Modern web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kalbinde veritaban\u0131 etkile\u015fimleri yer al\u0131r. Verileri depolamak, almak, g\u00fcncellemek ve silmek, bir uygulaman\u0131n temel i\u015flevselli\u011fini olu\u015fturur. Laravel, bu veritaban\u0131 etkile\u015fimlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve daha okunabilir hale getirmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ORM (Object-Relational Mapper) olan Eloquent’i sunar. Eloquent, geli\u015ftiricilerin veritaban\u0131 tablolar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar (modeller) olarak ele almas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131yarak, SQL sorgular\u0131 yazma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131r. Bu makalede, Laravel’da Eloquent kullanarak veritaban\u0131ndan nas\u0131l veri se\u00e7ilece\u011fini (SELECT i\u015flemleri) derinlemesine inceleyece\u011fiz. Temel sorgulardan geli\u015fmi\u015f ili\u015fkilere ve performans ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazeyi kapsayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Eloquent, Laravel’\u0131n dahili ORM arac\u0131d\u0131r. ORM, nesne y\u00f6nelimli programlama dillerindeki s\u0131n\u0131flar ile ili\u015fkisel veritabanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki uyumsuzluk sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan bir programlama tekni\u011fidir. Geleneksel olarak, veritaban\u0131 i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in SQL sorgular\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak bu, \u00f6zellikle karma\u015f\u0131k sorgularda ve farkl\u0131 veritaban\u0131 sistemleri aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda baz\u0131 zorluklar yaratabilir:<\/p>\n
Eloquent, bu sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in bir soyutlama katman\u0131 sunar. Her veritaban\u0131 tablosu i\u00e7in bir “Model” s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturulur. Bu model, o tablodaki kay\u0131tlar\u0131 temsil eden nesnelerle etkile\u015fime girmemizi sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir Eloquent ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, veritaban\u0131 tablolar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 temsil eden modelleri olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir. Laravel, bu i\u015flemi Bu komut, Modeliniz, varsay\u0131lan olarak model ad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011ful haliyle ayn\u0131 ada sahip bir veritaban\u0131 tablosuyla e\u015fle\u015fir (\u00f6rn. Eloquent, veritaban\u0131ndan veri \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in sezgisel ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6ntemler sunar.<\/p>\n Bir tablodaki t\u00fcm kay\u0131tlar\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Bu metod, modelin t\u00fcm \u00f6rneklerini i\u00e7eren bir Belirli bir birincil anahtara (ID) sahip tek bir kayd\u0131 almak i\u00e7in E\u011fer belirtilen ID’ye sahip bir kay\u0131t bulunamazsa, Birden fazla ID ile kay\u0131t \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in Bir sorgunun sonucundaki ilk kayd\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Yine, Bir kayd\u0131n tek bir s\u00fctun de\u011ferini almak i\u00e7in Belirli bir s\u00fctunun de\u011ferlerini almak veya bir anahtar\/de\u011fer \u00e7iftleri listesi olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in Veritaban\u0131ndan belirli ko\u015fullara uyan kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in En temel kullan\u0131mda, Birden fazla ko\u015fuldan herhangi birinin do\u011fru olmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorsan\u0131z Daha karma\u015f\u0131k VEYA ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bir Closure (kapatma) kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n Bir s\u00fctunun de\u011ferinin belirli bir dizi i\u00e7inde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in Bir s\u00fctunun de\u011ferinin belirli bir aral\u0131kta olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n Bir s\u00fctunun de\u011ferinin NULL olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n Tarih ve zaman s\u00fctunlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6zel sorgular yapmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n \u0130ki s\u00fctunun de\u011ferlerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n E\u011fer veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda JSON s\u00fctunlar\u0131 kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, bu s\u00fctunlardaki de\u011ferleri sorgulamak i\u00e7in Sorgu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir s\u00fctuna g\u00f6re s\u0131ralamak i\u00e7in K\u0131sayol olarak Sorgu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir s\u00fctuna g\u00f6re gruplamak i\u00e7in Sorgu sonucunda d\u00f6necek kay\u0131t say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmelerini y\u00f6netmek ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 aray\u00fcz\u00fcnde sayfalama sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Bu metod, sayfalama ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm bilgileri i\u00e7eren bir \u0130li\u015fkisel veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yanlar\u0131ndan biri, tablolar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lard\u0131r. Eloquent, bu ili\u015fkileri model seviyesinde tan\u0131mlaman\u0131za ve kolayca eri\u015fmenize olanak tan\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n ili\u015fki t\u00fcrleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir \u0130li\u015fkili verilere eri\u015firken “N+1 Sorgu Problemi” ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmamak i\u00e7in Eager Loading kullanmak \u00f6nemlidir. Bu problem, her ana model i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir sorgu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Birden fazla ili\u015fkiyi veya i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ili\u015fkileri de y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n \u0130li\u015fkili modelleri y\u00fcklerken, bu ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerinde ko\u015fullar da belirleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n Bir ili\u015fkiyle ilgili kay\u0131tlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in Benzer \u015fekilde, \u0130li\u015fkili bir modeldeki bir ko\u015fula g\u00f6re ana modeli filtrelemek i\u00e7in Sorgu kapsamlar\u0131, uygulaman\u0131zda s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan sorgu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kullan\u0131labilir metodlar halinde paketlemenizi sa\u011flar. Bu, kod tekrar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve sorgular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 daha okunabilir hale getirir.<\/p>\n Bir modelde Bu kapsamlar\u0131 sorgular\u0131n\u0131zda zincirleme olarak kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n T\u00fcm sorgulara otomatik olarak uygulanan kapsamlar i\u00e7in global kapsamlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, “soft delete” (yumu\u015fak silme) \u00f6zelli\u011fi global bir kapsamd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Eloquent \u00e7o\u011fu durumda yeterli olsa da, bazen \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k veya performansa duyarl\u0131 sorgular i\u00e7in ham SQL yazman\u0131z gerekebilir. Laravel’\u0131n Eloquent, Laravel’\u0131n sorgu olu\u015fturucusunun (Query Builder) \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Temel farklar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\nusers<\/code> tablonuz varsa, bir User<\/code> modeli olu\u015fturursunuz ve bu model \u00fczerinden kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 sorgulayabilir, olu\u015fturabilir, g\u00fcncelleyebilir veya silebilirsiniz. Eloquent’in ba\u015fl\u0131ca avantajlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n
Model Tan\u0131mlama ve Temel Yap\u0131<\/h3>\n
make:model<\/code> Artisan komutuyla kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\nphp artisan make:model Post\n<\/code><\/pre>\napp\/Models<\/code> dizini alt\u0131nda Post.php<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015fturur. Olu\u015fturulan modelin temel yap\u0131s\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n posts).\n \/\/ protected $table = 'my_posts';\n\n \/\/ Birincil anahtar\u0131n ad\u0131. Varsay\u0131lan olarak 'id'dir.\n \/\/ protected $primaryKey = 'post_id';\n\n \/\/ Birincil anahtar\u0131n otomatik artan olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131. Varsay\u0131lan olarak true'dur.\n \/\/ public $incrementing = false;\n\n \/\/ Birincil anahtar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc. Varsay\u0131lan olarak int'dir.\n \/\/ protected $keyType = 'string';\n\n \/\/ created_at ve updated_at zaman damgalar\u0131n\u0131n otomatik olarak y\u00f6netilip y\u00f6netilmeyece\u011fi. Varsay\u0131lan olarak true'dur.\n \/\/ public $timestamps = false;\n\n \/\/ Zaman damgalar\u0131n\u0131n format\u0131. Varsay\u0131lan olarak 'Y-m-d H:i:s'dir.\n \/\/ protected $dateFormat = 'U';\n\n \/\/ Toplu atama (mass assignment) s\u0131ras\u0131nda izin verilen s\u00fctunlar.\n \/\/ protected $fillable = ['title', 'content', 'user_id'];\n\n \/\/ Toplu atama s\u0131ras\u0131nda korunacak (izin verilmeyen) s\u00fctunlar.\n \/\/ protected $guarded = ['id'];\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nUser<\/code> modeli users<\/code> tablosuyla). Bu varsay\u0131lan\u0131 protected $table<\/code> \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Benzer \u015fekilde, birincil anahtar (id<\/code>) ve zaman damgalar\u0131 (created_at<\/code>, updated_at<\/code>) gibi di\u011fer \u00f6zellikler de \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\nTemel Veri \u00c7ekme \u0130\u015flemleri<\/h3>\n
all()<\/code>: T\u00fcm Kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00c7ekme<\/h4>\nall()<\/code> metodunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::all(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts\n<\/code><\/pre>\nIlluminate\\Database\\Eloquent\\Collection<\/code> nesnesi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\nfind($id)<\/code> ve findOrFail($id)<\/code>: Belirli Bir ID’ye G\u00f6re Kay\u0131t \u00c7ekme<\/h4>\nfind()<\/code> metodunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$post = Post::find(1); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 1 LIMIT 1\n\nif ($post) {\n echo $post->title;\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nfind()<\/code> metodu null<\/code> d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. E\u011fer kayd\u0131n kesinlikle var olmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyorsan\u0131z ve bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir 404 HTTP hatas\u0131 f\u0131rlatmak istiyorsan\u0131z, findOrFail()<\/code> metodunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$post = Post::findOrFail(1); \/\/ E\u011fer bulunamazsa bir ModelNotFoundException f\u0131rlat\u0131r.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nfind()<\/code> metoduna bir dizi ID ge\u00e7irebilirsiniz:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::find([1, 2, 3]); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)\n<\/code><\/pre>\nfirst()<\/code> ve firstOrFail()<\/code>: \u0130lk Kayd\u0131 \u00c7ekme<\/h4>\nfirst()<\/code> metodunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$post = Post::where('published', true)->first(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = 1 LIMIT 1\n<\/code><\/pre>\nfindOrFail()<\/code> gibi, firstOrFail()<\/code> metodu da e\u011fer sonu\u00e7 bulunamazsa bir ModelNotFoundException<\/code> f\u0131rlat\u0131r:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$post = Post::where('slug', 'my-first-post')->firstOrFail();\n<\/code><\/pre>\nget()<\/code>: Sorgu Sonucunu Koleksiyon Olarak Alma<\/h4>\nwhere<\/code> gibi sorgu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 uygulad\u0131ktan sonra sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 almak i\u00e7in get()<\/code> metodunu kullan\u0131n. Bu metod her zaman bir Collection<\/code> nesnesi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$publishedPosts = Post::where('published', true)->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = 1\n<\/code><\/pre>\nvalue('column')<\/code>: Tek Bir S\u00fctun De\u011feri Alma<\/h4>\nvalue()<\/code> metodunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$title = Post::where('id', 1)->value('title'); \/\/ SELECT title FROM posts WHERE id = 1 LIMIT 1\n<\/code><\/pre>\npluck('column', 'key')<\/code>: S\u00fctunlar\u0131 Anahtar\/De\u011fer \u00c7iftleri Olarak Alma<\/h4>\npluck()<\/code> metodunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$titles = Post::pluck('title'); \/\/ Sadece ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir koleksiyon\n\/\/ ['Post Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1', 'Post Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2', ...]\n\n$titlesWithIds = Post::pluck('title', 'id'); \/\/ ID'leri anahtar, ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fer olarak i\u00e7eren bir koleksiyon\n\/\/ [1 => 'Post Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1', 2 => 'Post Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2', ...]\n<\/code><\/pre>\nSorgu K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 (Where Clause)<\/h3>\n
where()<\/code> metodunu ve \u00e7e\u015fitli varyasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\nTemel
where()<\/code> Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\nwhere()<\/code> metodu \u00fc\u00e7 arg\u00fcman al\u0131r: s\u00fctun ad\u0131, operat\u00f6r ve de\u011fer. Operat\u00f6r varsay\u0131lan olarak =<\/code>‘dir.<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n\/\/ E\u015fitlik kontrol\u00fc (operat\u00f6r = ise \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc arg\u00fcman iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r)\n$posts = Post::where('user_id', 1)->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = 1\n\n\/\/ Operat\u00f6r ile kullan\u0131m\n$posts = Post::where('views', '>', 100)->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE views > 100\n\n$posts = Post::where('status', '!=', 'draft')->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE status != 'draft'\n<\/code><\/pre>\norWhere()<\/code>: VEYA Ko\u015fulu<\/h4>\norWhere()<\/code> metodunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::where('user_id', 1)\n ->orWhere('views', '>', 500)\n ->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = 1 OR views > 500\n<\/code><\/pre>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::where('user_id', 1)\n ->where(function ($query) {\n $query->where('views', '>', 500)\n ->orWhere('comments_count', '>', 10);\n })\n ->get();\n\/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = 1 AND (views > 500 OR comments_count > 10)\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwhereIn()<\/code>, whereNotIn()<\/code>: Belirli Bir Dizi \u0130\u00e7inde\/D\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Olma<\/h4>\nwhereIn()<\/code> veya whereNotIn()<\/code> kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::whereIn('status', ['published', 'archived'])->get(); \/\/ WHERE status IN ('published', 'archived')\n$posts = Post::whereNotIn('status', ['draft'])->get(); \/\/ WHERE status NOT IN ('draft')\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwhereBetween()<\/code>, whereNotBetween()<\/code>: Aral\u0131k Sorgular\u0131<\/h4>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::whereBetween('views', [100, 500])->get(); \/\/ WHERE views BETWEEN 100 AND 500\n$posts = Post::whereNotBetween('views', [100, 500])->get(); \/\/ WHERE views NOT BETWEEN 100 AND 500\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwhereNull()<\/code>, whereNotNull()<\/code>: NULL Kontrol\u00fc<\/h4>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::whereNull('deleted_at')->get(); \/\/ WHERE deleted_at IS NULL\n$posts = Post::whereNotNull('published_at')->get(); \/\/ WHERE published_at IS NOT NULL\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwhereDate()<\/code>, whereMonth()<\/code>, whereDay()<\/code>, whereYear()<\/code>, whereTime()<\/code>: Tarih ve Zaman Sorgular\u0131<\/h4>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::whereDate('created_at', '2023-10-26')->get();\n$posts = Post::whereMonth('created_at', '10')->get();\n$posts = Post::whereDay('created_at', '26')->get();\n$posts = Post::whereYear('created_at', '2023')->get();\n$posts = Post::whereTime('created_at', '>', '12:00:00')->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwhereColumn()<\/code>: \u0130ki S\u00fctunu Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/h4>\nuse App\\Models\\Product;\n\n$products = Product::whereColumn('price', '>', 'cost')->get(); \/\/ WHERE price > cost\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwhereJsonContains()<\/code>: JSON S\u00fctunlar\u0131nda Sorgu<\/h4>\nwhereJsonContains()<\/code> metodunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Order;\n\n\/\/ 'options' JSON s\u00fctununda 'color' anahtar\u0131n\u0131n 'red' de\u011ferini i\u00e7erdi\u011fi sipari\u015fleri bul.\n$orders = Order::whereJsonContains('options->color', 'red')->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\nS\u0131ralama, Gruplama ve Limit\/Offset<\/h3>\n
orderBy('column', 'direction')<\/code>: S\u0131ralama<\/h4>\norderBy()<\/code> kullan\u0131n. Y\u00f6n asc<\/code> (artan) veya desc<\/code> (azalan) olabilir:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::orderBy('created_at', 'desc')->get(); \/\/ ORDER BY created_at DESC\n$posts = Post::orderBy('title', 'asc')->get(); \/\/ ORDER BY title ASC\n<\/code><\/pre>\nlatest()<\/code> ve oldest()<\/code> metodlar\u0131 da kullan\u0131labilir. Varsay\u0131lan olarak created_at<\/code> s\u00fctununu kullan\u0131rlar:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$latestPosts = Post::latest()->get(); \/\/ ORDER BY created_at DESC\n$oldestPosts = Post::oldest()->get(); \/\/ ORDER BY created_at ASC\n<\/code><\/pre>\ngroupBy()<\/code> ve having()<\/code>: Gruplama<\/h4>\ngroupBy()<\/code> kullan\u0131n. Gruplar \u00fczerinde ko\u015ful uygulamak i\u00e7in having()<\/code> kullan\u0131n (SQL’deki HAVING<\/code> gibi):<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$postsByUser = Post::selectRaw('user_id, count(*) as post_count')\n ->groupBy('user_id')\n ->having('post_count', '>', 5)\n ->get();\n\/\/ SELECT user_id, count(*) as post_count FROM posts GROUP BY user_id HAVING post_count > 5\n<\/code><\/pre>\nlimit()<\/code> \/ take()<\/code> ve offset()<\/code> \/ skip()<\/code>: Kay\u0131t Say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131rlama ve Atlama<\/h4>\nlimit()<\/code> veya take()<\/code> kullan\u0131n. Belirli bir say\u0131dan sonraki kay\u0131tlar\u0131 almak i\u00e7in offset()<\/code> veya skip()<\/code> kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$firstTenPosts = Post::limit(10)->get(); \/\/ LIMIT 10\n$nextTenPosts = Post::offset(10)->limit(10)->get(); \/\/ OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10\n<\/code><\/pre>\npaginate()<\/code>: Sayfalama<\/h4>\npaginate()<\/code> metodunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::paginate(15); \/\/ Her sayfada 15 kay\u0131t g\u00f6ster\n<\/code><\/pre>\nLengthAwarePaginator<\/code> \u00f6rne\u011fi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\u0130li\u015fkisel Verilerle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma (Relationships)<\/h3>\n
\u0130li\u015fki T\u00fcrleri<\/h4>\n
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\u0130li\u015fki Tan\u0131mlama \u00d6rnekleri<\/h4>\n
User<\/code> modelinin birden \u00e7ok Post<\/code>‘u oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\/\/ app\/Models\/User.php\nclass User extends Model\n{\n public function posts()\n {\n return $this->hasMany(Post::class); \/\/ Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n birden \u00e7ok g\u00f6nderisi var\n }\n}\n\n\/\/ app\/Models\/Post.php\nclass Post extends Model\n{\n public function user()\n {\n return $this->belongsTo(User::class); \/\/ Bir g\u00f6nderinin tek bir kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 var\n }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u0130li\u015fkileri Y\u00fckleme (Eager Loading)<\/h4>\n
with()<\/code> metodu, ili\u015fkili modelleri ana sorguyla birlikte y\u00fckleyerek bu problemi \u00e7\u00f6zer:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n\/\/ N+1 Problemi: Her post i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir user sorgusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\n$posts = Post::all();\nforeach ($posts as $post) {\n echo $post->user->name; \/\/ Her d\u00f6ng\u00fcde bir veritaban\u0131 sorgusu\n}\n\n\/\/ Eager Loading ile N+1 Problemini \u00d6nleme\n$posts = Post::with('user')->get(); \/\/ Tek sorguda t\u00fcm postlar\u0131 ve ili\u015fkili kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7eker\nforeach ($posts as $post) {\n echo $post->user->name; \/\/ Veritaban\u0131 sorgusu yok\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$posts = Post::with('user', 'comments.user')->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u0130li\u015fki K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131<\/h4>\n
use App\\Models\\User;\n\n\/\/ Sadece aktif g\u00f6nderileri olan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve bu aktif g\u00f6nderilerini y\u00fckle\n$users = User::with(['posts' => function ($query) {\n $query->where('published', true);\n}])->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u0130li\u015fkili Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n Say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7ekme<\/h4>\n
withCount()<\/code> metodunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\User;\n\n$users = User::withCount('posts')->get();\nforeach ($users as $user) {\n echo $user->name . ' has ' . $user->posts_count . ' posts.';\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nwithSum()<\/code>, withMax()<\/code>, withMin()<\/code>, withAvg()<\/code> gibi metodlar da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\u0130li\u015fkili Modeldeki Ko\u015fullara G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
whereHas()<\/code> veya orWhereHas()<\/code> kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nuse App\\Models\\User;\n\n\/\/ En az bir yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6nderisi olan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 getir\n$users = User::whereHas('posts', function ($query) {\n $query->where('published', true);\n})->get();\n\n\/\/ Hi\u00e7 g\u00f6nderisi olmayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 getir\n$usersWithoutPosts = User::doesntHave('posts')->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\nGeli\u015fmi\u015f Sorgulama Teknikleri<\/h3>\n
Sorgu Kapsamlar\u0131 (Query Scopes)<\/h4>\n
Local Scopes<\/h5>\n
scope<\/code> ile ba\u015flayan bir metod tan\u0131mlayarak yerel kapsamlar olu\u015fturursunuz:<\/p>\n\/\/ app\/Models\/Post.php\nclass Post extends Model\n{\n public function scopePublished($query)\n {\n return $query->where('published', true);\n }\n\n public function scopeViewsGreaterThan($query, $views)\n {\n return $query->where('views', '>', $views);\n }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nuse App\\Models\\Post;\n\n$publishedPosts = Post::published()->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = 1\n$popularPosts = Post::published()->viewsGreaterThan(1000)->get(); \/\/ SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = 1 AND views > 1000\n<\/code><\/pre>\nGlobal Scopes<\/h5>\n
Ham SQL Sorgular\u0131 ve DB Facade<\/h4>\n
DB<\/code> Facade’\u0131, ham SQL sorgular\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir aray\u00fcz sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nuse Illuminate\\Support\\Facades\\DB;\n\n\/\/ SELECT sorgusu\n$users = DB::select('SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = ?', [1]);\n\n\/\/ INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE gibi statement'lar\nDB::statement('DROP TABLE users');\n\n\/\/ Ham ifadeleri sorgu builder ile kullanma\n$users = DB::table('users')\n ->select(DB::raw('count(*) as user_count, status'))\n ->whereRaw('age > ?', [25])\n ->groupBy('status')\n ->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\nDB::raw()<\/code> metodu, bir string’in do\u011frudan SQL sorgusuna eklenmesini sa\u011flar, bu da SQL enjeksiyonu riskini art\u0131rabilir, dikkatli kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle selectRaw()<\/code>, whereRaw()<\/code>, havingRaw()<\/code> gibi metodlar daha g\u00fcvenli bir alternatiftir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc parametre ba\u011flamay\u0131 desteklerler.<\/p>\nSorgu Builder ile Eloquent Fark\u0131<\/h4>\n
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stdClass<\/code> nesneleri veya diziler d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/li>\n