Merhaba example.com<\/title><\/head><body><\/body><\/html>\" | sudo tee \/var\/www\/example.com\/html\/index.html<\/code><\/pre>\nApache’nin web dizinlerine eri\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fru dosya izinlerini ve sahipliklerini ayarlamam\u0131z gerekir. Apache varsay\u0131lan olarak <code>apache<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve grubu alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chown -R apache:apache \/var\/www\/example.com\nsudo chmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\nSELinux Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131:<\/strong> CentOS’un g\u00fcvenlik katman\u0131 olan SELinux, Apache’nin yeni olu\u015fturulan dizinlere eri\u015fmesini engelleyebilir. Bu durumu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in, yeni web dizininin SELinux ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 <code>httpd_sys_content_t<\/code> olarak ayarlamam\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t \"\/var\/www\/example.com(\/.*)?\"\nsudo restorecon -Rv \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komutlar, <code>\/var\/www\/example.com<\/code> dizini ve alt\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm dosyalar i\u00e7in do\u011fru SELinux ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 atar.<\/p>\nT\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden sonra, Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zdizimini test etmek ve ard\u0131ndan servisi yeniden ba\u015flatmak \u00f6nemlidir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apachectl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 <code>Syntax OK<\/code> ise, her \u015fey yolunda demektir. \u015eimdi Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k <code>example.com<\/code> (veya <code>www.example.com<\/code>) alan ad\u0131n\u0131 taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz “example.com \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor!” sayfas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. (Bu alan ad\u0131n\u0131n DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 sunucunuzun IP adresine y\u00f6nlendirmeniz gerekti\u011fini unutmay\u0131n.)<\/p>\n<h3>Apache ile SSL\/TLS Kullan\u0131m\u0131 (HTTPS)<\/h3>\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde web siteleri i\u00e7in SSL\/TLS (HTTPS) kullan\u0131m\u0131 bir zorunluluk haline gelmi\u015ftir. HTTPS, taray\u0131c\u0131 ile sunucu aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi \u015fifreleyerek veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flar, SEO a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir ve bir\u00e7ok modern taray\u0131c\u0131 HTTP sitelerini “g\u00fcvensiz” olarak i\u015faretler.<\/p>\nCentOS 8’de Apache ile HTTPS kullanmak i\u00e7in <code>mod_ssl<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kurmam\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo dnf install mod_ssl -y<\/code><\/pre>\nBu mod\u00fcl, SSL\/TLS sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek ve HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in gereken bile\u015fenleri sa\u011flar. Kurulumdan sonra Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekmez, ancak yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken her zaman yeniden ba\u015flatmak iyi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\nHTTPS yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir SSL sertifikas\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. Bu sertifikay\u0131 Let’s Encrypt gibi \u00fccretsiz bir sertifika sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan alabilir veya kendi imzal\u0131 (self-signed) bir sertifika olu\u015fturabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h4>Let’s Encrypt ile SSL<\/h4>\nLet’s Encrypt, \u00fccretsiz, otomatik ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir Sertifika Yetkilisidir (CA). <code>certbot<\/code> arac\u0131, Let’s Encrypt sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 Apache ile entegre etmek i\u00e7in en kolay yoldur.<\/p>\n\u00d6ncelikle <code>epel-release<\/code> deposunu etkinle\u015ftirmemiz ve ard\u0131ndan <code>certbot<\/code> ve Apache eklentisini kurmam\u0131z gerekiyor:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo dnf install epel-release -y\nsudo dnf install certbot python3-certbot-apache -y<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulumdan sonra, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in bir sertifika almak \u00fczere <code>certbot<\/code>‘u \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot --apache<\/code><\/pre>\n<code>certbot<\/code>, alan adlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 otomatik olarak alg\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ve size hangi alan adlar\u0131 i\u00e7in sertifika almak istedi\u011finizi soracakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir e-posta adresi girmeniz ve hizmet \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeniz istenecektir. Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda, HTTP trafi\u011fini HTTPS’e y\u00f6nlendirmek isteyip istemedi\u011finiz de sorulacakt\u0131r; genellikle bu se\u00e7ene\u011fi kabul etmek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<code>certbot<\/code> i\u015flemi tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131z otomatik olarak Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131za eklenecek ve HTTPS \u00fczerinden sitenize eri\u015filebilir olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\nLet’s Encrypt sertifikalar\u0131 90 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7erlidir. <code>certbot<\/code> paketi, sertifikalar\u0131 otomatik olarak yenilemek i\u00e7in bir <code>cron<\/code> i\u015fi veya <code>systemd<\/code> zamanlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da kurar. Yenileme i\u015fleminin d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in bir kuru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma (dry-run) yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot renew --dry-run<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Kendi \u0130mzal\u0131 Sertifika (Self-Signed)<\/h4>\nGeli\u015ftirme veya test ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi imzal\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. Bu sertifikalar taray\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenilir olarak kabul edilmez ve bir uyar\u0131 mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6sterir, ancak \u015fifrelenmi\u015f bir ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nKendi imzal\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in <code>openssl<\/code> kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout \/etc\/pki\/tls\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key -out \/etc\/pki\/tls\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut sizden baz\u0131 bilgiler (\u00fclke, \u015fehir, organizasyon vb.) isteyecektir. <code>Common Name<\/code> alan\u0131na sunucunuzun IP adresini veya alan ad\u0131n\u0131 girin.<\/p>\nSertifika ve anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturduktan sonra, Apache’nin <code>ssl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek bu sertifikalar\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo vi \/etc\/httpd\/conf.d\/ssl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<code>SSLCertificateFile<\/code> ve <code>SSLCertificateKeyFile<\/code> y\u00f6nergelerini olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz sertifika ve anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n yollar\u0131yla g\u00fcncelleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-apache\">SSLCertificateFile \/etc\/pki\/tls\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt\nSSLCertificateKeyFile \/etc\/pki\/tls\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin ve Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan <code>https:\/\/your_server_ip_or_domain<\/code> adresine gitti\u011finizde, bir g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131s\u0131 ile birlikte sitenize HTTPS \u00fczerinden eri\u015febileceksiniz.<\/p>\n<h3>Apache Y\u00f6netimi \u0130\u00e7in Temel Komutlar<\/h3>\nApache servisini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in <code>systemctl<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131r\u0131z:<\/p>\n* Ba\u015flatma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl start httpd<\/code> \n* Durdurma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl stop httpd<\/code> \n* Yeniden Ba\u015flatma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code> (Servisi durdurur ve tekrar ba\u015flat\u0131r.) \n* Yeniden Y\u00fckleme:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl reload httpd<\/code> (Servisi durdurmadan yap\u0131land\u0131rma de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini uygular. Kesinti s\u00fcresi olmadan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmak i\u00e7in idealdir.) \n* Durumu Kontrol Etme:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl status httpd<\/code> \n* Sistem Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Etkinle\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl enable httpd<\/code> \n* Sistem Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl disable httpd<\/code><\/p>\nAyr\u0131ca, Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zdizimi hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in <code>apachectl<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apachectl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce olas\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma hatalar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\nApache kurulumu ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirsiniz. \u0130\u015fte bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n<h4>Firewall Engeli<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Apache \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ancak web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan eri\u015filemiyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n HTTP (80) ve HTTPS (443) portlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo firewall-cmd --list-all\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https\nsudo firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>SELinux Engeli<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Web sitesi “Forbidden” hatas\u0131 veriyor veya olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz dizinlere eri\u015filemiyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> SELinux’un Apache’nin web dizinlerine eri\u015fimini engellemesi yayg\u0131n bir durumdur. Web i\u00e7eri\u011finizin bulundu\u011fu dizinler i\u00e7in do\u011fru SELinux ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t \"\/var\/www\/example.com(\/.*)?\"\nsudo restorecon -Rv \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer hala sorun ya\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, SELinux’u ge\u00e7ici olarak devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p sorunun SELinux’tan kaynaklan\u0131p kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilirsiniz: <code>sudo setenforce 0<\/code>. Sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcrse, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in ba\u011flamlar\u0131 do\u011fru ayarlaman\u0131z veya SELinux kurallar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz gerekir. G\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan SELinux’u kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak \u00f6nerilmez.<\/p>\n<h4>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Hatas\u0131<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Apache servisi ba\u015flat\u0131lam\u0131yor veya <code>configtest<\/code> hatas\u0131 veriyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131zda bir s\u00f6zdizimi hatas\u0131 olabilir. <code>sudo apachectl configtest<\/code> komutunu kullanarak hatay\u0131 tespit edin. Genellikle hata mesaj\u0131nda hangi dosyan\u0131n ve sat\u0131r\u0131n sorunlu oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Hata g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini (<code>\/var\/log\/httpd\/error_log<\/code>) kontrol etmek de sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<h4>Servis Ba\u015flat\u0131lam\u0131yor<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl start httpd<\/code> komutu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oluyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Daha detayl\u0131 hata mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in <code>sudo systemctl status httpd<\/code> veya <code>sudo journalctl -xe | grep httpd<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131n. Genellikle port \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (ba\u015fka bir servisin 80 veya 443 portunu kullanmas\u0131) veya yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131ndaki ciddi bir hata bu duruma neden olabilir.<\/p>\n<h4>Eri\u015fim \u0130zinleri<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Web sitesi “403 Forbidden” hatas\u0131 veriyor veya dosyalara eri\u015femiyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Web dizinlerinizin ve dosyalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n Apache kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (<code>apache<\/code>) taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chown -R apache:apache \/var\/www\/your_website\nsudo chmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/your_website<\/code><\/pre>\nAyr\u0131ca <code><Directory><\/code> bloklar\u0131nda <code>Require all granted<\/code> y\u00f6nergesinin do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n<h3>Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\nBu makalede, CentOS 8 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine Apache web sunucusunun nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve yayg\u0131n sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131k. Apache’nin kurulumu ve ilk yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a basit olsa da, g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ayarlar\u0131, SELinux politikalar\u0131 ve sanal host yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 gibi ad\u0131mlar dikkat gerektirir.<\/p>\nArt\u0131k CentOS 8 sunucunuzda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir Apache web sunucunuz var. Bu temel kurulumun \u00fczerine PHP, MySQL\/MariaDB gibi ek bile\u015fenleri kurarak dinamik web uygulamalar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilir veya WordPress gibi pop\u00fcler i\u00e7erik y\u00f6netim sistemlerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz. Apache’nin mod\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 ve geni\u015f yap\u0131land\u0131rma se\u00e7enekleri sayesinde, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re sunucunuzu daha da optimize edebilir ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini art\u0131rabilirsiniz. G\u00fcvenli\u011finiz i\u00e7in her zaman sisteminizi ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcncel tutmay\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc parolalar kullanmay\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli yedeklemeler yapmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"CentOS 8 \u00dczerine Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu\nApache HTTP Sunucusu, d\u00fcnya genelinde en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 web sunucular\u0131ndan bir","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-35741","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n<title>CentOS 8 \u00dczerine Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu - 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{"id":35741,"date":"2025-12-03T10:40:46","date_gmt":"2025-12-03T07:40:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=35741"},"modified":"2025-12-03T10:40:46","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T07:40:46","slug":"centos-8-uzerine-apache-web-sunucusu-kurulumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/centos-8-uzerine-apache-web-sunucusu-kurulumu\/","title":{"rendered":"CentOS 8 \u00dczerine Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

CentOS 8 \u00dczerine Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h2>\n
Apache HTTP Sunucusu, d\u00fcnya genelinde en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 web sunucular\u0131ndan biridir. Esnek yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri ve geni\u015f topluluk deste\u011fi sayesinde milyonlarca web sitesine g\u00fc\u00e7 vermektedir. CentOS 8 ise, kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve kurumsal kullan\u0131ma uygunlu\u011fu ile bilinen pop\u00fcler bir Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makalede, CentOS 8 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine Apache web sunucusunun nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Amac\u0131m\u0131z, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 seviyesinden ileri seviyeye kadar t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n Apache’yi CentOS 8 ortam\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131yla kurup yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/h3>\n
\u0130nternet d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan web sunucular\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n web taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla talep etti\u011fi web sayfalar\u0131n\u0131, resimleri, videolar\u0131 ve di\u011fer i\u00e7erikleri sunmakla g\u00f6revlidir. Bu sunucular aras\u0131nda Apache HTTP Sunucusu, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak kodlu olmas\u0131, mod\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 ve platform ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi gibi \u00f6zellikleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6zellikle Linux tabanl\u0131 sunucu sistemlerinde tercih edilen Apache, dinamik i\u00e7erik sunumu, sanal host y\u00f6netimi ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zellikleriyle her t\u00fcrl\u00fc web projesine uyum sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n
CentOS 8, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) tabanl\u0131, topluluk destekli bir i\u015fletim sistemi olup, \u00f6zellikle sunucu ortamlar\u0131nda g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ve uzun vadeli deste\u011fi nedeniyle s\u0131k\u00e7a tercih edilir. Bu kombinasyon, stabil ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir web altyap\u0131s\u0131 kurmak isteyenler i\u00e7in ideal bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Bu makalede, CentOS 8’in paket y\u00f6neticisi olan DNF’yi kullanarak Apache’yi kuracak, g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131racak, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapacak ve bir web sitesini yay\u0131na alaca\u011f\u0131z. Ayr\u0131ca, SSL\/TLS ile g\u00fcvenli ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 ve SELinux gibi \u00f6nemli g\u00fcvenlik bile\u015fenlerini de ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n Gereksinimler<\/h3>\n
Apache kurulumuna ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6n gereksinimlerin kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z:<\/p>\n
* CentOS 8 \u0130\u015fletim Sistemi:<\/strong> Kurulumu yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z, temiz bir CentOS 8 sunucusu (fiziksel, sanal makine veya VPS) haz\u0131r olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n* Sudo Yetkileri:<\/strong> Kurulum ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in sudo<\/code> yetkilerine sahip, root olmayan bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. G\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile do\u011frudan i\u015flem yapmak yerine sudo<\/code> kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. \n* SSH Eri\u015fimi:<\/strong> Sunucuya SSH \u00fczerinden ba\u011flanabilmeniz gerekmektedir. \u00c7o\u011fu sunucu sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 bu eri\u015fimi varsay\u0131lan olarak sunar. \n* Temel A\u011f Bilgisi:<\/strong> Sunucunun IP adresini ve temel a\u011f yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 bilmek faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sistem G\u00fcncellemesi<\/h3>\nHerhangi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m kurulumuna ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sistemin g\u00fcncel olmas\u0131, olas\u0131 uyumluluk sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek ve en son g\u00fcvenlik yamalar\u0131n\u0131 almak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. CentOS 8’de DNF paket y\u00f6neticisi ile sisteminizi g\u00fcncelleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n sudo dnf update -y<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, sisteminizdeki t\u00fcm y\u00fckl\u00fc paketleri en son s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine g\u00fcncelleyecektir. -y<\/code> bayra\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcm sorulara otomatik olarak “evet” yan\u0131t\u0131 verilmesini sa\u011flar. G\u00fcncelleme i\u015flemi tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, baz\u0131 durumlarda \u00e7ekirdek (kernel) g\u00fcncellemeleri nedeniyle sunucuyu yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekebilir:<\/p>\n sudo reboot<\/code><\/pre>\nYeniden ba\u015flatma sonras\u0131 SSH ile sunucunuza tekrar ba\u011flanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n Apache Web Sunucusunu Kurma<\/h3>\nCentOS 8’de Apache HTTP Sunucusu paketi httpd<\/code> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kurulum i\u015flemi olduk\u00e7a basittir ve DNF paket y\u00f6neticisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir:<\/p>\n sudo dnf install httpd -y<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, httpd<\/code> paketini ve onunla birlikte gelen t\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 sisteminize kuracakt\u0131r. Kurulum tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Apache’nin temel dosyalar\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 \/etc\/httpd<\/code> dizinine yerle\u015ftirilecektir. Web sitenizin i\u00e7eri\u011fi i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan k\u00f6k dizin ise \/var\/www\/html<\/code> olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Apache Servisini Ba\u015flatma ve Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\nApache paketini kurduktan sonra, web sunucusunu ba\u015flatman\u0131z ve sistemin her a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda otomatik olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131z gerekir. Bu i\u015flemleri systemctl<\/code> komutu ile yapabiliriz:<\/p>\n sudo systemctl start httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Apache servisini hemen ba\u015flat\u0131r. Servisin durumunu kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n sudo systemctl status httpd<\/code><\/pre>\n\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da Active: active (running)<\/code> ifadesini g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu, Apache’nin ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n Apache’nin sunucu her yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda otomatik olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n sudo systemctl enable httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Apache servisi i\u00e7in bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kancas\u0131 (symlink) olu\u015fturur ve sistemin \u00f6ny\u00fckleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda httpd<\/code> servisini ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h3>\nCentOS 8, varsay\u0131lan olarak firewalld<\/code> adl\u0131 dinamik bir g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 hizmeti kullan\u0131r. Apache’nin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, web trafi\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan portlar\u0131 (HTTP i\u00e7in 80, HTTPS i\u00e7in 443) g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131nda a\u00e7man\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n \u00d6ncelikle, g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun:<\/p>\n sudo systemctl status firewalld<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa ba\u015flat\u0131n ve etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n sudo systemctl start firewalld\nsudo systemctl enable firewalld<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi, HTTP ve HTTPS hizmetleri i\u00e7in portlar\u0131 a\u00e7al\u0131m. firewalld<\/code> \u00f6nceden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f hizmetleri destekler, bu da i\u015fimizi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r:<\/p>\n sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https<\/code><\/pre>\n--permanent<\/code> bayra\u011f\u0131, bu kurallar\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. De\u011fi\u015fikliklerin etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden y\u00fcklememiz gerekir:<\/p>\n sudo firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k Apache, d\u0131\u015f a\u011fdan gelen HTTP ve HTTPS isteklerine yan\u0131t verebilecektir.<\/p>\n Apache Kurulumunu Do\u011frulama<\/h3>\nApache’nin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kurulup \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmenin en kolay yolu, bir web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 kullanarak sunucunuzun IP adresine veya alan ad\u0131na gitmektir.<\/p>\n Sunucunuzun genel IP adresini bilmiyorsan\u0131z, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlardan birini kullanarak \u00f6\u011frenebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n ip a s<\/code><\/pre>\nveya harici bir servis kullanarak:<\/p>\n curl -4 ifconfig.me<\/code><\/pre>\nTaray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda http:\/\/your_server_ip<\/code> adresini a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, “CentOS Apache Test Page” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 varsay\u0131lan bir Apache test sayfas\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu sayfa, Apache’nin ba\u015far\u0131yla kuruldu\u011funu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n Temel Apache Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\nApache’nin esnekli\u011fi, kapsaml\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma se\u00e7eneklerinden gelir. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131, Apache’nin nas\u0131l davranaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hangi portlar\u0131 dinleyece\u011fini, hangi dizinlerden i\u00e7erik sunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyalar\u0131<\/h4>\nApache’nin ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 \/etc\/httpd\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/code> konumundad\u0131r. Ancak, daha mod\u00fcler ve y\u00f6netilebilir bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ek yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar \/etc\/httpd\/conf.d\/<\/code> dizinindeki .conf<\/code> uzant\u0131l\u0131 dosyalarda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu dizindeki t\u00fcm .conf<\/code> dosyalar\u0131 Apache taraf\u0131ndan otomatik olarak y\u00fcklenir.<\/p>\n * \/etc\/httpd\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/code>: Ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131. \n* \/etc\/httpd\/conf.d\/<\/code>: Ek yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren dizin. \n* \/etc\/httpd\/conf.modules.d\/<\/code>: Mod\u00fcl y\u00fckleme yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren dizin. \n* \/var\/www\/html<\/code>: Varsay\u0131lan belge k\u00f6k\u00fc (web sitesi dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu dizin). \n* \/var\/log\/httpd\/<\/code>: Eri\u015fim ve hata g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin tutuldu\u011fu dizin.<\/p>\n ServerName Ayar\u0131<\/h4>\nhttpd.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda ServerName<\/code> y\u00f6nergesi genellikle yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 (hash #<\/code> ile ba\u015flar) olarak gelir. Bu y\u00f6nergeyi yap\u0131land\u0131rmak, Apache’nin ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131rken veya yeniden y\u00fcklenirken DNS \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme hatalar\u0131 vermesini engeller ve sunucunun kendisini hangi alan ad\u0131 veya IP adresiyle tan\u0131taca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n httpd.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bir metin d\u00fczenleyici ile a\u00e7\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin vi<\/code> veya nano<\/code>):<\/p>\n sudo vi \/etc\/httpd\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/code><\/pre>\nDosya i\u00e7inde ServerName<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 bulun ve yorum sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rarak sunucunuzun IP adresini veya alan ad\u0131n\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n #ServerName www.example.com:80\nServerName your_server_ip_or_domain:80<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nVirtual Host (Sanal Sunucu) Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\nBir sunucuda birden fazla web sitesi bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak istiyorsan\u0131z, Virtual Host (Sanal Sunucu) yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanman\u0131z gerekir. Her Virtual Host, kendi belge k\u00f6k\u00fcne, g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131na ve alan ad\u0131na sahip ayr\u0131 bir web sitesini temsil eder.<\/p>\n Yeni bir Virtual Host dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \/etc\/httpd\/conf.d\/<\/code> dizinini kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. \u00d6rne\u011fin, example.com<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir web sitesi i\u00e7in example.com.conf<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n sudo vi \/etc\/httpd\/conf.d\/example.com.conf<\/code><\/pre>\nDosyan\u0131n i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki i\u00e7eri\u011fi ekleyin:<\/p>\n \n ServerAdmin webmaster@example.com\n DocumentRoot \/var\/www\/example.com\/html\n ServerName example.com\n ServerAlias www.example.com\n ErrorLog \/var\/log\/httpd\/example.com-error.log\n CustomLog \/var\/log\/httpd\/example.com-access.log combined\n\n \n Options Indexes FollowSymLinks\n AllowOverride All\n Require all granted\n <\/Directory>\n<\/VirtualHost><\/code><\/pre>\nBu yap\u0131land\u0131rmada: \n* ServerAdmin<\/code>: Web sitesi y\u00f6neticisinin e-posta adresi. \n* DocumentRoot<\/code>: Web sitesinin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu dizin. \n* ServerName<\/code>: Web sitesinin ana alan ad\u0131. \n* ServerAlias<\/code>: Web sitesinin alternatif alan adlar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, www<\/code> versiyonu). \n* ErrorLog<\/code> ve CustomLog<\/code>: Hata ve eri\u015fim g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin kaydedilece\u011fi dosyalar. \n* <\/code> blo\u011fu: Belirtilen dizine eri\u015fim ve davran\u0131\u015f kurallar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. \n * Options Indexes FollowSymLinks<\/code>: Dizin listeleme ve sembolik ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 takip etme izinleri. \n * AllowOverride All<\/code>: .htaccess<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verir. \n * Require all granted<\/code>: T\u00fcm isteklere izin verir.<\/p>\n \u015eimdi, DocumentRoot<\/code> olarak belirtti\u011fimiz dizini ve bir test HTML dosyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n sudo mkdir -p \/var\/www\/example.com\/html\necho \"Merhaba example.com<\/title><\/head><body><\/body><\/html>\" | sudo tee \/var\/www\/example.com\/html\/index.html<\/code><\/pre>\nApache’nin web dizinlerine eri\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fru dosya izinlerini ve sahipliklerini ayarlamam\u0131z gerekir. Apache varsay\u0131lan olarak <code>apache<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve grubu alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chown -R apache:apache \/var\/www\/example.com\nsudo chmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\nSELinux Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131:<\/strong> CentOS’un g\u00fcvenlik katman\u0131 olan SELinux, Apache’nin yeni olu\u015fturulan dizinlere eri\u015fmesini engelleyebilir. Bu durumu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in, yeni web dizininin SELinux ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 <code>httpd_sys_content_t<\/code> olarak ayarlamam\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t \"\/var\/www\/example.com(\/.*)?\"\nsudo restorecon -Rv \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komutlar, <code>\/var\/www\/example.com<\/code> dizini ve alt\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm dosyalar i\u00e7in do\u011fru SELinux ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 atar.<\/p>\nT\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden sonra, Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zdizimini test etmek ve ard\u0131ndan servisi yeniden ba\u015flatmak \u00f6nemlidir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apachectl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 <code>Syntax OK<\/code> ise, her \u015fey yolunda demektir. \u015eimdi Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k <code>example.com<\/code> (veya <code>www.example.com<\/code>) alan ad\u0131n\u0131 taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz “example.com \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor!” sayfas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. (Bu alan ad\u0131n\u0131n DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 sunucunuzun IP adresine y\u00f6nlendirmeniz gerekti\u011fini unutmay\u0131n.)<\/p>\n<h3>Apache ile SSL\/TLS Kullan\u0131m\u0131 (HTTPS)<\/h3>\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde web siteleri i\u00e7in SSL\/TLS (HTTPS) kullan\u0131m\u0131 bir zorunluluk haline gelmi\u015ftir. HTTPS, taray\u0131c\u0131 ile sunucu aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimi \u015fifreleyerek veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flar, SEO a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir ve bir\u00e7ok modern taray\u0131c\u0131 HTTP sitelerini “g\u00fcvensiz” olarak i\u015faretler.<\/p>\nCentOS 8’de Apache ile HTTPS kullanmak i\u00e7in <code>mod_ssl<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kurmam\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo dnf install mod_ssl -y<\/code><\/pre>\nBu mod\u00fcl, SSL\/TLS sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek ve HTTPS ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in gereken bile\u015fenleri sa\u011flar. Kurulumdan sonra Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekmez, ancak yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken her zaman yeniden ba\u015flatmak iyi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\nHTTPS yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir SSL sertifikas\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. Bu sertifikay\u0131 Let’s Encrypt gibi \u00fccretsiz bir sertifika sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan alabilir veya kendi imzal\u0131 (self-signed) bir sertifika olu\u015fturabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h4>Let’s Encrypt ile SSL<\/h4>\nLet’s Encrypt, \u00fccretsiz, otomatik ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir Sertifika Yetkilisidir (CA). <code>certbot<\/code> arac\u0131, Let’s Encrypt sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 Apache ile entegre etmek i\u00e7in en kolay yoldur.<\/p>\n\u00d6ncelikle <code>epel-release<\/code> deposunu etkinle\u015ftirmemiz ve ard\u0131ndan <code>certbot<\/code> ve Apache eklentisini kurmam\u0131z gerekiyor:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo dnf install epel-release -y\nsudo dnf install certbot python3-certbot-apache -y<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulumdan sonra, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in bir sertifika almak \u00fczere <code>certbot<\/code>‘u \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot --apache<\/code><\/pre>\n<code>certbot<\/code>, alan adlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 otomatik olarak alg\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ve size hangi alan adlar\u0131 i\u00e7in sertifika almak istedi\u011finizi soracakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir e-posta adresi girmeniz ve hizmet \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeniz istenecektir. Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda, HTTP trafi\u011fini HTTPS’e y\u00f6nlendirmek isteyip istemedi\u011finiz de sorulacakt\u0131r; genellikle bu se\u00e7ene\u011fi kabul etmek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<code>certbot<\/code> i\u015flemi tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131z otomatik olarak Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131za eklenecek ve HTTPS \u00fczerinden sitenize eri\u015filebilir olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\nLet’s Encrypt sertifikalar\u0131 90 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7erlidir. <code>certbot<\/code> paketi, sertifikalar\u0131 otomatik olarak yenilemek i\u00e7in bir <code>cron<\/code> i\u015fi veya <code>systemd<\/code> zamanlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da kurar. Yenileme i\u015fleminin d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in bir kuru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma (dry-run) yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo certbot renew --dry-run<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Kendi \u0130mzal\u0131 Sertifika (Self-Signed)<\/h4>\nGeli\u015ftirme veya test ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi imzal\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. Bu sertifikalar taray\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenilir olarak kabul edilmez ve bir uyar\u0131 mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6sterir, ancak \u015fifrelenmi\u015f bir ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nKendi imzal\u0131 bir sertifika olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in <code>openssl<\/code> kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout \/etc\/pki\/tls\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key -out \/etc\/pki\/tls\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut sizden baz\u0131 bilgiler (\u00fclke, \u015fehir, organizasyon vb.) isteyecektir. <code>Common Name<\/code> alan\u0131na sunucunuzun IP adresini veya alan ad\u0131n\u0131 girin.<\/p>\nSertifika ve anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturduktan sonra, Apache’nin <code>ssl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek bu sertifikalar\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo vi \/etc\/httpd\/conf.d\/ssl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<code>SSLCertificateFile<\/code> ve <code>SSLCertificateKeyFile<\/code> y\u00f6nergelerini olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz sertifika ve anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n yollar\u0131yla g\u00fcncelleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-apache\">SSLCertificateFile \/etc\/pki\/tls\/certs\/apache-selfsigned.crt\nSSLCertificateKeyFile \/etc\/pki\/tls\/private\/apache-selfsigned.key<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin ve Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan <code>https:\/\/your_server_ip_or_domain<\/code> adresine gitti\u011finizde, bir g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131s\u0131 ile birlikte sitenize HTTPS \u00fczerinden eri\u015febileceksiniz.<\/p>\n<h3>Apache Y\u00f6netimi \u0130\u00e7in Temel Komutlar<\/h3>\nApache servisini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in <code>systemctl<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131r\u0131z:<\/p>\n* Ba\u015flatma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl start httpd<\/code> \n* Durdurma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl stop httpd<\/code> \n* Yeniden Ba\u015flatma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl restart httpd<\/code> (Servisi durdurur ve tekrar ba\u015flat\u0131r.) \n* Yeniden Y\u00fckleme:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl reload httpd<\/code> (Servisi durdurmadan yap\u0131land\u0131rma de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini uygular. Kesinti s\u00fcresi olmadan de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmak i\u00e7in idealdir.) \n* Durumu Kontrol Etme:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl status httpd<\/code> \n* Sistem Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Etkinle\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl enable httpd<\/code> \n* Sistem Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl disable httpd<\/code><\/p>\nAyr\u0131ca, Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zdizimi hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in <code>apachectl<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apachectl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce olas\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma hatalar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\nApache kurulumu ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirsiniz. \u0130\u015fte bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n<h4>Firewall Engeli<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Apache \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ancak web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan eri\u015filemiyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n HTTP (80) ve HTTPS (443) portlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo firewall-cmd --list-all\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https\nsudo firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>SELinux Engeli<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Web sitesi “Forbidden” hatas\u0131 veriyor veya olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz dizinlere eri\u015filemiyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> SELinux’un Apache’nin web dizinlerine eri\u015fimini engellemesi yayg\u0131n bir durumdur. Web i\u00e7eri\u011finizin bulundu\u011fu dizinler i\u00e7in do\u011fru SELinux ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_content_t \"\/var\/www\/example.com(\/.*)?\"\nsudo restorecon -Rv \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer hala sorun ya\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, SELinux’u ge\u00e7ici olarak devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p sorunun SELinux’tan kaynaklan\u0131p kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilirsiniz: <code>sudo setenforce 0<\/code>. Sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcrse, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in ba\u011flamlar\u0131 do\u011fru ayarlaman\u0131z veya SELinux kurallar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz gerekir. G\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan SELinux’u kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak \u00f6nerilmez.<\/p>\n<h4>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Hatas\u0131<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Apache servisi ba\u015flat\u0131lam\u0131yor veya <code>configtest<\/code> hatas\u0131 veriyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131zda bir s\u00f6zdizimi hatas\u0131 olabilir. <code>sudo apachectl configtest<\/code> komutunu kullanarak hatay\u0131 tespit edin. Genellikle hata mesaj\u0131nda hangi dosyan\u0131n ve sat\u0131r\u0131n sorunlu oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Hata g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini (<code>\/var\/log\/httpd\/error_log<\/code>) kontrol etmek de sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<h4>Servis Ba\u015flat\u0131lam\u0131yor<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> <code>sudo systemctl start httpd<\/code> komutu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oluyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Daha detayl\u0131 hata mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7in <code>sudo systemctl status httpd<\/code> veya <code>sudo journalctl -xe | grep httpd<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131n. Genellikle port \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (ba\u015fka bir servisin 80 veya 443 portunu kullanmas\u0131) veya yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131ndaki ciddi bir hata bu duruma neden olabilir.<\/p>\n<h4>Eri\u015fim \u0130zinleri<\/h4>\nSorun:<\/strong> Web sitesi “403 Forbidden” hatas\u0131 veriyor veya dosyalara eri\u015femiyor. \n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Web dizinlerinizin ve dosyalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n Apache kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 (<code>apache<\/code>) taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chown -R apache:apache \/var\/www\/your_website\nsudo chmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/your_website<\/code><\/pre>\nAyr\u0131ca <code><Directory><\/code> bloklar\u0131nda <code>Require all granted<\/code> y\u00f6nergesinin do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n<h3>Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\nBu makalede, CentOS 8 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine Apache web sunucusunun nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve yayg\u0131n sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131k. Apache’nin kurulumu ve ilk yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a basit olsa da, g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ayarlar\u0131, SELinux politikalar\u0131 ve sanal host yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 gibi ad\u0131mlar dikkat gerektirir.<\/p>\nArt\u0131k CentOS 8 sunucunuzda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir Apache web sunucunuz var. Bu temel kurulumun \u00fczerine PHP, MySQL\/MariaDB gibi ek bile\u015fenleri kurarak dinamik web uygulamalar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilir veya WordPress gibi pop\u00fcler i\u00e7erik y\u00f6netim sistemlerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz. Apache’nin mod\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131 ve geni\u015f yap\u0131land\u0131rma se\u00e7enekleri sayesinde, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re sunucunuzu daha da optimize edebilir ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini art\u0131rabilirsiniz. G\u00fcvenli\u011finiz i\u00e7in her zaman sisteminizi ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcncel tutmay\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc parolalar kullanmay\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli yedeklemeler yapmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"CentOS 8 \u00dczerine Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu\nApache HTTP Sunucusu, d\u00fcnya genelinde en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 web sunucular\u0131ndan bir","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-35741","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n<title>CentOS 8 \u00dczerine Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu - 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