Python ekosisteminde web API geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok se\u00e7enek mevcutken, FastAPI son y\u0131llarda h\u0131zla pop\u00fclerlik kazand\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok geli\u015ftiricinin favorisi haline geldi. H\u0131zl\u0131 performans\u0131, modern Python \u00f6zelliklerini kullanmas\u0131 ve harika geli\u015ftirici deneyimi sunmas\u0131yla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bu framework, e\u011fer projelerinizde ciddi bir \u015fekilde kullanmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsan\u0131z, bilmeniz gereken baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli detaylar var. Bu makalede, FastAPI ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken edindi\u011fim tecr\u00fcbeleri, ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 sizlerle payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n
FastAPI’nin bu kadar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda yatan temel nedenleri anlamak, framework’\u00fcn felsefesini kavraman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Sadece h\u0131zl\u0131 olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda geli\u015ftirici dostu olmas\u0131 da onu cazip k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
FastAPI, Starlette (web k\u0131sm\u0131) ve Pydantic (veri validasyonu) \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Starlette, ASGI (Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface) standard\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen hafif bir web framework’\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu sayede FastAPI, Python’\u0131n FastAPI’nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri, otomatik olarak interaktif API dok\u00fcmantasyonu (Swagger UI ve ReDoc) olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, hem API geli\u015ftiricileri hem de API’yi t\u00fcketen frontend veya mobil geli\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in paha bi\u00e7ilmez bir kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar. Parametrelerin, istek g\u00f6vdelerinin ve yan\u0131tlar\u0131n otomatik olarak \u015fematize edilmesi, hatalar\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve entegrasyon s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n FastAPI, Python’\u0131n tip ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (type hints) yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131r. Bu, kodunuzun daha okunabilir, bak\u0131m\u0131 daha kolay olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve IDE’lerin otomatik tamamlama (autocompletion) \u00f6zelliklerinden tam olarak faydalanman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. Pydantic ile birle\u015fti\u011finde, tip ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 veri validasyonu ve serile\u015ftirme i\u00e7in de temel olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n FastAPI’nin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tam olarak kullanabilmek i\u00e7in Python’daki asenkron programlama ve Pydantic veri modellerini iyi kavramak \u015fartt\u0131r. Bunlar, framework’\u00fcn temel yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Python’da <\/code><\/p>\n Pydantic, Python'\u0131n tip ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak veri validasyonu, serile\u015ftirme ve dok\u00fcmantasyon sa\u011flayan bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanedir. FastAPI, istek g\u00f6vdelerini ve yan\u0131t modellerini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in Pydantic'i kullan\u0131r. Bir <\/code><\/p>\n Bu \u00f6rnekte, FastAPI, URL yolundaki (path) ve sorgu dizesindeki (query string) parametreleri kolayca tan\u0131mlaman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. Tip ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sayesinde, parametrelerin tipleri otomatik olarak do\u011frulan\u0131r ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n FastAPI'nin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k enjeksiyonu (Dependency Injection) sistemidir. Bu sistem, kodunuzu daha mod\u00fcler, test edilebilir ve yeniden kullan\u0131labilir hale getirir.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n Bu \u00f6rnekte, Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k enjeksiyonu, veritaban\u0131 oturumlar\u0131, servis katmanlar\u0131 veya di\u011fer kaynaklar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in idealdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, her istek i\u00e7in bir veritaban\u0131 oturumu olu\u015fturup kapatabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n Kimlik do\u011frulama ve yetkilendirme gibi g\u00fcvenlik mekanizmalar\u0131 da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k olarak kolayca entegre edilebilir. OAuth2, JWT gibi standartlar\u0131 uygulamak i\u00e7in FastAPI'nin g\u00fcvenlik yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin Pydantic, FastAPI'nin temelini olu\u015fturan ve veri y\u00f6netimi konusunda size b\u00fcy\u00fck kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flayan bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanedir.<\/p>\n Pydantic modelleri sadece gelen istek g\u00f6vdelerini valide etmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda API yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilir. Bu, tutarl\u0131 bir API aray\u00fcz\u00fc sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, otomatik dok\u00fcmantasyonda da do\u011fru bilgilerin yer almas\u0131n\u0131 garantiler.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n Pydantic, alanlar \u00fczerinde \u00f6zel validasyon kurallar\u0131 tan\u0131mlaman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r. <\/code><\/p>\n Pydantic modelleri i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ebilir, bu da karma\u015f\u0131k veri yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca tan\u0131mlaman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu, ili\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131 modellerini veya karma\u015f\u0131k JSON yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmek i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n FastAPI, temel API geli\u015ftirmenin \u00f6tesinde, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131 daha sa\u011flam ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir hale getirecek bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zellik sunar.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck uygulamalarda t\u00fcm endpoint'leri tek bir dosyada tutmak yerine, <\/code><\/p>\n Middleware'ler, her istekten \u00f6nce veya sonra belirli i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, loglama, kimlik do\u011frulama, CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ekleme gibi g\u00f6revler i\u00e7in idealdir.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n Bir API iste\u011fi tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131t beklemesini gerektirmeyen uzun s\u00fcreli i\u015flemler i\u00e7in arka plan g\u00f6revlerini kullanabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, e-posta g\u00f6nderme veya dosya i\u015fleme.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n FastAPI, Starlette sayesinde WebSocket ileti\u015fimini de kolayca destekler. Ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 uygulamalar (chat uygulamalar\u0131, canl\u0131 veri ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n Herhangi bir ciddi uygulaman\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan test ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, FastAPI ile olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczg\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n FastAPI, Starlette'in <\/code><\/p>\n FastAPI uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 Docker ile konteynerle\u015ftirmek, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcrecini basitle\u015ftirir ve ortam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bir <\/code><\/p>\n FastAPI uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir ASGI sunucusu (\u00f6rne\u011fin Uvicorn) ve genellikle bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 y\u00f6neticisi (\u00f6rne\u011fin Gunicorn) kullanman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir. Gunicorn, Uvicorn worker'lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neterek uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n daha sa\u011flam ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n <\/code><\/p>\n FastAPI ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlar ve bunlara y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler.<\/p>\n * Sorun:<\/strong> Senkron bir fonksiyonu * Sorun:<\/strong> Uygulama b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, yap\u0131land\u0131rma (ayarlar, veritaban\u0131 URL'leri vb.) y\u00f6netimi zorla\u015fabilir. * Sorun:<\/strong> SQLAlchemy gibi ORM'leri asenkron ba\u011flamda kullan\u0131rken blokaj sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015famak. FastAPI, modern web API geli\u015ftirmeyi h\u0131zl\u0131, verimli ve keyifli hale getiren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir framework't\u00fcr. Asenkron yetenekleri, Pydantic ile entegre veri validasyonu, kapsaml\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k enjeksiyonu sistemi ve otomatik dok\u00fcmantasyonu sayesinde, hem k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prototipler hem de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kurumsal uygulamalar i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir se\u00e7imdir. E\u011fer Python ile API geli\u015ftirmeye ciddi bir \u015fekilde yakla\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, FastAPI'yi derinlemesine \u00f6\u011frenmek, geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinizi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde h\u0131zland\u0131racak ve uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n kalitesini art\u0131racakt\u0131r. Unutmay\u0131n, en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 takip etmek ve framework'\u00fcn temel prensiplerini anlamak, uzun vadede size b\u00fcy\u00fck faydalar sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\nasync<\/code> ve await<\/code> anahtar kelimelerini kullanarak asenkron I\/O i\u015flemlerini verimli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netebilir. Bu, \u00f6zellikle veritaban\u0131 sorgular\u0131, harici API \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 gibi I\/O yo\u011fun i\u015flemlerde uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n ayn\u0131 anda birden fazla iste\u011fi i\u015flemesine olanak tan\u0131r ve performans\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n1.2. Geli\u015ftirici Deneyimi ve Dok\u00fcmantasyon<\/h4>\n
1.3. Modern Python \u00d6zellikleri<\/h4>\n
2. Temelleri Anlamak: Asenkron Programlama ve Pydantic<\/h3>\n
2.1.
async<\/code>\/await<\/code> ve ASGI<\/h4>\nasync def<\/code> ile tan\u0131mlanan fonksiyonlar “coroutine” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve await<\/code> anahtar kelimesi ile ba\u015fka bir coroutine’in tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyebilirler. FastAPI, bu yap\u0131y\u0131 kullanarak gelen istekleri e\u015fzamans\u0131z olarak i\u015fler. E\u011fer bir endpoint’inizde I\/O yo\u011fun bir i\u015flem yapm\u0131yorsan\u0131z bile, async def<\/code> kullanmak iyi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu, ASGI sunucusunun (Uvicorn gibi) bu endpoint’i e\u015fzamans\u0131z bir ba\u011flamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\nfrom fastapi import FastAPI\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\n@app.get(\"\/\")\nasync def read_root():\n return {\"message\": \"Merhaba D\u00fcnya!\"}\n\n@app.get(\"\/items\/{item_id}\")\nasync def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):\n # Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda bir veritaban\u0131 sorgusu veya harici API \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olabilir\n # await db.fetch_one(...)\n return {\"item_id\": item_id, \"q\": q}<\/pre>\n2.2. Pydantic Modelleri ile Veri Tan\u0131mlama<\/h4>\n
BaseModel<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan t\u00fcreterek, veri yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kolayca tan\u0131mlayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\nfrom pydantic import BaseModel\n\nclass Item(BaseModel):\n name: str\n description: str | None = None\n price: float\n tax: float | None = None\n\n@app.post(\"\/items\/\")\nasync def create_item(item: Item):\n return item<\/pre>\nItem<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, name<\/code>'in string, price<\/code>'\u0131n float olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. description<\/code> ve tax<\/code> ise iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. FastAPI, gelen JSON verisini otomatik olarak bu modele g\u00f6re valide eder.<\/p>\n2.3. Path ve Query Parametreleri<\/h4>\n
from fastapi import FastAPI, Query\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\n@app.get(\"\/users\/{user_id}\")\nasync def get_user(user_id: int, limit: int = Query(10, ge=1, le=100)):\n # user_id bir path parametresi, limit bir query parametresi\n # limit de\u011feri 1 ile 100 aras\u0131nda olmal\u0131, varsay\u0131lan\u0131 10\n return {\"user_id\": user_id, \"limit\": limit}<\/pre>\n3. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k Enjeksiyonu: Temiz Kodun Anahtar\u0131<\/h3>\n
3.1.
Depends<\/code> Fonksiyonu<\/h4>\nfastapi.Depends<\/code> fonksiyonu, bir endpoint fonksiyonunun ba\u015fka bir fonksiyondan veya s\u0131n\u0131ftan bir de\u011fer almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu \"ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k\" otomatik olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr ve endpoint'e enjekte edilir.<\/p>\nfrom fastapi import FastAPI, Depends, HTTPException, status\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\nasync def get_current_user(token: str):\n # Ger\u00e7ek bir uygulamada token'\u0131 do\u011frular ve kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 d\u00f6ner\n if token != \"secret_token\":\n raise HTTPException(\n status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,\n detail=\"Ge\u00e7ersiz kimlik bilgileri\",\n headers={\"WWW-Authenticate\": \"Bearer\"},\n )\n return {\"username\": \"testuser\"}\n\n@app.get(\"\/me\/\")\nasync def read_users_me(current_user: dict = Depends(get_current_user)):\n return current_user<\/pre>\nget_current_user<\/code> fonksiyonu bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \/me\/<\/code> endpoint'ine yap\u0131lan her istekte, get_current_user<\/code> \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ve d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fer current_user<\/code> parametresine atanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n3.2. Veritaban\u0131 Ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ve Servis Katmanlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session\nfrom database import SessionLocal, engine # Kendi veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 kodunuz\n\n# Veritaban\u0131 oturumu i\u00e7in bir ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k\ndef get_db():\n db = SessionLocal()\n try:\n yield db\n finally:\n db.close()\n\n@app.get(\"\/db_items\/\")\nasync def read_db_items(db: Session = Depends(get_db)):\n # Veritaban\u0131 i\u015flemleri yap\u0131n\n items = db.query(models.Item).all()\n return items<\/pre>\n3.3. G\u00fcvenlik Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Security<\/code> veya OAuth2PasswordBearer<\/code>) ile birlikte Depends<\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n4. Veri Validasyonu ve Serile\u015ftirme: Pydantic'in G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/h3>\n
4.1. Request Body ve Response Modelleri<\/h4>\n
from pydantic import BaseModel\n\nclass ItemCreate(BaseModel):\n name: str\n description: str | None = None\n price: float\n tax: float | None = None\n\nclass ItemResponse(ItemCreate): # Yan\u0131t modelinde id gibi ek alanlar olabilir\n id: int\n\n@app.post(\"\/items\/\", response_model=ItemResponse)\nasync def create_item(item: ItemCreate):\n # Veritaban\u0131na kaydetme i\u015flemi\n new_item_id = 1 # \u00d6rnek ID\n return ItemResponse(id=new_item_id, **item.dict())<\/pre>\nresponse_model<\/code> parametresi, FastAPI'ye endpoint'ten d\u00f6necek veriyi hangi Pydantic modeline g\u00f6re serile\u015ftirece\u011fini ve dok\u00fcmante edece\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n4.2. \u00d6zel Validasyon Kurallar\u0131<\/h4>\n
@validator<\/code> dekorat\u00f6r\u00fc veya modelin Config<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile daha karma\u015f\u0131k do\u011frulama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\nfrom pydantic import BaseModel, validator\n\nclass User(BaseModel):\n username: str\n email: str\n\n @validator('email')\n def validate_email_domain(cls, v):\n if not v.endswith(\"@example.com\"):\n raise ValueError(\"Sadece @example.com uzant\u0131l\u0131 e-postalar kabul edilir\")\n return v<\/pre>\n4.3. Model Nesting ve \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/h4>\n
class Address(BaseModel):\n street: str\n city: str\n zip_code: str\n\nclass Customer(BaseModel):\n name: str\n email: str\n address: Address # \u0130\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f Pydantic modeli<\/pre>\n5. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00d6zellikler ve En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h3>\n
5.1. Router'lar ve Uygulama Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h4>\n
APIRouter<\/code> kullanarak uygulaman\u0131z\u0131 mod\u00fcler par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rabilirsiniz. Her bir mod\u00fcl (\u00f6rne\u011fin users.py<\/code>, items.py<\/code>) kendi router'\u0131na sahip olabilir ve ana FastAPI<\/code> uygulamas\u0131na dahil edilebilir.<\/p>\n# app\/routers\/items.py\nfrom fastapi import APIRouter\n\nrouter = APIRouter(prefix=\"\/items\", tags=[\"items\"])\n\n@router.get(\"\/\")\nasync def read_items():\n return [{\"item_id\": \"Foo\"}, {\"item_id\": \"Bar\"}]\n\n# app\/main.py\nfrom fastapi import FastAPI\nfrom app.routers import items\n\napp = FastAPI()\napp.include_router(items.router)<\/pre>\n5.2. Middleware Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\n
from fastapi import FastAPI, Request\nfrom starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware\nimport time\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\n# CORS Middleware\napp.add_middleware(\n CORSMiddleware,\n allow_origins=[\"*\"], # Ger\u00e7ek uygulamada belirli origin'leri belirtin\n allow_credentials=True,\n allow_methods=[\"*\"],\n allow_headers=[\"*\"],\n)\n\n# \u00d6zel bir middleware\n@app.middleware(\"http\")\nasync def add_process_time_header(request: Request, call_next):\n start_time = time.time()\n response = await call_next(request)\n process_time = time.time() - start_time\n response.headers[\"X-Process-Time\"] = str(process_time)\n return response<\/pre>\n5.3. Arka Plan G\u00f6revleri (Background Tasks)<\/h4>\n
from fastapi import FastAPI, BackgroundTasks\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\ndef write_notification(email: str, message: str = \"\"):\n with open(\"log.txt\", mode=\"a\") as email_file:\n content = f\"notification for {email}: {message}\\n\"\n email_file.write(content)\n\n@app.post(\"\/send-notification\/{email}\")\nasync def send_notification(email: str, background_tasks: BackgroundTasks):\n background_tasks.add_task(write_notification, email, message=\"some notification\")\n return {\"message\": \"Notification sent in the background\"}<\/pre>\n5.4. WebSockets<\/h4>\n
from fastapi import FastAPI, WebSocket\n\napp = FastAPI()\n\n@app.websocket(\"\/ws\")\nasync def websocket_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket):\n await websocket.accept()\n while True:\n data = await websocket.receive_text()\n await websocket.send_text(f\"Mesaj\u0131n\u0131z: {data}\")<\/pre>\n6. Test Etme ve Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m<\/h3>\n
6.1.
TestClient<\/code> ile Birim ve Entegrasyon Testleri<\/h4>\nTestClient<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak API endpoint'lerinizi kolayca test etmenizi sa\u011flar. Bu, ger\u00e7ek bir HTTP iste\u011fi g\u00f6ndermeden, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n dahili olarak nas\u0131l yan\u0131t verdi\u011fini kontrol etmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nfrom fastapi.testclient import TestClient\nfrom main import app # main.py dosyan\u0131zdaki FastAPI uygulaman\u0131z\n\nclient = TestClient(app)\n\ndef test_read_main():\n response = client.get(\"\/\")\n assert response.status_code == 200\n assert response.json() == {\"message\": \"Merhaba D\u00fcnya!\"}\n\ndef test_read_item():\n response = client.get(\"\/items\/1?q=test\")\n assert response.status_code == 200\n assert response.json() == {\"item_id\": 1, \"q\": \"test\"}<\/pre>\n6.2. Docker ile Konteynerle\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
Dockerfile<\/code> ile uygulaman\u0131z\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tek bir ta\u015f\u0131nabilir birimde paketleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n# Dockerfile \u00f6rne\u011fi\nFROM python:3.9-slim-buster\n\nWORKDIR \/app\n\nCOPY requirements.txt .\nRUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt\n\nCOPY . .\n\nCMD [\"uvicorn\", \"main:app\", \"--host\", \"0.0.0.0\", \"--port\", \"80\"]<\/pre>\n6.3. Uvicorn ve Gunicorn ile \u00dcretim Ortam\u0131<\/h4>\n
# Uvicorn ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma (tek worker)\nuvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8000\n\n# Gunicorn ve Uvicorn worker'lar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma (\u00e7oklu worker)\ngunicorn main:app --workers 4 --worker-class uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker --bind 0.0.0.0:8000<\/pre>\n7. S\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Zorluklar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\n
7.1. Asenkron Kodda Hatalar<\/h4>\n
await<\/code> ile \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak veya async def<\/code> i\u00e7inde await<\/code> kullanmamak.
\n* \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> async def<\/code> ile tan\u0131mlanan her fonksiyonun i\u00e7inde, I\/O blokaj\u0131 yaratabilecek her i\u015flemi await<\/code> ile \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun. E\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc parti bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane senkron ise ve onu async def<\/code> i\u00e7inde kullanman\u0131z gerekiyorsa, run_in_threadpool<\/code> gibi mekanizmalarla onu ayr\u0131 bir thread'de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz (ancak bu, asenkron yap\u0131y\u0131 bozabilir).<\/p>\n7.2. B\u00fcy\u00fck Uygulamalarda Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h4>\n
\n* \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> pydantic-settings<\/code> (eski ad\u0131yla pydantic-settings<\/code>) k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kullanarak ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, .env<\/code> dosyalar\u0131 ve varsay\u0131lan de\u011ferler ile yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 merkezi ve tip g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netin.<\/p>\n7.3. Veritaban\u0131 Entegrasyonlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
\n* \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Asenkron veritaban\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri ve ORM'ler kullan\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, SQLAlchemy<\/code> i\u00e7in asyncpg<\/code> ile asyncio<\/code> deste\u011fi veya databases<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler mevcuttur. Tortoise ORM<\/code> veya SQLModel<\/code> (FastAPI'nin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen Pydantic ve SQLAlchemy tabanl\u0131 ORM) gibi tamamen asenkron ORM'ler de iyi se\u00e7eneklerdir.<\/p>\nSonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
SSS (S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular)<\/h3>\n
\n
\n
HTTPException<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak standart HTTP hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmenizi sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca, @app.exception_handler<\/code> dekorat\u00f6r\u00fc ile \u00f6zel hata i\u015fleyicileri tan\u0131mlayarak belirli hata t\u00fcrlerini yakalay\u0131p \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f yan\u0131tlar verebilirsiniz.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"FastAPI ile Ciddi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye Ba\u015flad\u0131ysan\u0131z: \u0130\u015fte \u00d6\u011frendiklerim\nPython ekosisteminde web API geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok se\u00e7enek mevcutken, FastAPI …","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-38116","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n