak “Di\u011fer DNS sunucusu” alan\u0131na harici bir DNS (\u00f6rn. 8.8.8.8<\/code>) girebilirsiniz.
\n*   “Tamam” diyerek pencereleri kapat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
5. DHCP Sunucusu \u00dczerinden Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rma:<\/strong><\/p>\n
En ideal y\u00f6ntem, a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bir DHCP sunucusu (\u00f6rn. isc-dhcp-server<\/code> veya y\u00f6nlendiricinizin DHCP \u00f6zelli\u011fi) varsa, DHCP sunucusunu, istemcilere IP adresi atarken DNS sunucusu olarak kendi BIND sunucunuzun IP adresini da\u011f\u0131tacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Bu, t\u00fcm yeni cihazlar\u0131n otomatik olarak \u00f6zel DNS sunucunuzu kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
\u0130stemciden Test Etme:<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0130stemcinizi yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, yeni DNS sunucusunun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
*   Linux’ta:<\/strong><\/p>\n
cat \/etc\/resolv.conf # DNS sunucusunun do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin\n    dig webserver.example.com\n    ping webserver.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Windows’ta (Komut \u0130stemi veya PowerShell):<\/strong><\/p>\n
ipconfig \/all # DNS sunucusunun do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin\n    nslookup webserver.example.com\n    ping webserver.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ana bilgisayar adlar\u0131n\u0131n IP adreslerine do\u011fru \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlendi\u011fini ve ping’in ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
BIND Hizmetini Y\u00f6netme<\/h3>\n
BIND hizmetini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in systemctl<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
*   Hizmeti Ba\u015flatma:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl start bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Hizmeti Durdurma:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl stop bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Hizmeti Yeniden Ba\u015flatma (Yap\u0131land\u0131rma de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden sonra):<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Hizmeti Yeniden Y\u00fckleme (B\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden sonra, hizmeti kesintiye u\u011fratmadan):<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl reload bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Hizmetin Durumunu Kontrol Etme:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Sistem Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Otomatik Ba\u015flatmay\u0131 Etkinle\u015ftirme (Varsay\u0131lan olarak etkindir):<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl enable bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   Sistem Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Otomatik Ba\u015flatmay\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo systemctl disable bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
S\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\n
BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k olabilir ve yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve olas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
1.  BIND Hizmeti Ba\u015flam\u0131yor veya Hata Veriyor:<\/strong>
\n    *   \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> sudo systemctl status bind9<\/code> komutunu kullanarak hizmetin durumunu kontrol edin. Hata mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in journalctl -u bind9<\/code> veya \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyin. Genellikle yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zdizimi hatalar\u0131 (noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl eksikli\u011fi, yanl\u0131\u015f parantez kullan\u0131m\u0131) veya dosya izinleri sorunlar\u0131 neden olur. named-checkconf<\/code> ve named-checkzone<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/p>\n
2.  Alan Adlar\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmiyor (\u00d6zellikle dahili olanlar):<\/strong>
\n    *   \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n        *   \u0130stemcinin DNS sunucusu olarak BIND sunucunuzun IP adresini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun (\/etc\/resolv.conf<\/code> veya a\u011f ayarlar\u0131).
\n        *   BIND sunucusunun g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin (53\/UDP ve 53\/TCP portlar\u0131na izin verildi\u011finden emin olun).
\n        *   B\u00f6lge dosyalar\u0131ndaki kay\u0131tlar\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun (A<\/code> kay\u0131tlar\u0131, PTR<\/code> kay\u0131tlar\u0131). named-checkzone<\/code> komutunu tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.
\n        *   SOA kayd\u0131ndaki seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan ve BIND hizmetini yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan\/yeniden y\u00fckledi\u011finizden emin olun.
\n        *   named.conf.options<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki allow-query<\/code> ve listen-on<\/code> direktiflerinin istemcinizin IP adresini veya a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n
3.  Harici Alan Adlar\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmiyor (\u00d6rn. google.com):<\/strong>
\n    *   \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n        *   named.conf.options<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki forwarders<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru harici DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rn. 8.8.8.8) i\u00e7erdi\u011finden emin olun.
\n        *   BIND sunucunuzun kendisinin internete eri\u015fimi oldu\u011fundan emin olun (\u00f6rn. ping google.com<\/code> komutunu BIND sunucusu \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n).
\n        *   DNSSEC do\u011frulamas\u0131yla ilgili bir sorun olabilir. Ge\u00e7ici olarak dnssec-validation no;<\/code> olarak ayarlay\u0131p test edebilirsiniz, ancak bu g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilmez.<\/p>\n
4.  Ters Y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme \u00c7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor:<\/strong>
\n    *   \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n        *   named.conf.local<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n (zone \"1.168.192.in-addr.arpa\"<\/code>) do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun. IP adresinin ters yaz\u0131m\u0131na dikkat edin.
\n        *   Ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131ndaki (db.192.168<\/code>) PTR<\/code> kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun. IP adresinin sadece son oktetini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan ve FQDN’nin sonundaki noktay\u0131 unutmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.
\n        *   named-checkzone<\/code> ile ters b\u00f6lge dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/p>\n
5.  \u0130stemcilerde DNS \u00d6nbellek Sorunlar\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    *   \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> \u0130stemciler DNS yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nbelle\u011fe alabilir. De\u011fi\u015fiklikler hemen yans\u0131mazsa, istemcinin DNS \u00f6nbelle\u011fini temizlemeniz gerekebilir.
\n        *   Linux:<\/strong> sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved<\/code> veya sudo \/etc\/init.d\/nscd restart<\/code> (e\u011fer nscd kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa).
\n        *   Windows:<\/strong> Komut isteminde ipconfig \/flushdns<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n
6.  Dosya \u0130zinleri:<\/strong>
\n    *   \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> BIND’in b\u00f6lge dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 okuyabilmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fru dosya izinlerine sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir. Genellikle root:bind<\/code> sahipli\u011fi ve 644 izinleri yeterlidir.<\/p>\n
sudo chown root:bind \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com\n    sudo chmod 644 \/etc\/bind\/db.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
Hata ay\u0131klama yaparken, dig<\/code> komutunu kullanmak \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle farkl\u0131 DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayarak (dig @ hostname<\/code>) sorunun BIND sunucusunda m\u0131 yoksa istemci yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda m\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu kapsaml\u0131 rehberde, Ubuntu 22.04 \u00fczerinde BIND DNS sunucusunu \u00f6zel a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131yla kurmay\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendiniz. BIND’in kurulumundan temel yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesine, ileri ve ters y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00f6lge dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na, yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n test edilmesine ve istemcilerin ayarlanmas\u0131na kadar her ad\u0131m\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131k.<\/p>\n
Kendi \u00f6zel DNS sunucunuza sahip olmak, a\u011f y\u00f6netiminizde \u00f6nemli bir esneklik ve kontrol sa\u011flar. Art\u0131k a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki cihazlara anlaml\u0131 isimler atayabilir, dahili hizmetlerinizi kolayca ke\u015ffedebilir ve y\u00f6netebilir, ayr\u0131ca harici DNS sunucular\u0131na olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 azaltarak a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
BIND, olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek bir yaz\u0131l\u0131md\u0131r. Bu rehber, temel bir kurulum i\u00e7in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130leri d\u00fczeyde, DNSSEC ile g\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131rma, ikincil (slave) DNS sunucular\u0131 ile yedeklilik sa\u011flama, dinamik DNS (DDNS) yap\u0131land\u0131rma veya BIND’i bir DHCP sunucusuyla entegre etme gibi konular\u0131 da ara\u015ft\u0131rarak a\u011f altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 daha da geli\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Bu ad\u0131mlar, \u00f6zel a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n gelecekteki b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 22.04 \u00dczerinde \u00d6zel A\u011f \u0130\u00e7in BIND DNS Sunucusu Kurulumu ve Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131\nGiri\u015f\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn karma\u015f\u0131k a\u011f altyap\u0131lar\u0131nda, her cih","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-38866","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nUbuntu 22.04 \u00dczerinde \u00d6zel A\u011f \u0130\u00e7in BIND DNS Sunucusu Kurulumu ve Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 - 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