{"id":37216,"date":"2025-12-29T00:41:36","date_gmt":"2025-12-28T21:41:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=37216"},"modified":"2025-12-29T00:41:36","modified_gmt":"2025-12-28T21:41:36","slug":"ubuntu-18-04-uzerinde-apache-icin-kendi-imzali-self-signed-ssl-sertifikasi-olusturma-rehberi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-18-04-uzerinde-apache-icin-kendi-imzali-self-signed-ssl-sertifikasi-olusturma-rehberi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 18.04 \u00dczerinde Apache \u0130\u00e7in Kendi \u0130mzal\u0131 (Self-Signed) SSL Sertifikas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma Rehberi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ubuntu 18.04 \u00dczerinde Apache \u0130\u00e7in Kendi \u0130mzal\u0131 (Self-Signed) SSL Sertifikas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma Rehberi<\/h2>\n

Bu rehber, Ubuntu 18.04 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir Apache web sunucusu i\u00e7in kendi imzal\u0131 (self-signed) bir SSL sertifikas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalar, \u00f6zellikle geli\u015ftirme ortamlar\u0131, dahili uygulamalar veya test s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretim ortamlar\u0131nda veya halka a\u00e7\u0131k web sitelerinde kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 \u00f6nerilmez, zira taray\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli kabul edilmezler ve ziyaret\u00e7ilere “g\u00fcvenli de\u011fil” uyar\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6sterirler. Ancak, bir SSL ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, HTTPS trafi\u011fini \u015fifrelemek ve sunucu yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalar, bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf sertifika yetkilisi (CA) taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in “g\u00fcvenilir” olarak kabul edilmezler. Bunun yerine, sertifikay\u0131 olu\u015fturan ki\u015fi veya kurum taraf\u0131ndan imzalan\u0131rlar. Bu durum, sertifikan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini garanti eden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir do\u011frulama katman\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu rehberin sonunda, Apache’nizi HTTPS \u00fczerinden g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde eri\u015filebilir hale getirecek, ancak taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda bir g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011finiz bir yap\u0131land\u0131rmaya sahip olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Bu uyar\u0131, sertifikan\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez; sadece taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n sertifikay\u0131 do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in bir CA’ya g\u00fcvenmedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar<\/h3>\n

Kendi imzal\u0131 SSL sertifikam\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sistemimizin g\u00fcncel oldu\u011fundan ve Apache web sunucusunun kurulu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda oldu\u011fundan emin olmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Ayr\u0131ca, Apache’nin SSL mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc de etkinle\u015ftirmemiz gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

Sistem G\u00fcncelleme<\/h4>\n

\u0130lk ad\u0131m olarak, sunucunuzdaki paket listesini g\u00fcncelleyerek ve mevcut paketleri y\u00fckselterek sisteminizin g\u00fcncel oldu\u011fundan emin olun. Bu, olas\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmaya ve en son yaz\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerini kullanmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

sudo apt update\nsudo apt upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komutlar, sisteminizdeki t\u00fcm yaz\u0131l\u0131m paketlerini g\u00fcncelleyecektir. -y<\/code> bayra\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcm sorulara otomatik olarak “evet” yan\u0131t\u0131 verilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Apache Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer Apache hen\u00fcz sunucunuzda kurulu de\u011filse, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutla kolayca kurabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo apt install apache2 -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra Apache servisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da active (running)<\/code> ifadesini g\u00f6rmeniz gerekir. E\u011fer Apache \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa, sudo systemctl start apache2<\/code> komutuyla ba\u015flatabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Ayarlar\u0131 (UFW):<\/strong> E\u011fer UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Apache trafi\u011fine izin vermeniz gerekmektedir. Hem HTTP (80) hem de HTTPS (443) portlar\u0131 i\u00e7in izin vermek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r:<\/p>\n
sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'\nsudo ufw reload<\/code><\/pre>\n
Apache Full<\/code> profili, hem HTTP hem de HTTPS trafi\u011fine izin verir. E\u011fer sadece HTTPS trafi\u011fine izin vermek isterseniz Apache Secure<\/code> profilini kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
SSL Mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
Apache’nin SSL sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesi i\u00e7in mod_ssl<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn etkinle\u015ftirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu mod\u00fcl, Apache’nin SSL\/TLS \u015fifrelemesini y\u00f6netmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
sudo a2enmod ssl<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, SSL mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc etkinle\u015ftirir. Ard\u0131ndan, Apache’nin varsay\u0131lan SSL sanal host yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 da etkinle\u015ftirelim. Bu dosya, temel bir SSL yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7erir ve kendi sertifikam\u0131z\u0131 buraya entegre etmek i\u00e7in bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo a2ensite default-ssl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011fi\u015fikliklerin etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Apache servisini yeniden ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce, yap\u0131land\u0131rmada herhangi bir hata olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek iyi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r:<\/p>\n
sudo apache2ctl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\n
E\u011fer Syntax OK<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rsan\u0131z, yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131zda bir sorun yok demektir. \u015eimdi Apache servisini yeniden ba\u015flatabiliriz:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlarla, kendi imzal\u0131 SSL sertifikam\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturmak ve Apache’ye entegre etmek i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f oluyoruz.<\/p>\n
Kendi \u0130mzal\u0131 SSL Sertifikas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
\u015eimdi s\u0131ra, openssl<\/code> arac\u0131yla kendi imzal\u0131 SSL sertifikam\u0131z\u0131 ve \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya geldi. Bu i\u015flem, bir dizi bilgi girmenizi gerektirecek ve sonunda sunucumuzun kullanaca\u011f\u0131 iki ana dosya \u00fcretecektir: .key<\/code> uzant\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zel anahtar dosyas\u0131 ve .crt<\/code> uzant\u0131l\u0131 sertifika dosyas\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sertifika ve Anahtar Dosyalar\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki openssl<\/code> komutunu kullanarak, hem \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131 hem de sertifikay\u0131 tek bir ad\u0131mda olu\u015fturabiliriz. Bu komut, \u00e7e\u015fitli parametreler i\u00e7erir ve her birinin belirli bir amac\u0131 vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout \/etc\/ssl\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key -out \/etc\/ssl\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u015eimdi bu komuttaki parametreleri inceleyelim:<\/p>\n
*   openssl req<\/code>: Bu, bir sertifika imzalama iste\u011fi (CSR) veya kendi imzal\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan OpenSSL alt komutudur.
\n*   -x509<\/code>: Bu bayrak, bir sertifika imzalama iste\u011fi yerine kendinden imzal\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 belirtir.
\n*   -nodes<\/code>: Bu, \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131n bir parola ile korunmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Geli\u015ftirme ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in pratik olsa da, \u00fcretim ortamlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131 bir parola ile korumak daha g\u00fcvenlidir. Ancak, parola kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Apache her ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda parolay\u0131 sorman\u0131z gerekir.
\n*   -days 365<\/code>: Sertifikan\u0131n ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresini g\u00fcn olarak belirtir. Burada sertifika bir y\u0131l (365 g\u00fcn) boyunca ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r.
\n*   -newkey rsa:2048<\/code>: Yeni bir \u00f6zel anahtar olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. rsa:2048<\/code>, 2048 bitlik bir RSA anahtar\u0131 olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir, bu \u00e7o\u011fu kullan\u0131m durumu i\u00e7in yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n*   -keyout \/etc\/ssl\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key<\/code>: Olu\u015fturulan \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131n kaydedilece\u011fi dosya yolunu belirtir. \/etc\/ssl\/private<\/code> dizini, \u00f6zel anahtarlar i\u00e7in standart bir konumdur ve eri\u015fim izinleri genellikle s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   -out \/etc\/ssl\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt<\/code>: Olu\u015fturulan sertifikan\u0131n kaydedilece\u011fi dosya yolunu belirtir. \/etc\/ssl\/certs<\/code> dizini, sertifika dosyalar\u0131 i\u00e7in standart bir konumdur.<\/p>\n
Bu komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, sizden sertifika hakk\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli bilgiler girmeniz istenecektir.<\/p>\n
Sertifika Bilgilerini Girme<\/h4>\n
Komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakine benzer bir dizi soru g\u00f6receksiniz. Bu bilgiler, sertifikan\u0131n kimli\u011fini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:TR\nState or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Istanbul\nLocality Name (eg, city) []:Sisli\nOrganization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:MyCompany\nOrganizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT\nCommon Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:your_domain_or_ip_address\nEmail Address []:admin@your_domain.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
Her bir alan\u0131 dikkatlice doldurun:<\/p>\n
*   Country Name (2 letter code):<\/strong> \u00dclke kodu (\u00f6rn. TR, US).
\n*   State or Province Name (full name):<\/strong> Eyalet veya il ad\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Istanbul).
\n*   Locality Name (eg, city):<\/strong> \u015eehir ad\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Sisli).
\n*   Organization Name (eg, company):<\/strong> \u015eirket veya organizasyon ad\u0131 (\u00f6rn. MyCompany).
\n*   Organizational Unit Name (eg, section):<\/strong> Departman veya birim ad\u0131 (\u00f6rn. IT).
\n*   Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name):<\/strong> Bu alan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir<\/strong>. Web sitenize eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z tam etki alan\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 (FQDN) veya sunucunuzun IP adresini girmelisiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, example.com<\/code> veya 192.168.1.100<\/code> gibi. E\u011fer buraya yanl\u0131\u015f bir de\u011fer girerseniz, taray\u0131c\u0131lar “Common Name mismatch” (Ortak Ad uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131) hatas\u0131 verecektir.
\n*   Email Address:<\/strong> \u0130leti\u015fim e-posta adresi.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm bilgileri girdikten sonra, openssl<\/code> arac\u0131 \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve sertifikan\u0131z\u0131 belirtilen konumlara kaydedecektir. \u00d6zel anahtar dosyas\u0131n\u0131n (.key<\/code>) izinlerinin do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak \u00f6nemlidir, zira bu dosya hassas bilgiler i\u00e7erir. Varsay\u0131lan olarak, \/etc\/ssl\/private<\/code> dizinindeki dosyalar genellikle yaln\u0131zca root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir, bu da iyi bir g\u00fcvenlik uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlarla, Apache’nin HTTPS trafi\u011fini \u015fifrelemek i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131 kendi imzal\u0131 SSL sertifikas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zel anahtar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla olu\u015fturmu\u015f oluyoruz. Bir sonraki ad\u0131m, Apache’yi bu sertifikay\u0131 kullanacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Apache’yi SSL Kullanacak \u015eekilde Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h3>\n
Sertifikalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturduktan sonra, Apache’nin bu sertifikalar\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131rmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Bu genellikle bir sanal host yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 d\u00fczenlenerek yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SSL Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme<\/h4>\n
Daha \u00f6nce etkinle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz default-ssl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyece\u011fiz. Bu dosya \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/<\/code> dizininde bulunur.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/default-ssl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu dosyay\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, SSLCertificateFile<\/code> ve SSLCertificateKeyFile<\/code> y\u00f6nergelerini bulman\u0131z gerekecektir. Bunlar, Apache’ye sertifika ve \u00f6zel anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n nerede oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Varsay\u0131lan olarak, bunlar genellikle \u00f6rnek sertifika dosyalar\u0131na i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n
\u015eu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 bulun:<\/p>\n
SSLCertificateFile    \/etc\/ssl\/certs\/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem\nSSLCertificateKeyFile \/etc\/ssl\/private\/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131, kendi olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz sertifika ve anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde g\u00fcncelleyin:<\/p>\n
SSLCertificateFile    \/etc\/ssl\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt\nSSLCertificateKeyFile \/etc\/ssl\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ayr\u0131ca, ServerName<\/code> y\u00f6nergesini de yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir. Bu, sanal host’un hangi alan ad\u0131na yan\u0131t verece\u011fini belirtir. Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikan\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015ftururken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z Ortak Ad (Common Name) ile e\u015fle\u015fmelidir.<\/p>\n
ServerName your_domain_or_ip_address:443<\/code><\/pre>\n
your_domain_or_ip_address<\/code> yerine, sertifikan\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015ftururken girdi\u011finiz Ortak Ad’\u0131 (Common Name) yaz\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, example.com<\/code> veya 192.168.1.100<\/code>.<\/p>\n
Dosyay\u0131 kaydedin ve kapat\u0131n (nano’da Ctrl+X<\/code>, Y<\/code>, Enter<\/code>).<\/p>\n
Sanal Host Olu\u015fturma (Alternatif Y\u00f6ntem)<\/h4>\n
default-ssl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan d\u00fczenlemek yerine, daha d\u00fczenli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak kendi sanal host yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. Bu, \u00f6zellikle birden fazla web sitesi bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yorsan\u0131z veya varsay\u0131lan yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istemiyorsan\u0131z kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6ncelikle, default-ssl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kopyalayarak yeni bir dosya olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\n
sudo cp \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/default-ssl.conf \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/my-ssl-site.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u015eimdi yeni olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz dosyay\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/my-ssl-site.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu dosya i\u00e7inde, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapman\u0131z gerekecektir:<\/p>\n
1.  <\/code> y\u00f6nergesini <\/code> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz, ancak varsay\u0131lan _default_<\/code> genellikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n2.  ServerName<\/code> y\u00f6nergesini sertifikan\u0131zdaki Ortak Ad (Common Name) ile e\u015fle\u015fecek \u015fekilde ayarlay\u0131n:<\/p>\n
ServerName your_domain_or_ip_address<\/code><\/pre>\n
3.  DocumentRoot<\/code> y\u00f6nergesini web sitenizin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu dizine ayarlay\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/var\/www\/html<\/code> veya \u00f6zel bir dizin.<\/p>\n
DocumentRoot \/var\/www\/html<\/code><\/pre>\n
4.  SSLCertificateFile<\/code> ve SSLCertificateKeyFile<\/code> y\u00f6nergelerini kendi sertifika ve anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131za i\u015faret edecek \u015fekilde g\u00fcncelleyin:<\/p>\n
SSLCertificateFile    \/etc\/ssl\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt\nSSLCertificateKeyFile \/etc\/ssl\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key<\/code><\/pre>\n
5.  Varsay\u0131lan olarak default-ssl.conf<\/code> i\u00e7inde bulunan SSLCertificateChainFile<\/code> y\u00f6nergesini yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n veya silin, zira kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikam\u0131z i\u00e7in bir sertifika zinciri dosyam\u0131z yoktur.<\/p>\n
Dosyay\u0131 kaydedin ve kapat\u0131n. \u015eimdi yeni sanal host’unuzu etkinle\u015ftirin ve varsay\u0131lan SSL sanal host’u devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n (e\u011fer kullanmayacaksan\u0131z):<\/p>\n
sudo a2ensite my-ssl-site.conf\nsudo a2dissite default-ssl.conf # E\u011fer kendi dosyan\u0131z\u0131 kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 Test Etme ve Apache’yi Yeniden Ba\u015flatma<\/h4>\n
Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131zda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131ktan sonra, Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce her zaman yap\u0131land\u0131rma s\u00f6zdizimini kontrol etmelisiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo apache2ctl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\n
E\u011fer Syntax OK<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rsan\u0131z, her \u015fey yolunda demektir. \u015eimdi Apache servisini yeniden ba\u015flatarak de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Art\u0131k web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p sunucunuzun IP adresine veya alan ad\u0131na https:\/\/<\/code> \u00f6nekiyle eri\u015fmeyi deneyebilirsiniz (\u00f6rn. https:\/\/your_domain_or_ip_address<\/code>). Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z muhtemelen bir g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6sterecektir (“Ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131z gizli de\u011fil”, “Bu site g\u00fcvenli de\u011fil” vb.). Bu beklenen bir durumdur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sertifika kendi imzal\u0131d\u0131r ve taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenilen bir sertifika yetkilisi taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uyar\u0131y\u0131 kabul ederek veya geli\u015fmi\u015f se\u00e7eneklerden devam ederek siteye eri\u015febilirsiniz. Ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n HTTPS \u00fczerinden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve adres \u00e7ubu\u011funda bir kilit simgesi (ancak muhtemelen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 veya uyar\u0131 i\u00e7eren) g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc do\u011frulamal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 ve S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h3>\n
Bu rehberde, Ubuntu 18.04 \u00fczerinde Apache web sunucusu i\u00e7in kendi imzal\u0131 (self-signed) bir SSL sertifikas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015fturulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele ald\u0131k. Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalar, geli\u015ftirme ve test ortamlar\u0131nda HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in pratik ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunar. Ancak, halka a\u00e7\u0131k web siteleri i\u00e7in bir Let’s Encrypt sertifikas\u0131 veya \u00fccretli bir CA’dan al\u0131nan sertifika gibi g\u00fcvenilir bir alternatif kullanmak her zaman \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikan\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturup Apache’yi yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, sunucunuz art\u0131k HTTPS \u00fczerinden \u015fifreli ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 kabul edecektir. Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131s\u0131, sertifikan\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcvenilir bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf\u00e7a do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r ve bu, kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalar i\u00e7in normal bir davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu rehber, SSL\/TLS teknolojisinin temelini anlaman\u0131z ve Apache’de HTTPS yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 yapman\u0131z i\u00e7in sa\u011flam bir temel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS)<\/h4>\n
Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalar \u00fcretim ortam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmal\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h5>\n
Hay\u0131r, kesinlikle \u00f6nerilmez. Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalar, taray\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenilir kabul edilmez ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131za “g\u00fcvenli de\u011fil” uyar\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu durum, sitenizin profesyonelli\u011fine zarar verir ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcvenini azalt\u0131r. \u00dcretim ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Let’s Encrypt gibi \u00fccretsiz veya \u00fccretli bir Sertifika Yetkilisi’nden (CA) al\u0131nan sertifikalar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sertifika s\u00fcresi dolarsa ne olur?<\/h5>\n
Sertifikan\u0131z\u0131n s\u00fcresi doldu\u011funda (bizim \u00f6rne\u011fimizde 365 g\u00fcn sonra), taray\u0131c\u0131lar daha ciddi g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. Bu durumda, yeni bir sertifika olu\u015fturman\u0131z ve Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcncellemeniz gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
Birden fazla site i\u00e7in tek bir kendi imzal\u0131 sertifika kullanabilir miyim?<\/h5>\n
Tek bir kendi imzal\u0131 sertifika genellikle sadece tek bir “Ortak Ad” (Common Name) i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. E\u011fer birden fazla alan ad\u0131n\u0131z varsa, her biri i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturman\u0131z veya birden fazla alan ad\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan bir sertifika (Subject Alternative Name – SAN ile) olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir ki bu, kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalarla daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir i\u015flemdir. Genellikle her site i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturmak en basit yoldur.<\/p>\n
Olu\u015fturdu\u011fum sertifikay\u0131 nas\u0131l iptal ederim veya kald\u0131r\u0131r\u0131m?<\/h5>\n
Kendi imzal\u0131 bir sertifikay\u0131 “iptal etmek” diye bir kavram yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir CA taraf\u0131ndan imzalanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sertifikay\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in, sertifika (.crt<\/code>) ve \u00f6zel anahtar (.key<\/code>) dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 silebilir, Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131ndan (\u00f6rn. my-ssl-site.conf<\/code>) ilgili SSLCertificateFile<\/code> ve SSLCertificateKeyFile<\/code> y\u00f6nergelerini kald\u0131rabilir veya sanal host’u devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakabilirsiniz (sudo a2dissite my-ssl-site.conf<\/code>).<\/p>\n
Ortak Ad (Common Name) neden bu kadar \u00f6nemli?<\/h5>\n
Ortak Ad (Common Name), taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 etki alan\u0131 ad\u0131 veya IP adresi ile sertifikan\u0131n verildi\u011fi ad\u0131 e\u015fle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ana aland\u0131r. E\u011fer bu iki de\u011fer e\u015fle\u015fmezse, taray\u0131c\u0131 bir “Common Name mismatch” (Ortak Ad uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131) hatas\u0131 verir ve siteye eri\u015fimi engeller veya bir uyar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
Apache’yi her yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda sertifika parolas\u0131 sorulur mu?<\/h5>\n
Bizim \u00f6rne\u011fimizde openssl<\/code> komutunda -nodes<\/code> (no DES) bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in \u00f6zel anahtar parolayla korunmaz. Bu nedenle Apache’yi her yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda parola sorulmayacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer -nodes<\/code> kullanmasayd\u0131k, \u00f6zel anahtar parolayla \u015fifrelenir ve Apache her ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu parolan\u0131n girilmesi gerekirdi, bu da otomatik yeniden ba\u015flatmalar\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
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