{"id":38319,"date":"2026-01-28T16:31:33","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T13:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/linux-temelleri-bolum-2-dizin-hiyerarsisini-anlamak\/"},"modified":"2026-01-28T16:31:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T13:31:33","slug":"linux-temelleri-bolum-2-dizin-hiyerarsisini-anlamak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/linux-temelleri-bolum-2-dizin-hiyerarsisini-anlamak\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux Temelleri – B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2: Dizin Hiyerar\u015fisini Anlamak"},"content":{"rendered":"

Linux Temelleri – B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2: Dizin Hiyerar\u015fisini Anlamak<\/h2>\n

Linux i\u015fletim sisteminin kalbinde, her \u015feyin d\u00fczenli ve mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde organize edildi\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir dosya sistemi yatar. Bu sistemin temelini olu\u015fturan dizin hiyerar\u015fisini anlamak, bir Linux kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 veya y\u00f6neticisi olmak i\u00e7in at\u0131lacak en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlardan biridir. Dosyalar\u0131n nerede bulundu\u011funu, sistemin nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sorunlar\u0131 nas\u0131l giderece\u011finizi bilmek, Linux deneyiminizi k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir. Bu makalede, Linux’un dizin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerine inecek, her bir ana dizinin amac\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedecek ve bu hiyerar\u015fide nas\u0131l gezinece\u011finizi \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz.<\/p>\n

Linux Dizin Hiyerar\u015fisine Giri\u015f ve FHS<\/h3>\n

Linux i\u015fletim sistemi, Windows’taki C:\\ s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc gibi tek bir ana s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine, her \u015feyin tek bir k\u00f6k dizin (\/) alt\u0131nda topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131, i\u015fletim sisteminin kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve esnekli\u011fini sa\u011flayan temel bir mimari prensiptir. Her dosya ve dizin, bu k\u00f6k dizinden dallanarak belirli bir amaca hizmet eden alt dizinlerde bulunur.<\/p>\n

Linux Dosya Sistemi Kavram\u0131<\/h4>\n

Linux’ta “dosya sistemi” terimi, hem dosyalar\u0131n disk \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini hem de bu d\u00fczenlemenin kullan\u0131c\u0131ya nas\u0131l sunuldu\u011funu ifade eder. Her \u015fey bir dosyad\u0131r felsefesiyle, donan\u0131m ayg\u0131tlar\u0131ndan a\u011f soketlerine kadar her \u015fey dosya olarak temsil edilir. Bu birle\u015fik yakla\u015f\u0131m, sistem y\u00f6netimini ve programlamay\u0131 basitle\u015ftirir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm kaynaklara standart dosya i\u015flemleriyle eri\u015filebilir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6k Dizin (\/) ve Her \u015eeyin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131<\/h4>\n

Linux dosya hiyerar\u015fisinin en tepesinde, her \u015feyin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan k\u00f6k dizin (\/<\/code>) bulunur. T\u00fcm di\u011fer dizinler ve dosyalar, do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak bu k\u00f6k dizinin alt\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bir Windows sistemindeki “Bilgisayar\u0131m” veya “Bu Bilgisayar”\u0131n t\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri listelemesi gibi, Linux’ta da k\u00f6k dizin, t\u00fcm ba\u011flama noktalar\u0131n\u0131 ve sistemin t\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u011fini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ve \u00d6nemi<\/h4>\n

Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiricilerin i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. FHS, belirli dizinlerin belirli t\u00fcrdeki dosyalar\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi gerekti\u011fini tan\u0131mlayan bir standartt\u0131r. Bu sayede, farkl\u0131 Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131nda (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian vb.) bile temel sistem dizinlerinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 kal\u0131r. FHS’ye uyum, sistem y\u00f6neticilerinin farkl\u0131 sistemler aras\u0131nda kolayca ge\u00e7i\u015f yapabilmesini ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n beklendi\u011fi gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo, FHS’nin tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli dizinleri ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetlemektedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Dizin<\/th>\nAma\u00e7<\/th>\n\u00d6rnek \u0130\u00e7erik<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\/<\/code><\/td>\nT\u00fcm dosya sisteminin k\u00f6k\u00fc.<\/td>\nDi\u011fer t\u00fcm dizinler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/bin<\/code><\/td>\nTemel kullan\u0131c\u0131 komutlar\u0131.<\/td>\nls<\/code>, cp<\/code>, mv<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/sbin<\/code><\/td>\nSistem y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in temel komutlar.<\/td>\nfdisk<\/code>, shutdown<\/code>, reboot<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/etc<\/code><\/td>\nSistem genelinde yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131.<\/td>\npasswd<\/code>, fstab<\/code>, network<\/code> ayarlar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/home<\/code><\/td>\nKullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ki\u015fisel ev dizinleri.<\/td>\n\/home\/kullaniciadi\/belgeler<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/usr<\/code><\/td>\nKullan\u0131c\u0131 programlar\u0131 ve verileri (salt okunur).<\/td>\n\/usr\/bin<\/code>, \/usr\/lib<\/code>, \/usr\/share<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/var<\/code><\/td>\nDe\u011fi\u015fken veriler (loglar, spool dosyalar\u0131, veritabanlar\u0131).<\/td>\n\/var\/log<\/code>, \/var\/cache<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/tmp<\/code><\/td>\nGe\u00e7ici dosyalar. Sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda genellikle silinir.<\/td>\nUygulama ge\u00e7ici dosyalar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/dev<\/code><\/td>\nCihaz dosyalar\u0131.<\/td>\n\/dev\/sda<\/code>, \/dev\/null<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/proc<\/code><\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan s\u00fcre\u00e7ler hakk\u0131nda bilgi i\u00e7eren sanal dosya sistemi.<\/td>\n\/proc\/cpuinfo<\/code>, \/proc\/meminfo<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/sys<\/code><\/td>\n\u00c7ekirdek ve donan\u0131m hakk\u0131nda bilgi i\u00e7eren sanal dosya sistemi.<\/td>\nDonan\u0131m ayarlar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/opt<\/code><\/td>\n\u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 (\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf) yaz\u0131l\u0131m paketleri.<\/td>\nGoogle Chrome, VS Code kurulumlar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/boot<\/code><\/td>\n\u00d6ny\u00fckleme dosyalar\u0131 (\u00e7ekirdek, initramfs).<\/td>\nGRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/mnt<\/code><\/td>\nGe\u00e7ici olarak ba\u011flanan dosya sistemleri i\u00e7in ba\u011flama noktas\u0131.<\/td>\nManuel disk ba\u011flamalar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/media<\/code><\/td>\n\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131labilir medya (CD-ROM, USB) i\u00e7in ba\u011flama noktas\u0131.<\/td>\nUSB bellekler, harici diskler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/run<\/code><\/td>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 verileri.<\/td>\nSistem s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin PID dosyalar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Temel Sistem Dizinleri: Y\u00f6netim ve \u0130\u015fletim<\/h3>\n

Linux sisteminin d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahip olan bu dizinler, genellikle sistem y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahale etmemesi gereken alanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilir Komutlar ve Sistem \u0130kilileri: \/bin, \/sbin<\/h4>\n

\/bin<\/code> dizini, sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan temel kullan\u0131c\u0131 komutlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu komutlar, sistemin tek kullan\u0131c\u0131 modunda bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesini sa\u011flar (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ls<\/code>, cp<\/code>, mv<\/code>, cat<\/code>). \/sbin<\/code> dizini ise, sistem y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in gerekli olan ve genellikle root yetkisi gerektiren komutlar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, fdisk<\/code>, ifconfig<\/code>, shutdown<\/code>). Bu ayr\u0131m, g\u00fcvenlik ve sistem b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Sistem Ayarlar\u0131 ve K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler: \/etc, \/lib, \/boot<\/h4>\n

\/etc<\/code> dizini, t\u00fcm sistem genelindeki yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. A\u011f ayarlar\u0131ndan kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015fifrelerine, ba\u015flatma betiklerinden servis tan\u0131mlar\u0131na kadar her \u015fey burada bulunur. Bu dizin, bir sistemin “kimli\u011fi” gibidir. \/lib<\/code> dizini, \/bin<\/code> ve \/sbin<\/code> dizinlerindeki programlar ve \u00e7ekirdek mod\u00fclleri taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. \/boot<\/code> dizini ise, sistemin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u00f6ny\u00fckleme y\u00fckleyicisi (GRUB), Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011fi ve initramfs gibi dosyalar\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Sanal Dizinler ve Donan\u0131m Aray\u00fczleri: \/dev, \/proc, \/sys<\/h4>\n

\/dev<\/code> dizini, sistemdeki t\u00fcm donan\u0131m ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden \u00f6zel dosyalar\u0131 i\u00e7erir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, \/dev\/sda<\/code> sabit diski, \/dev\/null<\/code> “kara delik” ayg\u0131t\u0131). Bu dosyalar, donan\u0131mla etkile\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in bir aray\u00fcz sa\u011flar. \/proc<\/code> ve \/sys<\/code> dizinleri ise fiziksel olarak diskte bulunmayan, \u00e7ekirdek taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan sanal dosya sistemleridir. \/proc<\/code>, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ve sistem kaynaklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 bilgi sunarken, \/sys<\/code>, \u00e7ekirdek mod\u00fclleri ve donan\u0131m hakk\u0131nda daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeli yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve bilgi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Kullan\u0131c\u0131, Uygulama ve De\u011fi\u015fken Veri Dizinleri<\/h3>\n

Bu dizinler, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ki\u015fisel verilerini, kurulu uygulamalar\u0131 ve sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda \u00fcretti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fken verileri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ev Dizinleri: \/home<\/h4>\n

Her normal kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendi ki\u015fisel dizini \/home<\/code> alt\u0131nda bulunur (\u00f6rne\u011fin, \/home\/kullaniciadi<\/code>). Bu dizin, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n belgelerini, indirmelerini, masa\u00fcst\u00fc dosyalar\u0131n\u0131, yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 (nokta dosyalar\u0131 olarak bilinen gizli dosyalar) ve di\u011fer ki\u015fisel verilerini i\u00e7erir. Bu sayede, sistemin di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden izole edilmi\u015f, ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 sunulur.<\/p>\n

Uygulama Y\u00fcklemeleri ve Payla\u015f\u0131lan Veriler: \/usr, \/opt<\/h4>\n

\/usr<\/code> dizini, “Unix System Resources” (Unix Sistem Kaynaklar\u0131) anlam\u0131na gelir ve \u00e7o\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131 program\u0131n\u0131 ve uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Genellikle salt okunur olarak kabul edilir ve \/usr\/bin<\/code> (kullan\u0131c\u0131 programlar\u0131), \/usr\/lib<\/code> (k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler) ve \/usr\/share<\/code> (belgeler ve payla\u015f\u0131lan veriler) gibi alt dizinlere sahiptir. \/opt<\/code> dizini ise, sistemde kurulu olan iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf yaz\u0131l\u0131m paketleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 veya \u00f6zel bir geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131 buraya y\u00fcklenebilir.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fken Veri ve Loglar: \/var<\/h4>\n

\/var<\/code> dizini, sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fen verileri (variable data) i\u00e7erir. Bu dizin, sistem log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 (\/var\/log<\/code>), paket y\u00f6neticisi \u00f6nbelleklerini (\/var\/cache<\/code>), e-posta kuyruklar\u0131n\u0131 (\/var\/spool<\/code>), web sunucusu dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 (\/var\/www<\/code>) ve veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 (\/var\/lib<\/code>) bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Disk alan\u0131 dolulu\u011fu veya performans sorunlar\u0131 genellikle \/var<\/code> dizinindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen dosyalardan kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ici ve Harici Depolama Dizinleri<\/h3>\n

Bu dizinler, ge\u00e7ici dosyalar\u0131n saklanmas\u0131 ve harici depolama birimlerinin sisteme entegre edilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ici Dosyalar ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Zaman\u0131 Verileri: \/tmp, \/run<\/h4>\n

\/tmp<\/code> dizini, uygulamalar ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan ge\u00e7ici dosyalar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bu dizindeki i\u00e7erikler genellikle sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya belirli aral\u0131klarla otomatik olarak silinir. Bu nedenle, \u00f6nemli verilerinizi burada saklamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. \/run<\/code> dizini ise, sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan ge\u00e7ici dosyalar\u0131 ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 kimlik dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 (PID dosyalar\u0131) i\u00e7erir. \/run<\/code> dizini, sistem ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda temizlenir ve sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumunu yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Harici Cihaz Ba\u011flant\u0131 Noktalar\u0131: \/mnt, \/media<\/h4>\n

\/mnt<\/code> dizini, “mount” (ba\u011flama) kelimesinden gelir ve genellikle sistem y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u011flanan dosya sistemleri (\u00f6rne\u011fin, a\u011f payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, ek sabit diskler) i\u00e7in bir ba\u011flama noktas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \/media<\/code> dizini ise, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir medya (USB bellekler, CD\/DVD’ler, harici sabit diskler) i\u00e7in otomatik ba\u011flama noktalar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir USB belle\u011fi takt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, genellikle \/media\/kullaniciadi\/USB_adi<\/code> gibi bir yolda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Dizin Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcvenlik ve Performans Etkileri<\/h4>\n

Linux’un dizin hiyerar\u015fisi, g\u00fcvenlik ve performans a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik rol oynar. Her dizinin belirli bir amac\u0131 olmas\u0131, izinlerin daha kolay y\u00f6netilmesini sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/etc<\/code> dizinindeki yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131na yaln\u0131zca root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yazma izni olmas\u0131, sistemin yetkisiz de\u011fi\u015fikliklere kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ayr\u0131ca, farkl\u0131 dizinlerin farkl\u0131 disk b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn dolmas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri etkilemesini \u00f6nleyerek sistem kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ve I\/O performans\u0131n\u0131 optimize edebilir.<\/p>\n

Dizinlerde Gezinme ve Y\u00f6netim: Temel Komutlar<\/h3>\n

Linux dizin hiyerar\u015fisinde etkili bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 temel komutlar\u0131 bilmek \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mevcut Dizin ve Dizin De\u011fi\u015ftirme: pwd, cd<\/h4>\n

pwd<\/code> (print working directory) komutu, o anda bulundu\u011funuz dizinin tam yolunu g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/home\/kullaniciadi\/belgeler<\/code>. cd<\/code> (change directory) komutu ise dizinler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yapman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\npwd\n# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \/home\/kullaniciadi\n\ncd \/var\/log\npwd\n# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \/var\/log\n\ncd ..\npwd\n# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \/var\n\ncd ~\npwd\n# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \/home\/kullaniciadi (Ev dizinine d\u00f6ner)\n<\/pre>\n
<\/code><\/p>\n
Dizin \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fini Listeleme: ls<\/h4>\n
ls<\/code> komutu, bir dizinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini listelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli se\u00e7eneklerle (flags) birlikte kullan\u0131larak daha detayl\u0131 bilgiler elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n
\nls\n# Mevcut dizindeki dosya ve dizinleri listeler\n\nls -l\n# Detayl\u0131 liste g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc (izinler, sahip, boyut, tarih)\n\nls -a\n# Gizli dosyalar da dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131 listeler\n<\/pre>\n
<\/code><\/p>\n
Dizin Olu\u015fturma, Silme, Kopyalama ve Ta\u015f\u0131ma: mkdir, rmdir, cp, mv<\/h4>\n
mkdir<\/code> (make directory) yeni bir dizin olu\u015fturur. rmdir<\/code> (remove directory) bo\u015f bir dizini siler. Dolu bir dizini silmek i\u00e7in rm -r<\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131r (dikkatli olun!). cp<\/code> (copy) dosya ve dizinleri kopyalar. mv<\/code> (move) ise dosya ve dizinleri ta\u015f\u0131r veya yeniden adland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nmkdir yeni_dizin\n# \"yeni_dizin\" ad\u0131nda bir dizin olu\u015fturur\n\nrmdir yeni_dizin\n# Bo\u015f \"yeni_dizin\"i siler\n\ncp dosya.txt yeni_dizin\/\n# dosya.txt'yi yeni_dizin'e kopyalar\n\nmv eski_ad.txt yeni_ad.txt\n# dosyan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir\n\nmv dosya.txt baska_dizin\/\n# dosya.txt'yi baska_dizin'e ta\u015f\u0131r\n<\/pre>\n
<\/code><\/p>\n
Dizin \u0130zinleri ve Sahiplik: chmod, chown (K\u0131sa de\u011finme)<\/h4>\n
Linux'ta her dosya ve dizinin belirli izinleri ve bir sahibi vard\u0131r. chmod<\/code> (change mode) komutu dosya ve dizin izinlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirirken, chown<\/code> (change owner) komutu dosya veya dizinin sahibini ve grubunu de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu komutlar, sistem g\u00fcvenli\u011finin temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir ve yetkisiz eri\u015fimi engellemek i\u00e7in do\u011fru \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nls -l dosya.txt\n# -rw-r--r-- 1 kullanici grup 0 May 15 10:00 dosya.txt\n# (rw: okuma\/yazma, r: okuma)\n\nchmod 755 script.sh\n# script.sh'ye okuma, yazma, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma izni verir (sahip i\u00e7in)\n# ve di\u011ferleri i\u00e7in okuma, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma izni verir.\n<\/pre>\n
<\/code><\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Linux dizin hiyerar\u015fisini anlamak, bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015fletim sisteminde ustala\u015fman\u0131n ilk ve en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. FHS standard\u0131 sayesinde, hangi dosyan\u0131n nerede olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda net bir yol haritas\u0131na sahibiz. Bu yap\u0131, sadece d\u00fczen sa\u011flamakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda sistemin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini, kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6netilebilirli\u011fini de art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu makalede \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finiz temel dizinler ve komutlar, Linux d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda daha bilin\u00e7li ve yetkin bir \u015fekilde hareket etmenizi sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Dizin hiyerar\u015fisi hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmak, sorun gidermeden yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar kurmaya kadar her alanda size b\u00fcy\u00fck avantajlar sunacakt\u0131r. Linux'u ke\u015ffetmeye devam edin!<\/p>\n
SSS (S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular)<\/h3>\n
\n
K\u00f6k dizin (\/<\/code>) nedir?<\/dt>\n
K\u00f6k dizin, Linux dosya sisteminin en \u00fcst seviyesidir ve t\u00fcm di\u011fer dizinler ile dosyalar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Windows'taki C:\\ s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcne benzer ancak t\u00fcm dosya sistemini kapsar.<\/dd>\n
FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) neden \u00f6nemlidir?<\/dt>\n
FHS, farkl\u0131 Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dizin yap\u0131s\u0131nda tutarl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flar. Bu sayede yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar beklendi\u011fi gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve sistem y\u00f6neticileri farkl\u0131 sistemlerde kolayca gezinebilir.<\/dd>\n
Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ki\u015fisel dosyalar\u0131 nerede saklan\u0131r?<\/dt>\n
Her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fisel dosyalar\u0131, \/home\/kullaniciadi<\/code> yolunda bulunan kendi ev dizininde saklan\u0131r.<\/dd>\n
Ge\u00e7ici dosyalar hangi dizinde bulunur ve ne zaman silinir?<\/dt>\n
Ge\u00e7ici dosyalar genellikle \/tmp<\/code> dizininde bulunur ve sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya belirli aral\u0131klarla otomatik olarak silinir.<\/dd>\n
Sistem yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 hangi dizinde yer al\u0131r?<\/dt>\n
Sistem genelindeki t\u00fcm yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 \/etc<\/code> dizininde bulunur.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Linux i\u015fletim sistemi, Windows’taki C:\\ s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc gibi tek bir ana s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine, her \u015feyin tek bir k\u00f6k dizin (\/) alt\u0131nda topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 …","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-38319","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nLinux Temelleri - B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2: Dizin Hiyerar\u015fisini Anlamak - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/linux-temelleri-bolum-2-dizin-hiyerarsisini-anlamak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Linux Temelleri - 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