Ronald Coase’in “Firman\u0131n Do\u011fas\u0131” makalesi, \u015firketlerin neden var oldu\u011funu ve operasyonel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flem maliyetleri perspektifinden a\u00e7\u0131klayan \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Ancak dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ve a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak hareketinin y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle birlikte, geleneksel firma yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, merkezi olmayan ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 yeni organizasyon modelleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu makalede, Coase’in teorisini Linux gibi devasa bir a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projesi \u00fczerinden yeniden ele alacak, i\u015flem maliyetlerinin dijital ortamda nas\u0131l farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve “Coase’in Pengueni” metaforunun modern ekonomik organizasyonlar\u0131 anlamam\u0131z i\u00e7in ne gibi ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sundu\u011funu inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Ronald Coase, 1937 tarihli makalesinde, piyasa mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n fiyatlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kaynaklar\u0131 tahsis etme yetene\u011fine ra\u011fmen firmalar\u0131n neden var oldu\u011funu sorgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Coase’e g\u00f6re, firmalar\u0131n varl\u0131k nedeni, piyasada i\u015flem yapman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi maliyetleri azaltmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015flem maliyetleri, bir mal veya hizmetin al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan maliyetlerdir. Bunlar, fiyatlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma, s\u00f6zle\u015fme haz\u0131rlama ve m\u00fczakere etme, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 denetleme ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme maliyetlerini i\u00e7erir. Coase, bu maliyetlerin piyasa i\u015flemlerini bazen firmalar\u0131n i\u00e7indeki hiyerar\u015fik koordinasyondan daha pahal\u0131 hale getirebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6rne\u011fin, her bir i\u015fin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 piyasadan sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 yerine, bir firma i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 istihdam etmek, s\u00fcrekli s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma ve m\u00fczakere etme maliyetlerinden tasarruf sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n
Coase, firman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n, i\u00e7erideki koordinasyon maliyetleri ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki piyasa i\u015flem maliyetleri aras\u0131ndaki dengeye ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bir firma, i\u00e7erideki koordinasyon maliyetleri (y\u00f6netim, b\u00fcrokrasi) piyasa i\u015flem maliyetlerinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam eder. Ancak bir noktada, firman\u0131n i\u00e7indeki koordinasyon maliyetleri, piyasadan hizmet alman\u0131n maliyetlerini a\u015fabilir ve bu da firman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zetle, firmalar, belirli \u00fcretim ve hizmet s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini piyasa yerine kendi b\u00fcnyelerinde organize ederek i\u015flem maliyetlerini minimize etmek i\u00e7in var olurlar. Bu, \u00f6zellikle belirsizli\u011fin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu, s\u0131k s\u0131k tekrar eden i\u015flemlerin oldu\u011fu ve \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f varl\u0131klar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda daha belirgin hale gelir.<\/p>\n
Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011fi, binlerce g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geli\u015ftiricinin d\u00fcnya genelinde i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131, merkezi olmayan bir organizasyonun en parlak \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. Bu yap\u0131, geleneksel firma modellerine meydan okumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Linux, geleneksel bir firman\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131dan, m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131ndan ve \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan yoksundur. Geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcreci, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc katk\u0131lar, e-posta listeleri, forumlar ve Git gibi versiyon kontrol sistemleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla koordine edilir. Projenin “sahibi” yoktur; kod taban\u0131 ortak m\u00fclkiyettir ve genellikle GPL (Genel Kamu Lisans\u0131) alt\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Linux geli\u015ftiricileri, geleneksel anlamda bir “maa\u015f” kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmazlar. Motivasyonlar\u0131 genellikle teknik zorluklar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme arzusu, prestij, \u00f6\u011frenme, toplulu\u011fa katk\u0131da bulunma iste\u011fi veya ki\u015fisel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir arac\u0131 geli\u015ftirme gibi i\u00e7sel fakt\u00f6rlere dayan\u0131r. Baz\u0131 geli\u015ftiriciler, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kullanan \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan istihdam edilse de, katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Linux projesi, Linus Torvalds’\u0131n nihai karar verici oldu\u011fu bir \u00e7ekirdek ekibe sahip olsa da, genel koordinasyon b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k ve e\u015fler aras\u0131d\u0131r. Yamalar (patch) e-posta listeleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6nderilir, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve incelenir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131k inceleme s\u00fcreci, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n kalitesini art\u0131r\u0131r ve hatalar\u0131n h\u0131zla tespit edilip d\u00fczeltilmesini sa\u011flar. Merkezi bir otorite yerine, toplulu\u011fun kolektif akl\u0131 ve uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devreye girer.<\/p>\n
Linux’un ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, Coase’in i\u015flem maliyetleri teorisini dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekleriyle yeniden yorumlamam\u0131z\u0131 gerektirir. A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projeler, geleneksel firmalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flem maliyetlerini radikal bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u0130nternet ve modern ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131, co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak k\u00fcresel i\u015fbirli\u011fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir yama g\u00f6ndermek, bir hata bildirmek veya bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lmak, geleneksel bir firmada bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme m\u00fczakere etmekten \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetlidir. Git gibi versiyon kontrol sistemleri, kod entegrasyonu ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc otomatikle\u015ftirerek koordinasyon maliyetlerini minimize eder.<\/p>\n
\n# \u00d6rnek bir Linux geli\u015ftiricisinin i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131\ngit clone https:\/\/github.com\/torvalds\/linux.git\ncd linux\ngit checkout -b my_feature_branch\n# Kod de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yap\u0131l\u0131r\ngit add .\ngit commit -m \"feat: Yeni \u00f6zellik eklendi\"\ngit format-patch HEAD~1 # Yama dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturma\n# Yama, e-posta listesine g\u00f6nderilir ve incelenir\n<\/pre>\n<\/code><\/p>\n
Kontrat ve M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131 Sorunu<\/h4>\n
Geleneksel firmalarda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ile firma aras\u0131nda yasal s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k kaynakta ise GPL gibi lisanslar, m\u00fclkiyetin bireylerden ziyade toplulu\u011fa ait oldu\u011funu ve kullan\u0131m, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve de\u011fi\u015ftirme haklar\u0131n\u0131n herkese a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu belirtir. Bu durum, her bir katk\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma maliyetini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcven ve \u0130tibar\u0131n Rol\u00fc<\/h4>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerde, geleneksel firmalardaki gibi yasal yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar yerine g\u00fcven ve itibar mekanizmalar\u0131 i\u015flem maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmede kritik rol oynar. Kaliteli katk\u0131lar sunan geli\u015ftiriciler topluluk i\u00e7inde itibar kazan\u0131r ve bu da onlar\u0131n gelecekteki katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n daha kolay kabul edilmesini sa\u011flar. K\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli veya kalitesiz katk\u0131lar ise h\u0131zla reddedilir ve geli\u015ftiricinin itibar\u0131na zarar verir. Bu, bir t\u00fcr \"sosyal kontrat\" i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Linux Ekosisteminde M\u00fclkiyet ve De\u011fer Yarat\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak modeli, m\u00fclkiyet ve de\u011fer yarat\u0131m\u0131 konusunda geleneksel yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan farkl\u0131 bir paradigma sunar.<\/p>\n
Ortak M\u00fclkiyet ve Lisanslama (GPL)<\/h4>\n
Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011fi, GNU Genel Kamu Lisans\u0131 (GPL) alt\u0131nda lisanslanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu lisans, yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na, incelenmesine, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verir, ancak bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin t\u00fcrev \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda da korunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far. Bu, kodun \"ortak m\u00fclkiyet\" gibi hareket etmesini sa\u011flar ve kimsenin onu tamamen sahiplenmesini engeller. Bu durum, Coase'in m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flem maliyetlerini nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 analizlere yeni bir boyut getirir.<\/p>\n
De\u011fer Yarat\u0131m\u0131 ve Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\n
Linux'un yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fer muazzamd\u0131r. Sunuculardan ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlara kadar milyarlarca cihazda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ancak bu de\u011fer, do\u011frudan bir firma taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, k\u00fcresel bir topluluk taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131l\u0131r ve genellikle \u00fccretsiz olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. De\u011ferin ekonomik olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc genellikle hizmetler, destek, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme ve donan\u0131m entegrasyonu gibi alanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Firmalar\u0131n A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynakla Etkile\u015fimi<\/h4>\n
Bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck teknoloji firmas\u0131 (IBM, Google, Red Hat, SUSE vb.) Linux'a \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunur. Bu firmalar, kendi \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hizmetlerini Linux \u00fczerinde in\u015fa ettikleri i\u00e7in \u00e7ekirde\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesine yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparlar. Bu durum, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak modelinin sadece g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fckten ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda stratejik i\u015f kararlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bu firmalar i\u00e7in, Linux'a katk\u0131da bulunmak, kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin temelini olu\u015fturan altyap\u0131n\u0131n kalitesini ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na bir i\u015flem maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme stratejisidir.<\/p>\n
Geleneksel Firmalar ve A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak Modeli Aras\u0131ndaki K\u00f6pr\u00fcler<\/h3>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak modeli, geleneksel firma yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmasa da, onlar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme potansiyeline sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Hibrit Modeller ve \u0130\u00e7 A\u00e7\u0131k Kaynak<\/h4>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok firma, hem geleneksel hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131lar\u0131 hem de a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak prensiplerini birle\u015ftiren hibrit modelleri benimsemektedir. \"\u0130\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak\" (InnerSource) ad\u0131 verilen bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, firmalar\u0131n kendi i\u00e7 projelerinde a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak geli\u015ftirme metodolojilerini (a\u00e7\u0131k ileti\u015fim, ortak kod taban\u0131, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc katk\u0131lar) kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu, firman\u0131n i\u00e7indeki i\u015flem maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir ve inovasyonu h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n
Kurumsal Kat\u0131l\u0131m ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik<\/h4>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi, giderek artan bir \u015fekilde kurumsal kat\u0131l\u0131ma ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Firmalar, geli\u015ftiricileri istihdam ederek, altyap\u0131 sa\u011flayarak ve finansal destek sunarak a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak ekosistemine katk\u0131da bulunur. Bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, hem firmalar\u0131n hem de a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerinin faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir simbiyotik ili\u015fki yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gelece\u011fin Organizasyon Modelleri<\/h4>\n
Linux gibi projeler, gelece\u011fin organizasyon modelleri i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nc\u00fc olabilir. Geleneksel hiyerar\u015filerin yerini daha esnek, adaptif ve a\u011f tabanl\u0131 yap\u0131lar alabilir. Dijitalle\u015fme ve otomasyonun artmas\u0131yla, i\u015flem maliyetleri daha da d\u00fc\u015fecek ve bu da daha fazla \"Coase'in Pengueni\" benzeri yap\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Linux'tan Al\u0131nacak Dersler ve Uygulamalar<\/h3>\n
Linux'un ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, sadece yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, genel olarak organizasyon ve y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in de\u011ferli dersler sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Esneklik ve Adaptasyon Yetene\u011fi<\/h4>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projeler, de\u011fi\u015fen ihtiya\u00e7lara ve teknolojik geli\u015fmelere h\u0131zla adapte olabilen esnek yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Merkezi olmayan karar alma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve mod\u00fcler mimarileri, h\u0131zl\u0131 iterasyona ve yenili\u011fe olanak tan\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle belirsizli\u011fin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kritik bir yetenektir.<\/p>\n
Topluluk G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Ke\u015ffi<\/h4>\n
Linux, k\u00fcresel bir toplulu\u011fun kolektif zekas\u0131n\u0131n ve tutkusunun ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Firmalar, kendi i\u00e7lerinde veya d\u0131\u015f payda\u015flar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilerinde topluluk olu\u015fturma ve bu topluluklar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalanma yollar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rabilirler. Bu, m\u00fc\u015fteri ili\u015fkilerinden \u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftirmeye kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazede uygulanabilir.<\/p>\n
Yenilik\u00e7ilik ve Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k Ak\u0131l<\/h4>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak modeli, yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fi te\u015fvik eden bir ortam yarat\u0131r. Herkesin koda eri\u015fimi ve katk\u0131da bulunma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, fikirlerin serbest\u00e7e akmas\u0131n\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 perspektiflerin bir araya gelmesini sa\u011flar. Bu \"da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k ak\u0131l\" yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, tek bir firman\u0131n i\u00e7indeki Ar-Ge departman\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir inovasyon potansiyeli sunar.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Ronald Coase'in firmalar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 analizler, i\u015flem maliyetlerinin ekonomik organizasyonlar\u0131n \u015fekillenmesindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc anlamam\u0131z i\u00e7in temel bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Ancak Linux gibi a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projeler, dijital \u00e7a\u011fda i\u015flem maliyetlerinin radikal bir \u015fekilde nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fini ve bunun sonucunda geleneksel firma yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck ve ortak m\u00fclkiyet \u00fczerine kurulu devasa ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 organizasyonlar\u0131n nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Coase'in Pengueni, sadece bir metafor de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda modern ekonomideki yeni organizasyonel paradigmalar\u0131n bir sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu paradigmalar, firmalar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden tan\u0131ml\u0131yor, i\u015fbirli\u011fi, g\u00fcven ve a\u00e7\u0131k ileti\u015fim gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin ekonomik de\u011feri nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini vurguluyor. Gelecekte, geleneksel firmalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak modellerinden ilham alarak daha esnek, adaptif ve topluluk odakl\u0131 yap\u0131lar geli\u015ftirmesi muhtemeldir. Bu, Coase'in miras\u0131n\u0131 dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekleriyle zenginle\u015ftiren heyecan verici bir evrimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SSS (S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular)<\/h3>\nCoase'in Firman\u0131n Do\u011fas\u0131 teorisi nedir?<\/h4>\n
Ronald Coase'in teorisi, firmalar\u0131n piyasa i\u015flemlerinin getirdi\u011fi maliyetleri (i\u015flem maliyetleri) azaltmak i\u00e7in var oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Firma, i\u00e7erideki koordinasyon maliyetleri piyasadaki i\u015flem maliyetlerinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece b\u00fcy\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Linux, geleneksel firma kavram\u0131na nas\u0131l meydan okuyor?<\/h4>\n
Linux, merkezi bir hiyerar\u015fisi, \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 veya geleneksel anlamda bir \"sahibi\" olmayan, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 k\u00fcresel bir projedir. Bu yap\u0131s\u0131, Coase'in tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flem maliyetlerini farkl\u0131 mekanizmalarla (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ileti\u015fim maliyetleri, itibar, GPL lisans\u0131) y\u00f6neterek geleneksel firma modelinin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projeler firma m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h4>\n
Geleneksel ekonomik ve yasal anlamda a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projeler \"firma\" de\u011fildir. Bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe, hissedarlara veya k\u00e2r amac\u0131na sahip de\u011fillerdir. Ancak, Coase'in i\u015flem maliyetleri perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kaynaklar\u0131 koordine etme ve de\u011fer yaratma i\u015flevlerini yerine getiren alternatif organizasyonel yap\u0131lar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilirler.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynakta i\u015flem maliyetleri nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr?<\/h4>\n
Dijital ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (e-posta listeleri, forumlar), versiyon kontrol sistemleri (Git), a\u00e7\u0131k lisanslama modelleri (GPL) ve itibar mekanizmalar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma, m\u00fczakere, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma ve denetleme gibi i\u015flem maliyetlerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerde paran\u0131n rol\u00fc nedir?<\/h4>\n
Do\u011frudan geli\u015ftiricilere maa\u015f \u00f6deme \u015feklinde olmasa da, para a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak ekosisteminde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Firmalar, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerine katk\u0131da bulunan geli\u015ftiricileri istihdam eder, altyap\u0131 ve finansal destek sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak yaz\u0131l\u0131m etraf\u0131nda hizmet, destek ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme i\u015f modelleri geli\u015ftirilerek ekonomik de\u011fer yarat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ronald Coase, 1937 tarihli makalesinde, piyasa mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n fiyatlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kaynaklar\u0131 tahsis etme yetene\u011fine ra\u011fmen firmalar\u0131n neden var o…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-37020","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n
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