{"id":37667,"date":"2026-01-12T01:40:47","date_gmt":"2026-01-11T22:40:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=37667"},"modified":"2026-01-12T01:40:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T22:40:47","slug":"gang-of-four-gof-tasarim-desenleri-olusturucu-yapisal-ve-davranissal-desenlerin-derinlemesine-incelenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/gang-of-four-gof-tasarim-desenleri-olusturucu-yapisal-ve-davranissal-desenlerin-derinlemesine-incelenmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gang of Four (GoF) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri: Olu\u015fturucu, Yap\u0131sal ve Davran\u0131\u015fsal Desenlerin Derinlemesine \u0130ncelenmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Gang of Four (GoF) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri: Olu\u015fturucu, Yap\u0131sal ve Davran\u0131\u015fsal Desenlerin Derinlemesine \u0130ncelenmesi<\/h2>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirmede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan yayg\u0131n sorunlara zarif ve yeniden kullan\u0131labilir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunan tasar\u0131m desenleri, modern yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisli\u011finin temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir. Bu desenler, deneyimli yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde edindikleri bilgileri dam\u0131tarak, belirli ba\u011flamlarda tekrar eden problemlere kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131mlar sunar. Tasar\u0131m desenleri, bir dil veya platforma \u00f6zg\u00fc olmaktan ziyade, soyut kavramlar ve prensipler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

“Tasar\u0131m Desenleri: Yeniden Kullan\u0131labilir Nesne Y\u00f6nelimli Yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n Elemanlar\u0131” (Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software) adl\u0131 kitap, Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson ve John Vlissides (k\u0131saca “Gang of Four” veya “GoF”) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an eser, 23 temel tasar\u0131m desenini \u00fc\u00e7 ana kategoriye ay\u0131rarak yaz\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fcnyas\u0131na sunmu\u015ftur: Olu\u015fturucu (Creational), Yap\u0131sal (Structural) ve Davran\u0131\u015fsal (Behavioral). Bu makale, GoF desenlerinin bu \u00fc\u00e7 kategorisini derinlemesine inceleyecek, her bir kategorideki \u00f6nemli desenleri \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klayacak ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m mimarisindeki rollerini vurgulayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tasar\u0131m Desenlerinin \u00d6nemi ve Temel Kavramlar<\/h3>\n

Tasar\u0131m desenleri, kodun okunabilirli\u011fini, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini ve geni\u015fletilebilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r. Ortak bir “tasar\u0131m s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc” sa\u011flayarak geli\u015ftiriciler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bir desen uygulamak, genellikle belirli bir prensibi (\u00f6rn. SOLID prensipleri) takip etmeyi gerektirir ve bu da daha sa\u011flam ve esnek yaz\u0131l\u0131m sistemleri olu\u015fturmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Desenler, bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn “nas\u0131l” uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, bir problemin “ne” oldu\u011funu ve bu probleme y\u00f6nelik genel bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm stratejisini tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n

Olu\u015fturucu (Creational) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri<\/h3>\n

Olu\u015fturucu desenler, nesne olu\u015fturma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 soyutlayarak, istemcinin (client) somut s\u0131n\u0131flardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu desenler, bir sistemin hangi somut s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme gereksinimini ortadan kald\u0131rarak esneklik sunar.<\/p>\n

Singleton Deseni<\/h4>\n

* Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tek bir \u00f6rne\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve bu \u00f6rne\u011fe k\u00fcresel bir eri\u015fim noktas\u0131 sunmakt\u0131r.
\n* Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 havuzlar\u0131, yap\u0131land\u0131rma y\u00f6neticileri, g\u00fcnl\u00fckleme (logging) mekanizmalar\u0131 gibi kaynaklar\u0131n tek bir noktadan y\u00f6netilmesi gereken durumlar.
\n* \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n

class ConfigurationManager {\n        private static ConfigurationManager instance;\n        private ConfigurationManager() { \/ Private constructor <\/em>\/ }\n\n        public static ConfigurationManager getInstance() {\n            if (instance == null) {\n                instance = new ConfigurationManager();\n            }\n            return instance;\n        }\n\n        public void loadSettings() { \/ ... <\/em>\/ }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Factory Method Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir nesne olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bir aray\u00fcz tan\u0131mlamak, ancak hangi somut s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6rneklenece\u011fine alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n karar vermesine izin vermektir. Fabrika Y\u00f6ntemi, bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6rneklendirme sorumlulu\u011funu alt s\u0131n\u0131flara devreder.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrde \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, farkl\u0131 belge t\u00fcrleri: PDF, Word) olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finde ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin olu\u015fturulma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n istemciden soyutlanmas\u0131 istendi\u011finde.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Product { void operation(); }\n    class ConcreteProductA implements Product { public void operation() { System.out.println(\"Product A\"); } }\n    class ConcreteProductB implements Product { public void operation() { System.out.println(\"Product B\"); } }\n\n    abstract class Creator {\n        public abstract Product factoryMethod();\n        public void someOperation() {\n            Product product = factoryMethod();\n            product.operation();\n        }\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteCreatorA extends Creator { public Product factoryMethod() { return new ConcreteProductA(); } }\n    class ConcreteCreatorB extends Creator { public Product factoryMethod() { return new ConcreteProductB(); } }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Abstract Factory Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 veya ilgili nesne ailelerini, somut s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeden olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bir aray\u00fcz sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 i\u015fletim sistemleri i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131 aray\u00fcz\u00fc bile\u015fenleri (d\u00fc\u011fmeler, metin kutular\u0131) olu\u015fturma veya farkl\u0131 veritabanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 nesneleri ve sorgu olu\u015fturucular sa\u011flama gibi durumlarda.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Button { void paint(); }\n    interface Checkbox { void paint(); }\n\n    class WinButton implements Button { public void paint() { System.out.println(\"Windows Button\"); } }\n    class MacButton implements Button { public void paint() { System.out.println(\"Mac Button\"); } }\n\n    interface GUIFactory {\n        Button createButton();\n        Checkbox createCheckbox();\n    }\n\n    class WinFactory implements GUIFactory {\n        public Button createButton() { return new WinButton(); }\n        public Checkbox createCheckbox() { return new WinCheckbox(); } \/\/ Assume WinCheckbox exists\n    }\n    \/\/ MacFactory similarly<\/code><\/pre>\n
Builder Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Karma\u015f\u0131k bir nesnenin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 temsilinden ay\u0131rmak, b\u00f6ylece ayn\u0131 yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin farkl\u0131 temsiller olu\u015fturmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131makt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7ok say\u0131da iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 parametreye sahip, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gereken nesneler i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir rapor olu\u015fturucu, bir SQL sorgusu olu\u015fturucu).
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class House {\n        private String walls;\n        private String roof;\n        private String garden;\n        \/\/ Getters for walls, roof, garden\n        public House(String walls, String roof, String garden) {\n            this.walls = walls; this.roof = roof; this.garden = garden;\n        }\n    }\n\n    interface HouseBuilder {\n        void buildWalls();\n        void buildRoof();\n        void buildGarden();\n        House getHouse();\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteHouseBuilder implements HouseBuilder {\n        private String walls; private String roof; private String garden;\n        public void buildWalls() { this.walls = \"Concrete Walls\"; }\n        public void buildRoof() { this.roof = \"Tile Roof\"; }\n        public void buildGarden() { this.garden = \"Small Garden\"; }\n        public House getHouse() { return new House(walls, roof, garden); }\n    }\n\n    class Director { \/\/ Orchestrates the building process\n        public House construct(HouseBuilder builder) {\n            builder.buildWalls();\n            builder.buildRoof();\n            builder.buildGarden();\n            return builder.getHouse();\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Prototype Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Olu\u015fturulacak nesne t\u00fcrlerini prototip bir \u00f6rnek kullanarak belirtmek ve yeni nesneleri bu prototipi kopyalayarak olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir nesnenin do\u011frudan new<\/code> anahtar kelimesiyle olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n maliyetli oldu\u011fu veya karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fu durumlarda. Nesnelerin \u00e7ok benzer oldu\u011fu ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131labilece\u011fi durumlar.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface ClonableShape extends Cloneable {\n        ClonableShape clone();\n        void draw();\n    }\n\n    class Circle implements ClonableShape {\n        private int radius;\n        public Circle(int r) { this.radius = r; }\n        public ClonableShape clone() { return new Circle(this.radius); }\n        public void draw() { System.out.println(\"Drawing a circle with radius \" + radius); }\n    }\n    \/\/ Rectangle similarly<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yap\u0131sal (Structural) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri<\/h3>\n
Yap\u0131sal desenler, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve nesnelerin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere nas\u0131l bir araya getirilece\u011fini ele al\u0131r. Bu desenler, nesnelerin yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyerek sistemin esnekli\u011fini ve verimlili\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Adapter Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n aray\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, istemcinin bekledi\u011fi ba\u015fka bir aray\u00fcze d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektir. Adapt\u00f6r, uyumsuz aray\u00fczlere sahip s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Mevcut bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n aray\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn (\u00f6rne\u011fin, eski bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane) yeni bir sisteme entegre edilmesi gerekti\u011finde.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Target { void request(); }\n    class Adaptee { public void specificRequest() { System.out.println(\"Adaptee's specific request\"); } }\n\n    class Adapter implements Target {\n        private Adaptee adaptee;\n        public Adapter(Adaptee a) { this.adaptee = a; }\n        public void request() {\n            adaptee.specificRequest(); \/\/ Adaptee's method is called through the Target interface\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bridge Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir soyutlamay\u0131 uygulamas\u0131ndan ay\u0131rmak, b\u00f6ylece ikisinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011fi\u015febilmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 soyutlamalar\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin, farkl\u0131 \u015fekiller) ve farkl\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin, farkl\u0131 \u00e7izim API’leri) oldu\u011fu durumlarda, alt s\u0131n\u0131f patlamas\u0131n\u0131 (subclass explosion) \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface DrawingAPI {\n        void drawCircle(int x, int y, int radius);\n    }\n\n    class DrawingAPI1 implements DrawingAPI {\n        public void drawCircle(int x, int y, int radius) { System.out.println(\"API1.circle \" + radius); }\n    }\n    class DrawingAPI2 implements DrawingAPI {\n        public void drawCircle(int x, int y, int radius) { System.out.println(\"API2.circle \" + radius); }\n    }\n\n    abstract class Shape {\n        protected DrawingAPI drawingAPI;\n        protected Shape(DrawingAPI api) { this.drawingAPI = api; }\n        public abstract void draw();\n    }\n\n    class CircleShape extends Shape {\n        private int x, y, radius;\n        public CircleShape(int x, int y, int r, DrawingAPI api) {\n            super(api); this.x = x; this.y = y; this.radius = r;\n        }\n        public void draw() { drawingAPI.drawCircle(x, y, radius); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Composite Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Nesneleri a\u011fa\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131na (part-whole hierarchies) birle\u015ftirmek, b\u00f6ylece istemcilerin bireysel nesneleri ve nesne kompozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tekd\u00fcze bir \u015fekilde ele almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Dosya sistemleri (dosyalar ve klas\u00f6rler), grafik edit\u00f6rleri (\u015fekiller ve \u015fekil gruplar\u0131) gibi hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131lar\u0131 temsil etmek i\u00e7in.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Component { void operation(); }\n\n    class Leaf implements Component { \/\/ Individual object\n        private String name;\n        public Leaf(String name) { this.name = name; }\n        public void operation() { System.out.println(\"Leaf \" + name + \" operation\"); }\n    }\n\n    class Composite implements Component { \/\/ Composition of objects\n        private String name;\n        private List children = new ArrayList<>();\n        public Composite(String name) { this.name = name; }\n        public void add(Component c) { children.add(c); }\n        public void remove(Component c) { children.remove(c); }\n        public void operation() {\n            System.out.println(\"Composite \" + name + \" operation\");\n            for (Component c : children) { c.operation(); }\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Decorator Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir nesneye dinamik olarak ek sorumluluklar eklemektir. Dekorat\u00f6rler, i\u015flevselli\u011fi geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in alt s\u0131n\u0131flara ay\u0131rman\u0131n esnek bir alternatifini sunar.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir nesnenin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya geli\u015ftirmek istendi\u011finde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir kahveye s\u00fct, \u015feker eklemek veya bir metin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma\/\u015fifreleme eklemek).
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Coffee { String getDescription(); double getCost(); }\n\n    class SimpleCoffee implements Coffee {\n        public String getDescription() { return \"Simple Coffee\"; }\n        public double getCost() { return 5.0; }\n    }\n\n    abstract class CoffeeDecorator implements Coffee {\n        protected Coffee decoratedCoffee;\n        public CoffeeDecorator(Coffee coffee) { this.decoratedCoffee = coffee; }\n        public String getDescription() { return decoratedCoffee.getDescription(); }\n        public double getCost() { return decoratedCoffee.getCost(); }\n    }\n\n    class MilkDecorator extends CoffeeDecorator {\n        public MilkDecorator(Coffee coffee) { super(coffee); }\n        public String getDescription() { return super.getDescription() + \", Milk\"; }\n        public double getCost() { return super.getCost() + 1.5; }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Facade Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir alt sistemdeki bir dizi aray\u00fcze birle\u015fik bir aray\u00fcz sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Facade, alt sistemi daha kolay kullan\u0131labilir hale getiren \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir aray\u00fcz tan\u0131mlar.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Karma\u015f\u0131k bir alt sistemin istemciler taraf\u0131ndan daha basit bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak. Bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin veya API’nin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gizlemek.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class SubsystemA { public void operationA() { System.out.println(\"Subsystem A operation\"); } }\n    class SubsystemB { public void operationB() { System.out.println(\"Subsystem B operation\"); } }\n    class SubsystemC { public void operationC() { System.out.println(\"Subsystem C operation\"); } }\n\n    class Facade {\n        private SubsystemA subA;\n        private SubsystemB subB;\n        private SubsystemC subC;\n\n        public Facade() {\n            subA = new SubsystemA();\n            subB = new SubsystemB();\n            subC = new SubsystemC();\n        }\n\n        public void complexOperation() {\n            System.out.println(\"Facade starts complex operation:\");\n            subA.operationA();\n            subB.operationB();\n            subC.operationC();\n            System.out.println(\"Facade ends complex operation.\");\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Proxy Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Ba\u015fka bir nesneye eri\u015fimi kontrol etmek i\u00e7in bir vekil veya yer tutucu sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Uzak nesneler i\u00e7in yerel temsilci (Remote Proxy), pahal\u0131 nesnelerin gecikmeli y\u00fcklenmesi (Virtual Proxy), eri\u015fim kontrol\u00fc (Protection Proxy) veya g\u00fcnl\u00fckleme gibi ek i\u015flevler eklemek.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Image { void display(); }\n\n    class RealImage implements Image {\n        private String filename;\n        public RealImage(String filename) {\n            this.filename = filename;\n            loadFromDisk(filename);\n        }\n        private void loadFromDisk(String filename) { System.out.println(\"Loading \" + filename); }\n        public void display() { System.out.println(\"Displaying \" + filename); }\n    }\n\n    class ProxyImage implements Image {\n        private RealImage realImage;\n        private String filename;\n        public ProxyImage(String filename) { this.filename = filename; }\n        public void display() {\n            if (realImage == null) {\n                realImage = new RealImage(filename); \/\/ Lazy loading\n            }\n            realImage.display();\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Davran\u0131\u015fsal (Behavioral) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri<\/h3>\n
Davran\u0131\u015fsal desenler, nesneler aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimleri ve sorumluluk da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Bu desenler, nesneler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi ve algoritma ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirerek sistemin esnekli\u011fini ve geni\u015fletilebilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Chain of Responsibility Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir iste\u011fin g\u00f6ndericisini al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan ay\u0131rarak, iste\u011fi i\u015fleme \u015fans\u0131 olan birden fazla nesneye izin vermektir. \u0130stek, zincirdeki bir nesne taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenene kadar zincir boyunca iletilir.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir iste\u011fi i\u015fleyebilecek birden fazla i\u015fleyici oldu\u011funda ve bu i\u015fleyicilerin s\u0131ras\u0131 dinamik olarak de\u011fi\u015febildi\u011finde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir olay i\u015fleme sistemi, bir onay i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131).
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
abstract class Handler {\n        protected Handler nextHandler;\n        public void setNextHandler(Handler next) { this.nextHandler = next; }\n        public abstract void handleRequest(int request);\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteHandler1 extends Handler {\n        public void handleRequest(int request) {\n            if (request >= 0 && request < 10) { System.out.println(\"Handler1 handled request \" + request); }\n            else if (nextHandler != null) { nextHandler.handleRequest(request); }\n        }\n    }\n    \/\/ ConcreteHandler2 similarly<\/code><\/pre>\n
Command Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir iste\u011fi bir nesne olarak kaps\u00fcllemektir, b\u00f6ylece istemcileri farkl\u0131 isteklerle parametreleyebilir, istekleri kuyru\u011fa alabilir veya g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe kaydedebilir ve geri al\u0131nabilir i\u015flemleri destekleyebilirsiniz.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Geri alma\/yineleme i\u015flevselli\u011fi, makrolar, i\u015flem g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri, GUI d\u00fc\u011fmeleri gibi eylemlerin soyutlanmas\u0131 gereken durumlar.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Command { void execute(); void undo(); }\n\n    class Light { \/\/ Receiver\n        public void turnOn() { System.out.println(\"Light is ON\"); }\n        public void turnOff() { System.out.println(\"Light is OFF\"); }\n    }\n\n    class TurnOnLightCommand implements Command {\n        private Light light;\n        public TurnOnLightCommand(Light l) { this.light = l; }\n        public void execute() { light.turnOn(); }\n        public void undo() { light.turnOff(); }\n    }\n\n    class RemoteControl { \/\/ Invoker\n        private Command command;\n        public void setCommand(Command cmd) { this.command = cmd; }\n        public void pressButton() { command.execute(); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Iterator Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir toplu nesnenin (aggregate object) \u00f6\u011felerine, temel temsilini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmadan s\u0131ral\u0131 bir \u015fekilde eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in bir yol sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 koleksiyon yap\u0131lar\u0131 (liste, a\u011fa\u00e7, hash tablosu) \u00fczerinde tekd\u00fcze bir gezinme mekanizmas\u0131 sa\u011flamak.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Iterator {\n        boolean hasNext();\n        Object next();\n    }\n\n    interface Aggregate {\n        Iterator createIterator();\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteAggregate implements Aggregate {\n        private List items = new ArrayList<>();\n        public void add(String item) { items.add(item); }\n        public Iterator createIterator() { return new ConcreteIterator(this); }\n\n        private class ConcreteIterator implements Iterator {\n            private ConcreteAggregate aggregate;\n            private int currentIndex = 0;\n            public ConcreteIterator(ConcreteAggregate agg) { this.aggregate = agg; }\n            public boolean hasNext() { return currentIndex < aggregate.items.size(); }\n            public Object next() {\n                if (hasNext()) { return aggregate.items.get(currentIndex++); }\n                return null;\n            }\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Mediator Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir dizi nesnenin nas\u0131l etkile\u015fim kurdu\u011funu kaps\u00fclleyen bir nesne tan\u0131mlamakt\u0131r. Mediator, nesnelerin birbirlerine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek gev\u015fek ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 te\u015fvik eder ve etkile\u015fimlerini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye olanak tan\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7ok say\u0131da nesnenin birbirleriyle do\u011frudan ileti\u015fim kurdu\u011fu ve bu ileti\u015fimin karma\u015f\u0131k hale geldi\u011fi durumlar (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir sohbet odas\u0131, GUI diyaloglar\u0131).
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Mediator {\n        void sendMessage(String message, Colleague colleague);\n    }\n\n    abstract class Colleague {\n        protected Mediator mediator;\n        public Colleague(Mediator m) { this.mediator = m; }\n        public void send(String message) { mediator.sendMessage(message, this); }\n        public abstract void receive(String message);\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteColleague1 extends Colleague {\n        public ConcreteColleague1(Mediator m) { super(m); }\n        public void receive(String message) { System.out.println(\"Colleague1 Received: \" + message); }\n    }\n    \/\/ ConcreteColleague2 similarly\n\n    class ConcreteMediator implements Mediator {\n        private ConcreteColleague1 colleague1;\n        private ConcreteColleague2 colleague2; \/\/ Assume ConcreteColleague2 exists\n\n        public void setColleague1(ConcreteColleague1 c1) { this.colleague1 = c1; }\n        public void setColleague2(ConcreteColleague2 c2) { this.colleague2 = c2; }\n\n        public void sendMessage(String message, Colleague sender) {\n            if (sender == colleague1) { colleague2.receive(message); }\n            else { colleague1.receive(message); }\n        }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Memento Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Kaps\u00fcllemeyi ihlal etmeden, bir nesnenin i\u00e7sel durumunu yakalamak ve harici hale getirmek, b\u00f6ylece nesnenin daha sonra bu duruma geri y\u00fcklenebilmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Geri alma (undo) mekanizmalar\u0131, oyunlardaki kay\u0131t noktalar\u0131 gibi bir nesnenin durumunu geri y\u00fckleme ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funda.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
class Memento { \/\/ Stores the internal state of the Originator\n        private String state;\n        public Memento(String s) { this.state = s; }\n        public String getState() { return state; }\n    }\n\n    class Originator { \/\/ Creates and restores Memento objects\n        private String state;\n        public void setState(String s) { this.state = s; }\n        public Memento saveStateToMemento() { return new Memento(state); }\n        public void getStateFromMemento(Memento memento) { this.state = memento.getState(); }\n        public String getState() { return state; }\n    }\n\n    class Caretaker { \/\/ Manages Memento objects\n        private List mementoList = new ArrayList<>();\n        public void add(Memento m) { mementoList.add(m); }\n        public Memento get(int index) { return mementoList.get(index); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Observer Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Nesneler aras\u0131nda bire \u00e7ok ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tan\u0131mlamakt\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece bir nesne durumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde, t\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131 otomatik olarak bilgilendirilir ve g\u00fcncellenir.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> GUI bile\u015fenleri (d\u00fc\u011fme t\u0131klamalar\u0131), olay i\u015fleme sistemleri, haber b\u00fclteni abonelikleri gibi bir nesnenin durumundaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin di\u011fer nesneler taraf\u0131ndan izlenmesi gerekti\u011finde.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Subject {\n        void attach(Observer o);\n        void detach(Observer o);\n        void notifyObservers();\n    }\n\n    interface Observer {\n        void update();\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteSubject implements Subject {\n        private List observers = new ArrayList<>();\n        private int state;\n        public int getState() { return state; }\n        public void setState(int s) { this.state = s; notifyObservers(); }\n        public void attach(Observer o) { observers.add(o); }\n        public void detach(Observer o) { observers.remove(o); }\n        public void notifyObservers() { for (Observer o : observers) { o.update(); } }\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteObserver implements Observer {\n        private ConcreteSubject subject;\n        public ConcreteObserver(ConcreteSubject s) { this.subject = s; }\n        public void update() { System.out.println(\"Observer updated. Subject state: \" + subject.getState()); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
State Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir nesnenin i\u00e7sel durumu de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine izin vermektir. Nesne, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir nesnenin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n durumuna g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da if-else<\/code> veya switch<\/code> ifadesinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k durum makinelerini y\u00f6netmek.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface State {\n        void handle(Context context);\n    }\n\n    class ConcreteStateA implements State {\n        public void handle(Context context) {\n            System.out.println(\"Handling in State A, changing to State B\");\n            context.setState(new ConcreteStateB());\n        }\n    }\n    \/\/ ConcreteStateB similarly\n\n    class Context {\n        private State state;\n        public Context() { this.state = new ConcreteStateA(); } \/\/ Initial state\n        public void setState(State s) { this.state = s; }\n        public void request() { state.handle(this); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Strategy Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir algoritma ailesi tan\u0131mlamak, her birini kaps\u00fcllemek ve onlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir hale getirmektir. Strateji, algoritman\u0131n onu kullanan istemcilerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak de\u011fi\u015fmesine izin verir.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir g\u00f6revi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmenin birden fazla yolu oldu\u011funda ve bu yollar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131nda se\u00e7ilmesi gerekti\u011finde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, farkl\u0131 s\u0131ralama algoritmalar\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00f6ntemleri).
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface Strategy {\n        int execute(int a, int b);\n    }\n\n    class AddStrategy implements Strategy {\n        public int execute(int a, int b) { return a + b; }\n    }\n    class SubtractStrategy implements Strategy {\n        public int execute(int a, int b) { return a - b; }\n    }\n\n    class ContextStrategy {\n        private Strategy strategy;\n        public void setStrategy(Strategy s) { this.strategy = s; }\n        public int executeStrategy(int a, int b) { return strategy.execute(a, b); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Template Method Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir algoritman\u0131n iskeletini bir i\u015flemde tan\u0131mlamak, baz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131 alt s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r. \u015eablon Y\u00f6ntemi, alt s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n algoritman\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden belirli ad\u0131mlar\u0131 yeniden tan\u0131mlamas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir algoritman\u0131n genel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sabit oldu\u011fu, ancak belirli ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi durumlar (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir derleme s\u00fcreci, bir veri i\u015fleme ak\u0131\u015f\u0131).
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
abstract class Game {\n        protected abstract void initialize();\n        protected abstract void startPlay();\n        protected abstract void endPlay();\n\n        \/\/ Template method\n        public final void play() {\n            initialize();\n            startPlay();\n            endPlay();\n        }\n    }\n\n    class Chess extends Game {\n        protected void initialize() { System.out.println(\"Chess Init\"); }\n        protected void startPlay() { System.out.println(\"Chess Start\"); }\n        protected void endPlay() { System.out.println(\"Chess End\"); }\n    }\n    \/\/ Monopoly similarly<\/code><\/pre>\n
Visitor Deseni<\/h4>\n
*   Ama\u00e7:<\/strong> Bir nesne yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011feleri \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek bir i\u015flemi temsil etmektir. Visitor, \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011felerin s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden yeni bir i\u015flem tan\u0131mlaman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.
\n*   Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrdeki nesnelerden olu\u015fan karma\u015f\u0131k bir nesne yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde yeni i\u015flemler eklemek gerekti\u011finde ve bu i\u015flemlerin nesne s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na do\u011frudan eklenmesi istenmedi\u011finde.
\n*   \u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n
interface CarElement {\n        void accept(CarElementVisitor visitor);\n    }\n\n    class Wheel implements CarElement {\n        private String name;\n        public Wheel(String name) { this.name = name; }\n        public void accept(CarElementVisitor visitor) { visitor.visit(this); }\n        public String getName() { return name; }\n    }\n    \/\/ Engine, Body similarly\n\n    class Car implements CarElement {\n        CarElement[] elements;\n        public Car() {\n            this.elements = new CarElement[] { new Wheel(\"front left\"), new Wheel(\"front right\") };\n        }\n        public void accept(CarElementVisitor visitor) {\n            for (CarElement elem : elements) { elem.accept(visitor); }\n            visitor.visit(this);\n        }\n    }\n\n    interface CarElementVisitor {\n        void visit(Wheel wheel);\n        void visit(Engine engine); \/\/ Assume Engine exists\n        void visit(Car car);\n    }\n\n    class CarElementPrintVisitor implements CarElementVisitor {\n        public void visit(Wheel wheel) { System.out.println(\"Visiting \" + wheel.getName() + \" wheel\"); }\n        public void visit(Engine engine) { System.out.println(\"Visiting engine\"); }\n        public void visit(Car car) { System.out.println(\"Visiting car\"); }\n    }<\/code><\/pre>\n
Sonu\u00e7 ve Gelecek<\/h3>\n
Gang of Four tasar\u0131m desenleri, yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisli\u011finde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu desenler, yaln\u0131zca belirli sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda nesne y\u00f6nelimli tasar\u0131m\u0131n temel prensiplerini (\u00f6rne\u011fin, kaps\u00fclleme, soyutlama, kal\u0131t\u0131m, polimorfizm) ve SOLID prensiplerini (Tek Sorumluluk, A\u00e7\u0131k\/Kapal\u0131, Liskov Yerine Ge\u00e7me, Aray\u00fcz Ayr\u0131m\u0131, Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k Tersine \u00c7evirme) somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Desenleri ezberlemek yerine, alt\u0131nda yatan prensipleri ve hangi ba\u011flamda hangi desenin uygun olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemlidir. Her desenin kendi avantajlar\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve yanl\u0131\u015f uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kodun karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilir. Bir desen, bir problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r, her derde deva bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiricilerin bu desenleri \u00f6\u011frenmesi, daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, esnek ve geni\u015fletilebilir sistemler tasarlamalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ayr\u0131ca, ortak bir dil ve problem \u00e7\u00f6zme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayarak ekip i\u00e7inde ileti\u015fimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m evrimi devam ettik\u00e7e, yeni desenler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak ve mevcut desenler farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda yeniden yorumlanacakt\u0131r. Ancak GoF desenleri, yaz\u0131l\u0131m mimarisi ve tasar\u0131m\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki temel bilgilerin paha bi\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaya devam edecektir.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Gang of Four (GoF) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri: Olu\u015fturucu, Yap\u0131sal ve Davran\u0131\u015fsal Desenlerin Derinlemesine \u0130ncelenmesi\nYaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirmede kar\u015f\u0131la","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-37667","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nGang of Four (GoF) Tasar\u0131m Desenleri: Olu\u015fturucu, Yap\u0131sal ve Davran\u0131\u015fsal Desenlerin Derinlemesine \u0130ncelenmesi - 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