{"id":37074,"date":"2025-12-27T02:40:39","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T23:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=37074"},"modified":"2025-12-27T02:40:39","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T23:40:39","slug":"journalctl-kullanarak-linuxta-systemd-gunluklerini-goruntuleme-ve-yonetme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/journalctl-kullanarak-linuxta-systemd-gunluklerini-goruntuleme-ve-yonetme\/","title":{"rendered":"journalctl Kullanarak Linux’ta systemd G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve Y\u00f6netme"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

journalctl Kullanarak Linux’ta systemd G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve Y\u00f6netme<\/h2>\n

Linux sistemlerinde, sistemin ve uygulamalar\u0131n durumu hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmek, sorun gidermek veya g\u00fcvenlik olaylar\u0131n\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnl\u00fckler (loglar) hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir. Geleneksel olarak, Linux sistemleri \/var\/log<\/code> dizini alt\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli metin tabanl\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, syslog<\/code>, auth.log<\/code>, messages<\/code>) kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak modern Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, init sistemini ve servis y\u00f6neticisini systemd<\/code> ile de\u011fi\u015ftirerek g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00f6netiminde de devrim yaratt\u0131. systemd<\/code>‘nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Journal<\/code>, t\u00fcm sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini merkezi ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde toplar. Bu g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek ve y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan temel ara\u00e7 ise journalctl<\/code> komutudur.<\/p>\n

journalctl<\/code>, \u00e7ekirdekten kullan\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm g\u00fcnl\u00fck mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 tek bir yerden eri\u015filebilir k\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Geleneksel metin g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin aksine, systemd<\/code> g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ikili formatta saklan\u0131r ve bu da onu daha h\u0131zl\u0131 sorgulanabilir, indekslenebilir ve meta verilerle zenginle\u015ftirilebilir hale getirir. Bu makale, journalctl<\/code>‘nin temel kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ileri d\u00fczey filtreleme se\u00e7eneklerine, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 formatlar\u0131ndan disk y\u00f6netimine kadar t\u00fcm y\u00f6nlerini detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele alarak, Linux sistem y\u00f6neticileri ve geli\u015ftiricileri i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir rehber sunacakt\u0131r. journalctl<\/code> ile sisteminizin nabz\u0131n\u0131 tutmay\u0131, sorunlar\u0131 h\u0131zla te\u015fhis etmeyi ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz.<\/p>\n

systemd ve Journal Nedir?<\/h3>\n

journalctl<\/code>‘nin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tam olarak anlamak i\u00e7in, \u00f6ncelikle systemd<\/code> ve onun ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Journal<\/code> hakk\u0131nda temel bilgilere sahip olmak \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

systemd Nedir?<\/h4>\n

systemd<\/code>, Linux i\u015fletim sistemleri i\u00e7in bir init sistemi ve servis y\u00f6neticisidir. Geleneksel SysVinit’in yerini alarak, modern Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131nda (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, CentOS, Arch Linux vb.) standart haline gelmi\u015ftir. systemd<\/code>, sistemin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan (boot) kapanmas\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7leri y\u00f6netir. Servisleri ba\u015flatma, durdurma, yeniden ba\u015flatma, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6netme, cihazlar\u0131 izleme ve g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri toplama gibi bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlenir. Mod\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131, paralel ba\u015flatma yetene\u011fi ve geli\u015fmi\u015f kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131 sayesinde sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

systemd G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Journal) Nedir?<\/h4>\n

systemd<\/code>‘nin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden biri de merkezi g\u00fcnl\u00fckleme sistemidir: systemd Journal<\/code>. Journal<\/code>, \u00e7ekirdekten (kernel), initrd’den, servislerden, kullan\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131ndan ve standart syslog protokol\u00fcnden gelen t\u00fcm g\u00fcnl\u00fck mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 tek bir yerde toplar ve saklar.<\/p>\n

Geleneksel syslog tabanl\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerden farkl\u0131 olarak, Journal<\/code>‘\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

* \u0130kili Format:<\/strong> G\u00fcnl\u00fckler metin dosyalar\u0131 yerine ikili formatta saklan\u0131r. Bu, sorgulamalar\u0131 ve indekslemeyi \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 hale getirir, ancak do\u011frudan bir metin d\u00fczenleyiciyle okunamaz. journalctl<\/code> komutu bu ikili verileri okunabilir formata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\n* Merkezi Depolama:<\/strong> T\u00fcm g\u00fcnl\u00fckler tek bir veritaban\u0131nda toplan\u0131r. Bu, farkl\u0131 servislerin g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 aramak yerine, tek bir komutla t\u00fcm sistemdeki ilgili olaylar\u0131 bulmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.
\n* Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Veri ve Meta Veriler:<\/strong> Her g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdisi, zaman damgas\u0131, s\u00fcre\u00e7 kimli\u011fi (PID), kullan\u0131c\u0131 kimli\u011fi (UID), servis birimi ad\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir dosya yolu, \u00f6ncelik seviyesi ve hatta ilgili cgroup bilgileri gibi zengin meta verilerle birlikte gelir. Bu meta veriler, g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri \u00e7ok daha hassas bir \u015fekilde filtrelemeyi ve analiz etmeyi sa\u011flar.
\n* G\u00fcvenlik ve B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck:<\/strong> \u0130kili format, g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerin manip\u00fcle edilmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck kontrollerine olanak tan\u0131r.
\n* Verimlilik:<\/strong> \u0130kili format ve geli\u015fmi\u015f indeksleme algoritmalar\u0131 sayesinde, milyonlarca g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdisi aras\u0131nda bile h\u0131zl\u0131 arama ve filtreleme yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Journal<\/code>, varsay\u0131lan olarak \/run\/log\/journal<\/code> dizininde ge\u00e7ici (volatile) olarak saklan\u0131r ve sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda temizlenir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck depolamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \/var\/log\/journal<\/code> dizininin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve journald.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda gerekli ayar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Temel journalctl Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n

journalctl<\/code> komutu, systemd Journal<\/code>‘da depolanan g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek ve manip\u00fcle etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ana ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte en temel kullan\u0131m senaryolar\u0131:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme<\/h4>\n

En basit haliyle, journalctl<\/code> komutunu parametresiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, t\u00fcm sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini en yenisinden en eskiye do\u011fru, bir pager (genellikle less<\/code>) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler:<\/p>\n

journalctl<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, sistemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren kaydedilen t\u00fcm g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da gezinmek i\u00e7in less<\/code> komutunun tu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 (yukar\u0131\/a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 oklar, Page Up\/Down, q<\/code> ile \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f) kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri ters s\u0131rada (en eskiden en yeniye) g\u00f6rmek isterseniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl -r<\/code><\/pre>\n
E\u011fer pager kullanmadan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frudan terminale almak isterseniz (script’ler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r):<\/p>\n
journalctl --no-pager<\/code><\/pre>\n
Belirli Bir Say\u0131da Giri\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme<\/h4>\n
Yaln\u0131zca en son g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdilerini g\u00f6rmek genellikle daha pratiktir. -n<\/code> veya --lines<\/code> parametresi ile bu say\u0131y\u0131 belirtebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl -n          # Son 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdisini g\u00f6sterir (varsay\u0131lan)\njournalctl -n 20       # Son 20 g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdisini g\u00f6sterir<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fck Ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h4>\n
tail -f<\/code> komutuna benzer \u015fekilde, journalctl<\/code>‘yi ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olarak yeni g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdilerini izlemek i\u00e7in kullanabilirsiniz. Bu, bir servisi ba\u015flat\u0131rken veya bir i\u015flemi test ederken \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
journalctl -f          # Yeni g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdilerini ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterir<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in Ctrl+C<\/code> tu\u015f kombinasyonunu kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Belirli Bir Zaman Dilimindeki G\u00fcnl\u00fckler<\/h4>\n
journalctl<\/code>, belirli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri filtrelemek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc se\u00e7enekler sunar. --since<\/code> ve --until<\/code> parametreleri ile kesin tarih ve saatleri veya g\u00f6receli zaman ifadelerini kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
*   Kesin Zaman:<\/strong><\/p>\n
journalctl --since \"2023-10-26 10:00:00\"\n    journalctl --until \"2023-10-26 11:30:00\"\n    journalctl --since \"2023-10-25 09:00:00\" --until \"2023-10-25 17:00:00\"<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   G\u00f6receli Zaman:<\/strong><\/p>\n
journalctl --since \"1 hour ago\"         # Son 1 saatteki g\u00fcnl\u00fckler\n    journalctl --since \"yesterday\"          # D\u00fcnden itibaren g\u00fcnl\u00fckler\n    journalctl --since \"20 minutes ago\" --until \"5 minutes ago\" # Belirli bir aral\u0131k\n    journalctl --since \"09:00\"              # Bug\u00fcn saat 09:00'dan itibaren\n    journalctl --since \"last Monday\"        # Ge\u00e7en Pazartesi'den itibaren<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7ekirdek G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme (dmesg alternatifi)<\/h4>\n
\u00c7ekirdek mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 (dmesg<\/code> komutuyla g\u00f6r\u00fclenler) journalctl<\/code> ile de g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyebilirsiniz. Bu, \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini di\u011fer sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fckleriyle birlikte incelemenizi sa\u011flar:<\/p>\n
journalctl -k          # Sadece \u00e7ekirdek mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ayr\u0131ca, belirli bir a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan (boot) gelen g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri de g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Bu, \u00f6zellikle sistemin neden d\u00fczg\u00fcn ba\u015flat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
journalctl -b          # Mevcut a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan (current boot) gelen g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6sterir\njournalctl -b -1       # \u00d6nceki a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan (previous boot) gelen g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6sterir\njournalctl -b -2       # Ondan \u00f6nceki a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan gelen g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6sterir<\/code><\/pre>\n
Hangi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011funu ve indekslerini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
journalctl --list-boots<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, her a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in bir indeks (\u00f6rn. -0<\/code>, -1<\/code>), bir UUID ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7\/biti\u015f zaman damgalar\u0131n\u0131 listeler. Bu indeksleri -b<\/code> parametresiyle kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri Filtreleme<\/h3>\n
journalctl<\/code>‘nin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnl\u00fck veri setleri i\u00e7inden belirli bilgilere h\u0131zla ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 filtreleme yetenekleridir.<\/p>\n
Hizmete G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
Belirli bir systemd<\/code> servis biriminin (unit) g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n bir ihtiya\u00e7t\u0131r. -u<\/code> veya --unit<\/code> parametresi ile servis ad\u0131n\u0131 belirtebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl -u sshd.service        # sshd servisinin g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6sterir\njournalctl -u nginx               # nginx servisinin g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6sterir ('.service' eklenebilir)\njournalctl -u cron.service --since \"today\" # Bug\u00fcn cron servisinin g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri<\/code><\/pre>\n
Birden fazla servisi ayn\u0131 anda filtrelemek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n
journalctl -u sshd -u nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n
S\u00fcre\u00e7 Kimli\u011fine (PID) G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
Belirli bir s\u00fcrecin (process) \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in _PID<\/code> alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl _PID=12345             # PID 12345 olan s\u00fcrecin g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Kimli\u011fine (UID) G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
Belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in _UID<\/code> alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl _UID=1000              # UID 1000 olan kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir Dosyaya G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
Belirli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir dosyan\u0131n (executable) \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl \/usr\/bin\/sshd          # \/usr\/bin\/sshd taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen g\u00fcnl\u00fckler\njournalctl \/usr\/bin\/python3<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00d6ncelik Seviyesine G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck mesajlar\u0131, \u00f6nem derecelerine g\u00f6re \u00f6ncelik seviyeleriyle etiketlenir. -p<\/code> veya --priority<\/code> parametresi ile belirli bir \u00f6ncelik seviyesindeki veya daha y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli mesajlar\u0131 filtreleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\u00d6ncelik seviyeleri (0’dan 7’ye):
\n*   0: emerg<\/code> (Acil durumlar, sistem kullan\u0131lamaz)
\n*   1: alert<\/code> (Harekete ge\u00e7ilmesi gereken durumlar)
\n*   2: crit<\/code> (Kritik ko\u015fullar)
\n*   3: err<\/code> (Hata ko\u015fullar\u0131)
\n*   4: warning<\/code> (Uyar\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131)
\n*   5: notice<\/code> (Normal ama \u00f6nemli ko\u015fullar)
\n*   6: info<\/code> (Bilgilendirici mesajlar)
\n*   7: debug<\/code> (Hata ay\u0131klama mesajlar\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnekler:<\/p>\n
journalctl -p err                 # Hata (err) ve daha y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli (crit, alert, emerg) mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir\njournalctl -p warning             # Uyar\u0131 (warning) ve daha y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir\njournalctl -p info                # Bilgilendirici (info) ve daha y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir<\/code><\/pre>\n
Belirli bir aral\u0131ktaki \u00f6ncelikleri de belirtebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
journalctl -p warning..err        # Sadece warning, err, crit, alert, emerg seviyelerindeki mesajlar<\/code><\/pre>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck Alanlar\u0131na G\u00f6re Filtreleme<\/h4>\n
systemd Journal<\/code>, her g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdisi i\u00e7in zengin meta veriler (alanlar) depolar. Bu alanlar\u0131 kullanarak \u00e7ok spesifik filtrelemeler yapabilirsiniz. Baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n alanlar \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n*   _SYSTEMD_UNIT<\/code>: Servis biriminin ad\u0131 (\u00f6rn. sshd.service<\/code>)
\n*   _COMM<\/code>: G\u00f6nderici s\u00fcrecin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilir dosyas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 (\u00f6rn. bash<\/code>, sudo<\/code>)
\n*   _EXE<\/code>: G\u00f6nderici s\u00fcrecin tam y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilir dosya yolu
\n*   _HOSTNAME<\/code>: G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geldi\u011fi ana bilgisayar ad\u0131
\n*   _KERNEL_SUBSYSTEM<\/code>: \u00c7ekirdek alt sistemi (\u00f6rn. net<\/code>, block<\/code>)
\n*   _TRANSPORT<\/code>: G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn nas\u0131l al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u00f6rn. syslog<\/code>, kernel<\/code>, stdout<\/code>)<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnekler:<\/p>\n
journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=apache2.service\njournalctl _COMM=sudo\njournalctl _EXE=\/usr\/bin\/python3\njournalctl _HOSTNAME=mywebserver<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kullan\u0131labilir t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131 listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
journalctl -F _SYSTEMD_UNIT       # Sadece _SYSTEMD_UNIT alan\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlerini listeler<\/code><\/pre>\n
Metin Arama<\/h4>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7eri\u011finde belirli bir metin dizesini aramak i\u00e7in journalctl<\/code>‘nin kendi -g<\/code> veya --grep<\/code> parametresini kullanabilirsiniz. Bu, grep<\/code>‘i journalctl<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131na pipe etmekten daha verimli olabilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc arama ikili format \u00fczerinde yap\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
journalctl -g \"failed to start\"   # \"failed to start\" ifadesini i\u00e7eren g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri arar\njournalctl -u sshd -g \"authentication failed\" # sshd g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinde \"authentication failed\" arar<\/code><\/pre>\n
Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, journalctl<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 grep<\/code>‘e pipe etmek de s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntemdir ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k regex aramalar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla esneklik sunabilir:<\/p>\n
journalctl -u sshd | grep \"authentication failed\"<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 Formatlar\u0131 ve Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00d6zellikler<\/h3>\n
journalctl<\/code> sadece g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri filtrelemekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda farkl\u0131 formatlarda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 alman\u0131z\u0131 ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck depolamas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 Formatlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
journalctl<\/code> komutunun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 formatlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in -o<\/code> veya --output<\/code> parametresini kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
*   short<\/code> (Varsay\u0131lan):<\/strong> Standart syslog format\u0131nda, zaman damgas\u0131, ana bilgisayar ad\u0131 ve mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o short<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   short-iso<\/code>:<\/strong> ISO 8601 format\u0131nda zaman damgalar\u0131.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o short-iso<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   short-precise<\/code>:<\/strong> Mikrosaniye hassasiyetinde zaman damgalar\u0131.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o short-precise<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   verbose<\/code>:<\/strong> T\u00fcm dahili journal alanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Hata ay\u0131klama i\u00e7in \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   json<\/code>:<\/strong> Her g\u00fcnl\u00fck girdisini bir JSON nesnesi olarak g\u00f6sterir. Makine taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar i\u00e7in idealdir.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o json<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   json-pretty<\/code>:<\/strong> Okunabilir bir formatta girintili JSON \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o json-pretty<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   cat<\/code>:<\/strong> Sadece g\u00fcnl\u00fck mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir, herhangi bir meta veri veya zaman damgas\u0131 i\u00e7ermez.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o cat<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   export<\/code>:<\/strong> Journal’\u0131n ikili format\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 verir. G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri yedeklemek veya ba\u015fka bir makineye ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
journalctl -o export > journal_backup.bin<\/code><\/pre>\n
Disk Kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve Y\u00f6netimi<\/h4>\n
systemd Journal<\/code>‘\u0131n ikili format\u0131 ve merkezi depolamas\u0131, disk alan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netilmesini \u00f6nemli hale getirir. journalctl<\/code> ve journald.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131 bu konuda size yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
*   Journal’\u0131n Disk Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme:<\/strong><\/p>\n
journalctl --disk-usage<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komut, journal dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n diskte ne kadar yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetler.<\/p>\n
*   G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri Temizleme (Vacuuming):<\/strong>
\n    G\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir boyuta veya zamana g\u00f6re temizleyebilirsiniz. Bu i\u015flemler sudo<\/code> yetkisi gerektirir.<\/p>\n
sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=1G   # G\u00fcnl\u00fck boyutunu 1GB'a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr\n    sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=7d   # Son 7 g\u00fcnden eski g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri siler<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komutlar, belirtilen limitlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki en eski g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri siler.<\/p>\n
*   Kal\u0131c\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fck Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 (\/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n    Journal’\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilirsiniz.
\n    \u00d6nemli ayarlar:
\n    *   Storage=<\/code>: G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerin nerede saklanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.
\n        *   volatile<\/code>: \/run\/log\/journal<\/code> dizininde saklan\u0131r, yeniden ba\u015flatmada silinir. (Varsay\u0131lan)
\n        *   persistent<\/code>: \/var\/log\/journal<\/code> dizininde saklan\u0131r, yeniden ba\u015flatmalarda kal\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.
\n        *   auto<\/code>: \/var\/log\/journal<\/code> varsa persistent<\/code>, yoksa volatile<\/code>.
\n        *   none<\/code>: G\u00fcnl\u00fckleme devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.
\n    *   SystemMaxUse=<\/code>: Persistent depolama i\u00e7in maksimum disk alan\u0131. \u00d6rn: SystemMaxUse=5G<\/code>
\n    *   SystemKeepFree=<\/code>: Persistent depolama i\u00e7in her zaman bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131lacak disk alan\u0131. \u00d6rn: SystemKeepFree=15%<\/code>
\n    *   SystemMaxFileSize=<\/code>: Tek bir journal dosyas\u0131n\u0131n maksimum boyutu. \u00d6rn: SystemMaxFileSize=200M<\/code>
\n    *   RuntimeMaxUse=<\/code>, RuntimeKeepFree=<\/code>, RuntimeMaxFileSize=<\/code>: Ayn\u0131 ayarlar volatile<\/code> (RAM) depolama i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n
    Kal\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in:
\n    1.  \/var\/log\/journal<\/code> dizinini olu\u015fturun: sudo mkdir -p \/var\/log\/journal<\/code>
\n    2.  \/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda Storage=persistent<\/code> veya Storage=auto<\/code> ayar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131n.
\n    3.  sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald<\/code> komutuyla journald servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Uzak G\u00fcnl\u00fck Sunucusu (Remote Journal Server)<\/h4>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck altyap\u0131larda, g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri merkezi bir sunucuda toplamak ve analiz etmek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. systemd<\/code> bu yetene\u011fi systemd-journal-remote<\/code> ve systemd-journal-upload<\/code> servisleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flar. systemd-journal-upload<\/code> istemcilerden g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri toplar, systemd-journal-remote<\/code> ise bu g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri al\u0131r ve yerel journal’a yazar. Bu, g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00f6netimini daha \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir ve y\u00f6netilebilir hale getirir. Bu makale bu konuyu derinlemesine incelemese de, journalctl<\/code>‘nin uzak g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri de g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyebildi\u011fini bilmek \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
En \u0130yi Uygulamalar ve Sorun Giderme \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n
journalctl<\/code>‘yi etkin bir \u015fekilde kullanmak, sistem y\u00f6netimi ve sorun giderme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinizi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131 en iyi uygulamalar ve ipu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/p>\n
*   D\u00fczenli G\u00fcnl\u00fck Kontrolleri:<\/strong> Sisteminizin genel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli olarak journalctl -p err<\/code> veya journalctl -p warning<\/code> komutlar\u0131yla hata ve uyar\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini kontrol edin.
\n*   Sorun Giderme Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 Noktas\u0131:<\/strong> Bir sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, journalctl -f<\/code> ile ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 izleyerek ba\u015flay\u0131n. Ard\u0131ndan, sorunun ne zaman ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyorsan\u0131z --since<\/code> parametresini kullanarak o zamandan itibaren g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri inceleyin.
\n*   Hizmet Odakl\u0131 Yakla\u015f\u0131m:<\/strong> Belirli bir servis (\u00f6rn. web sunucusu, veritaban\u0131) ile ilgili bir sorun varsa, -u <\/code> filtresini kullan\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, journalctl -u apache2.service --since \"10 minutes ago\" -p err<\/code>
\n*   Kombine Filtreler:<\/strong> journalctl<\/code>‘nin g\u00fcc\u00fc, birden fazla filtreyi birle\u015ftirebilme yetene\u011finde yatar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, journalctl -u sshd --since \"yesterday\" -g \"failed\" -p warning..err<\/code> komutu, d\u00fcnden itibaren sshd servisinin hata ve uyar\u0131 seviyesindeki “failed” kelimesini i\u00e7eren t\u00fcm g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6sterir.
\n*   Disk Alan\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> journalctl --disk-usage<\/code> komutunu d\u00fczenli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerin diskte ne kadar yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 takip edin. Gerekirse --vacuum-size<\/code> veya --vacuum-time<\/code> ile temizleme i\u015flemleri yap\u0131n veya \/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki ayarlar\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irin.
\n*   Kal\u0131c\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fckleri Etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/strong> E\u011fer sistem yeniden ba\u015flatmalar\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinizi kaybetmek istemiyorsan\u0131z, kal\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck depolamas\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirdi\u011finizden emin olun. Bu, \u00f6zellikle sistem \u00e7\u00f6kmeleri veya beklenmedik yeniden ba\u015flatmalar sonras\u0131 sorun giderme i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.
\n*   Zaman Dilimi Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131:<\/strong> journalctl<\/code> varsay\u0131lan olarak UTC zaman diliminde g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00f6sterir. journalctl --utc<\/code> ile UTC zaman\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtebilir veya journalctl --localtime<\/code> ile yerel zaman diliminize g\u00f6re g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyebilirsiniz.
\n*   Uzaktan G\u00fcnl\u00fck Eri\u015fimi:<\/strong> SSH \u00fczerinden journalctl<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, uzak sunuculardaki g\u00fcnl\u00fckleri incelemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli ve etkili bir yoldur: ssh user@remote_host \"sudo journalctl -u nginx\"<\/code>
\n*   G\u00fcvenlik \u0130zleme:<\/strong> journalctl -u sshd -g \"Failed password for\"<\/code> veya journalctl _AUDIT_LOGIN=yes<\/code> gibi komutlarla \u015f\u00fcpheli oturum a\u00e7ma giri\u015fimlerini veya g\u00fcvenlik olaylar\u0131n\u0131 izleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
journalctl<\/code>, modern Linux sistemlerinde g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00f6netiminin ve sorun gidermenin temel ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Geleneksel syslog sistemlerine k\u0131yasla sundu\u011fu merkezi, yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ikili g\u00fcnl\u00fck depolama sistemi, g\u00fcnl\u00fck verilerine eri\u015fimi, filtrelemeyi ve analizi \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve verimli hale getirmi\u015ftir. Bu makalede ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z temel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme komutlar\u0131ndan, geli\u015fmi\u015f filtreleme se\u00e7eneklerine, farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 formatlar\u0131ndan disk y\u00f6netimi \u00f6zelliklerine kadar journalctl<\/code>‘nin geni\u015f yetenekleri, sistem y\u00f6neticileri ve geli\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in paha bi\u00e7ilmez bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
journalctl<\/code>‘yi etkili bir \u015fekilde kullanarak, sisteminizin performans\u0131n\u0131 izleyebilir, g\u00fcvenlik olaylar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebilir, uygulama hatalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla te\u015fhis edebilir ve genel sistem kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilirsiniz. Unutmay\u0131n ki, iyi bir sistem y\u00f6neticisi, g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini okumay\u0131 ve anlamay\u0131 bilen ki\u015fidir. journalctl<\/code> ile bu beceriyi ustaca kullanabilir ve Linux sistemlerinizin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc elinizde tutabilirsiniz. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc arac\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131za entegre etmek, \u015f\u00fcphesiz daha verimli ve sorunsuz bir Linux deneyimi sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"journalctl Kullanarak Linux’ta systemd G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve Y\u00f6netme\nLinux sistemlerinde, sistemin ve uygulamalar\u0131n durumu hakk\u0131nda bil","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-37074","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\njournalctl Kullanarak Linux'ta systemd G\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve Y\u00f6netme - 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