{"id":35225,"date":"2025-11-27T05:40:40","date_gmt":"2025-11-27T02:40:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=35225"},"modified":"2025-11-27T05:40:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T02:40:40","slug":"ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi<\/h2>\n

Giri\u015f<\/h3>\n

Bir web sunucusu kurmak, web sitelerini bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak, e-posta hizmetleri sunmak ve DNS y\u00f6netimi yapmak isteyenler i\u00e7in karma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olabilir. Ancak Virtualmin ve Webmin gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kontrol panelleri, bu g\u00f6revleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde basitle\u015ftirir. Bu rehberde, Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Uzun S\u00fcreli Destek) i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine Virtualmin ve Webmin’i, temel bile\u015fenleri olan LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL\/MariaDB, PHP), BIND (DNS sunucusu) ve Postfix (e-posta sunucusu) ile birlikte ad\u0131m ad\u0131m nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlataca\u011f\u0131z. Ubuntu 16.04, eski bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir\u00e7ok sistemde hala kullan\u0131lmakta olup bu rehber, bu \u00f6zel s\u00fcr\u00fcme odaklanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu kapsaml\u0131 kurulum, size tam i\u015flevsel bir web bar\u0131nd\u0131rma platformu sa\u011flayacak, b\u00f6ylece birden fazla web sitesini, e-posta hesab\u0131n\u0131 ve veritaban\u0131n\u0131 kolayca y\u00f6netebileceksiniz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n Gereksinimler<\/h3>\n

Kuruluma ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sisteminizin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun:<\/p>\n

* Ubuntu 16.04 Sunucusu:<\/strong> Temiz bir Ubuntu 16.04 LTS kurulumu \u00f6nerilir. Virtualmin, mevcut bir sunucuya kurulabilir ancak \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in temiz bir kurulum en iyisidir.
\n* Minimum Sistem Kaynaklar\u0131:<\/strong>
\n * RAM:<\/strong> En az 2 GB (4 GB veya \u00fczeri \u00f6nerilir, \u00f6zellikle birden fazla site bar\u0131nd\u0131racaksan\u0131z).
\n * CPU:<\/strong> En az 1 \u00e7ekirdek (2 \u00e7ekirdek veya \u00fczeri \u00f6nerilir).
\n * Disk Alan\u0131:<\/strong> En az 20 GB bo\u015f alan (50 GB veya \u00fczeri \u00f6nerilir).
\n* Statik IP Adresi:<\/strong> Sunucunuzun internete a\u00e7\u0131k, statik bir IP adresi olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n* K\u00f6k (root) Eri\u015fimi veya Sudo Yetkilerine Sahip Kullan\u0131c\u0131:<\/strong> Kurulum i\u00e7in y\u00f6netici ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 gerekecektir.
\n* G\u00fcncel Sistem:<\/strong> Kuruluma ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sistemin g\u00fcncel oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n* FQDN (Tam Nitelikli Alan Ad\u0131):<\/strong> Sunucunuz i\u00e7in bir FQDN belirlemi\u015f ve DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlam\u0131\u015f olman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sunucu.alanadiniz.com<\/code>. Bu FQDN, sunucunuzun statik IP adresine i\u015faret etmelidir.<\/p>\n

Sistem G\u00fcncelleme ve Temel Ayarlar<\/h4>\n

\u0130lk ad\u0131m olarak, sunucunuzu g\u00fcncelleyelim ve temel ayarlar\u0131 yapal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

1. Sistemi G\u00fcncelleyin:<\/strong><\/p>\n

sudo apt update\n    sudo apt upgrade -y\n    sudo apt dist-upgrade -y\n    sudo apt autoremove -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komutlar, paket listelerini g\u00fcnceller, y\u00fckl\u00fc paketleri en son s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine y\u00fckseltir ve art\u0131k gerekmeyen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 temizler.<\/p>\n
2.  Hostname ve FQDN Ayarlar\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    Sunucunuzun hostname’ini ve FQDN’ini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde ayarlamak kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname sunucu.alanadiniz.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \/etc\/hosts<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek sunucunuzun IP adresini FQDN’e e\u015fleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/hosts<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Dosyaya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin (kendi IP adresiniz ve FQDN’inizle de\u011fi\u015ftirin):<\/p>\n
127.0.0.1       localhost\n    127.0.1.1       sunucu.alanadiniz.com sunucu\n    [Sunucu_IP_Adresiniz] sunucu.alanadiniz.com sunucu<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Dosyay\u0131 kaydedip kapat\u0131n (CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X). De\u011fi\u015fikliklerin etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sunucuyu yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekebilir:<\/p>\n
sudo reboot<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131ktan sonra hostname’in do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
hostname -f<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komut, FQDN’inizi d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmelidir.<\/p>\n
LAMP Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Kurulumu (Apache, MariaDB, PHP)<\/h3>\n
Virtualmin, web hizmetlerini sunmak i\u00e7in bir LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL\/MariaDB, PHP) y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Ubuntu 16.04’te MySQL yerine MariaDB tercih edilir.<\/p>\n
Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
Apache, web sitelerinizi yay\u0131nlayacak olan web sunucusudur.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install apache2 -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulumdan sonra Apache’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan sunucunuzun IP adresine giderek Apache varsay\u0131lan sayfas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
MariaDB Veritaban\u0131 Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
MariaDB, MySQL’in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir \u00e7atal\u0131d\u0131r ve Virtualmin taraf\u0131ndan desteklenir.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulumdan sonra MariaDB’nin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in mysql_secure_installation<\/code> beti\u011fini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo mysql_secure_installation<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu betik size a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorular\u0131 soracakt\u0131r:
\n*   Enter current password for root (enter for none):<\/code> \u0130lk kurulumda root \u015fifresi yoktur, bu y\u00fczden direkt Enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131n.
\n*   Set root password? [Y\/n]<\/code> Y yaz\u0131p Enter’a bas\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir root \u015fifresi belirleyin.
\n*   Remove anonymous users? [Y\/n]<\/code> Y
\n*   Disallow root login remotely? [Y\/n]<\/code> Y (G\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n uzaktan ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleriz.)
\n*   Remove test database and access to it? [Y\/n]<\/code> Y
\n*   Reload privilege tables now? [Y\/n]<\/code> Y<\/p>\n
PHP ve Gerekli Mod\u00fcllerin Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
PHP, dinamik web siteleri i\u00e7in sunucu tarafl\u0131 bir betik dilidir. Virtualmin ve \u00e7e\u015fitli web uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok PHP mod\u00fcl\u00fc gereklidir. Ubuntu 16.04, varsay\u0131lan olarak PHP 7.0 ile gelir.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install php7.0 libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-mysql php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-mbstring php7.0-mcrypt php7.0-xml php7.0-zip php7.0-json php7.0-cgi php7.0-fpm php-pear php-imagick php-common php-cli php-xmlrpc -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulumdan sonra Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n ki PHP mod\u00fcl\u00fc etkinle\u015fsin:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
BIND DNS Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), internetin en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan DNS sunucusudur. Virtualmin, alan adlar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere BIND’i kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulumdan sonra BIND’in otomatik ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n ve durumunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl enable bind9\nsudo systemctl status bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
BIND’in varsay\u0131lan yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edelim. Genellikle Virtualmin, BIND’i kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r, ancak temel bir kurulumun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak \u00f6nemlidir.
\n\/etc\/bind\/named.conf.options<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda, DNS sorgular\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirilece\u011fi genel DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 (forwarders) belirleyebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin Google DNS:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/bind\/named.conf.options<\/code><\/pre>\n
options { ... }<\/code> blo\u011funun i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
forwarders {\n                8.8.8.8;\n                8.8.4.4;\n        };\n        dnssec-validation auto;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyay\u0131 kaydedip kapat\u0131n. BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 test edin ve yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo named-checkconf\nsudo systemctl restart bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
E\u011fer herhangi bir hata mesaj\u0131 almazsan\u0131z, yap\u0131land\u0131rma do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n
Postfix Mail Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
Postfix, g\u00fcvenli ve esnek bir e-posta sunucusudur. Virtualmin, alan adlar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in e-posta hizmetlerini y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere Postfix’i kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install postfix postfix-mysql -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma ekran\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r.
\n*   General type of mail configuration:<\/code> Internet Site<\/strong> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in.
\n*   System mail name:<\/code> Sunucunuzun FQDN’ini girin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, sunucu.alanadiniz.com<\/code>).
\n*   Di\u011fer se\u00e7enekleri varsay\u0131lan olarak b\u0131rakabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Postfix’in varsay\u0131lan yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edelim. Virtualmin, kurulumdan sonra bu yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fczenleyecektir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf<\/code><\/pre>\n
myhostname<\/code> ve mydestination<\/code> gibi parametrelerin sunucunuzun FQDN’ini i\u00e7erdi\u011finden emin olun.
\nPostfix’i yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart postfix<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dovecot Kurulumu (IMAP\/POP3 Deste\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in)<\/h4>\n
E-posta istemcilerinin (Outlook, Thunderbird vb.) e-postalar\u0131 sunucudan alabilmesi i\u00e7in bir IMAP\/POP3 sunucusuna ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Virtualmin genellikle kurulum beti\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Dovecot’u da kurar, ancak manuel olarak da kurabiliriz.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-mysql -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dovecot’u ba\u015flat\u0131n ve durumunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl enable dovecot\nsudo systemctl status dovecot<\/code><\/pre>\n
Webmin ve Virtualmin Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
T\u00fcm temel bile\u015fenleri kurduktan sonra, Virtualmin ve Webmin’i y\u00fckleyebiliriz. Virtualmin, Webmin’in \u00fczerine kurulu bir mod\u00fcld\u00fcr ve web bar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u015flevselli\u011fi sa\u011flar. Virtualmin’in resmi kurulum beti\u011fini kullanmak, t\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in en kolay ve \u00f6nerilen yoldur.<\/p>\n
1.  Kurulum Beti\u011fini \u0130ndirin:<\/strong><\/p>\n
cd \/tmp\n    wget http:\/\/software.virtualmin.com\/gpl\/scripts\/install.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  Beti\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir Hale Getirin:<\/strong><\/p>\n
chmod +x install.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
3.  Kurulum Beti\u011fini \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/strong>
\n    Bu betik, t\u00fcm gerekli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 kontrol edecek, eksik olanlar\u0131 y\u00fckleyecek ve Virtualmin’i yap\u0131land\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem biraz zaman alabilir (10-30 dakika).<\/p>\n
sudo .\/install.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda size baz\u0131 sorular sorulabilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, SSL kurulumu i\u00e7in). Genellikle varsay\u0131lan se\u00e7enekleri (Y) kabul edebilirsiniz. Betik, t\u00fcm LAMP, BIND, Postfix ve di\u011fer ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Virtualmin ile entegre edecek ve yap\u0131land\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
    Kurulum tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, betik size Virtualmin’e eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in bir URL, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve parola verecektir. Genellikle https:\/\/sunucu.alanadiniz.com:10000<\/code> veya https:\/\/[Sunucu_IP_Adresiniz]:10000<\/code> adresinden eri\u015febilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Virtualmin \u0130lk Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 ve Sonras\u0131<\/h3>\n
Kurulum beti\u011fi tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kullanarak Virtualmin aray\u00fcz\u00fcne eri\u015febilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
1.  Virtualmin’e Eri\u015fin:<\/strong>
\n    Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda https:\/\/sunucu.alanadiniz.com:10000<\/code> veya https:\/\/[Sunucu_IP_Adresiniz]:10000<\/code> adresine gidin.
\n    G\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131s\u0131 alabilirsiniz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Virtualmin, varsay\u0131lan olarak kendi kendine imzal\u0131 (self-signed) bir SSL sertifikas\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu uyar\u0131y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek devam edin.
\n    Giri\u015f ekran\u0131nda, root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ve sunucunuzun root parolas\u0131n\u0131 veya kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz sudo kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n parolas\u0131n\u0131 girin.<\/p>\n
2.  Post-Kurulum Sihirbaz\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    \u0130lk giri\u015fte, Virtualmin sizi bir “Post-Installation Wizard” (Kurulum Sonras\u0131 Sihirbaz\u0131) ile kar\u015f\u0131layacakt\u0131r. Bu sihirbaz, Virtualmin’i sisteminize daha iyi entegre etmek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.
\n    *   Preload Virtualmin Libraries?<\/strong> (Virtualmin k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerini \u00f6nceden y\u00fckle?) Genellikle No<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7mek daha iyidir, aksi takdirde daha fazla RAM t\u00fcketebilir.
\n    *   Run email domain lookup server?<\/strong> (E-posta etki alan\u0131 arama sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?) Genellikle Yes<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in.
\n    *   Run ClamAV server?<\/strong> (ClamAV sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?) E-posta taramas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklidir, ancak RAM t\u00fcketimi y\u00fcksektir. \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re Yes<\/code> veya No<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in. Daha sonra da kurabilirsiniz.
\n    *   Run SpamAssassin server?<\/strong> (SpamAssassin sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?) Spam filtrelemesi i\u00e7in gereklidir. \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re Yes<\/code> veya No<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in.
\n    *   Run MySQL server?<\/strong> (MySQL sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?) Zaten MariaDB kurdu\u011fumuz i\u00e7in Yes<\/code> olmal\u0131.
\n    *   Run PostgreSQL server?<\/strong> (PostgreSQL sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?) E\u011fer PostgreSQL kullanmayacaksan\u0131z No<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in.
\n    *   Setup root password for MySQL?<\/strong> (MySQL i\u00e7in root \u015fifresi ayarla?) Zaten mysql_secure_installation<\/code> ile ayarlad\u0131k, bu y\u00fczden No<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in.
\n    *   Configure Apache virtual hosts?<\/strong> (Apache sanal ana bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r?) Yes<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in.<\/p>\n
    Sihirbaz tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Virtualmin sizi ana kontrol paneline y\u00f6nlendirecektir.<\/p>\n
3.  Sistem Kontrol\u00fc (System Information):<\/strong>
\n    Virtualmin ana ekran\u0131nda, “System Information” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, sisteminizdeki servislerin durumunu ve kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Her \u015feyin ye\u015fil renkte ve “Running” (\u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor) olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi gerekir. Herhangi bir uyar\u0131 veya hata varsa, “Re-Check Configuration” (Yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 Yeniden Kontrol Et) d\u00fc\u011fmesine t\u0131klayarak sorunlar\u0131 tespit etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Sanal Sunucu (Domain) Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
Art\u0131k Virtualmin kurulu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda. \u0130lk web sitenizi veya sanal sunucunuzu olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flayabiliriz.<\/p>\n
1.  “Create Virtual Server” (Sanal Sunucu Olu\u015ftur) Se\u00e7ene\u011fini Kullan\u0131n:<\/strong>
\n    Virtualmin sol men\u00fcs\u00fcnden “Create Virtual Server” se\u00e7ene\u011fine t\u0131klay\u0131n.
\n2.  Sanal Sunucu Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131n:<\/strong>
\n    *   Domain name:<\/strong> Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 girin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ornekalanadi.com<\/code>).
\n    *   Description:<\/strong> \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama girin.
\n    *   Administration password:<\/strong> Bu sanal sunucu i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6netici \u015fifresi belirleyin.
\n    *   Server owner:<\/strong> Varsay\u0131lan olarak “admin” kalabilir veya yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz.
\n    *   Enabled features:<\/strong> Genellikle t\u00fcm varsay\u0131lan \u00f6zellikler (Apache, DNS, Mail, MySQL, Webalizer, AWStats, SpamAssassin, ClamAV) se\u00e7ili gelir. \u0130htiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re ayarlayabilirsiniz.
\n    *   PHP execution mode:<\/strong> FPM<\/code> (FastCGI Process Manager) genellikle daha iyi performans ve g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011flar.
\n    *   SSL certificate:<\/strong> E\u011fer Let’s Encrypt kullanmak istiyorsan\u0131z, bu a\u015famada veya sanal sunucu olu\u015fturulduktan sonra kolayca etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
3.  Sanal Sunucuyu Olu\u015fturun:<\/strong>
\n    “Create Server” d\u00fc\u011fmesine t\u0131klay\u0131n. Virtualmin, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm dizinleri, DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131, e-posta ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve Apache sanal ana bilgisayar yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4.  DNS Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Edin:<\/strong>
\n    Sanal sunucu olu\u015fturulduktan sonra, Virtualmin sizin i\u00e7in DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 (A, MX, NS vb.) olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r. Ancak, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, alan ad\u0131 kay\u0131t kurulu\u015funuzun (domain registrar) panelinden nameserver’lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 (NS kay\u0131tlar\u0131) sunucunuzun FQDN’ine (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ns1.alanadiniz.com<\/code> ve ns2.alanadiniz.com<\/code> gibi, bunlar Virtualmin taraf\u0131ndan otomatik olarak olu\u015fturulur) veya do\u011frudan sunucunuzun IP adresine i\u015faret edecek \u015fekilde ayarlaman\u0131z gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
5.  Let’s Encrypt SSL Kurulumu:<\/strong>
\n    Olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz sanal sunucuyu se\u00e7in, sol men\u00fcden “Server Configuration” -> “SSL Certificate” yolunu izleyin. “Let’s Encrypt” sekmesine t\u0131klay\u0131n ve sertifika talebinde bulunun. Bu, web sitenizin HTTPS \u00fczerinden g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nlemleri<\/h3>\n
Bir sunucu kurduktan sonra g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
1.  G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 (UFW):<\/strong>
\n    Ubuntu’nun varsay\u0131lan g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 olan UFW’yi etkinle\u015ftirin ve gerekli portlara izin verin.<\/p>\n
sudo ufw enable\n    sudo ufw allow ssh     # SSH (Port 22)\n    sudo ufw allow http    # HTTP (Port 80)\n    sudo ufw allow https   # HTTPS (Port 443)\n    sudo ufw allow 10000\/tcp # Webmin\/Virtualmin (Port 10000)\n    sudo ufw allow 53\/udp  # DNS (BIND)\n    sudo ufw allow 53\/tcp  # DNS (BIND)\n    sudo ufw allow smtp    # SMTP (Port 25)\n    sudo ufw allow smtps   # SMTPS (Port 465)\n    sudo ufw allow submission # Submission (Port 587)\n    sudo ufw allow pop3    # POP3 (Port 110)\n    sudo ufw allow pop3s   # POP3S (Port 995)\n    sudo ufw allow imap    # IMAP (Port 143)\n    sudo ufw allow imaps   # IMAPS (Port 993)\n    sudo ufw status verbose<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  SSH G\u00fcvenli\u011fi:<\/strong>
\n    *   Parola yerine SSH anahtarlar\u0131 kullan\u0131n:<\/strong> Parola tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n.
\n    *   Varsay\u0131lan SSH portunu de\u011fi\u015ftirin:<\/strong> Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in SSH portunu 22’den farkl\u0131 bir porta ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131n.
\n    *   Root ile SSH eri\u015fimini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n:<\/strong> Sadece sudo yetkilerine sahip normal kullan\u0131c\u0131larla ba\u011flan\u0131n.<\/p>\n
3.  Fail2ban Kurulumu:<\/strong>
\n    Fail2ban, sunucunuza yap\u0131lan kaba kuvvet sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen bir yaz\u0131l\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install fail2ban -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Kurulumdan sonra \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturarak veya d\u00fczenleyerek yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00d6rnek yap\u0131land\u0131rma:<\/p>\n
[DEFAULT]\n    bantime = 1h\n    findtime = 10m\n    maxretry = 5\n\n    [sshd]\n    enabled = true\n\n    [apache-auth]\n    enabled = true\n\n    [postfix]\n    enabled = true\n\n    [dovecot]\n    enabled = true\n\n    [webmin-auth]\n    enabled = true\n    logpath = \/var\/webmin\/*.log<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Fail2ban servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart fail2ban<\/code><\/pre>\n
4.  D\u00fczenli G\u00fcncellemeler:<\/strong>
\n    Sisteminizi ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncel tutun.<\/p>\n
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
5.  G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Parolalar:<\/strong>
\n    T\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar ve veritabanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, karma\u015f\u0131k parolalar kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Sorun Giderme ve \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda veya sonras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlar ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
*   Virtualmin’e Eri\u015filemiyor (Port 10000):<\/strong>
\n    *   G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n (UFW) 10000 numaral\u0131 porta izin verdi\u011finden emin olun.
\n    *   Webmin\/Virtualmin servisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun: sudo systemctl status webmin<\/code>
\n    *   Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda https:\/\/<\/code> kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/p>\n
*   Web Sitesi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor (Apache):<\/strong>
\n    *   Apache servisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun: sudo systemctl status apache2<\/code>
\n    *   Apache loglar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin: \/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<\/code>
\n    *   Virtualmin’de sanal sunucunuzun do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/p>\n
*   E-posta G\u00f6nderilemiyor\/Al\u0131nam\u0131yor (Postfix\/Dovecot):<\/strong>
\n    *   Postfix ve Dovecot servislerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun: sudo systemctl status postfix<\/code> ve sudo systemctl status dovecot<\/code>
\n    *   Mail loglar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin: \/var\/log\/mail.log<\/code>
\n    *   DNS MX kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan ve sunucunuzun IP adresine i\u015faret etti\u011finden emin olun.
\n    *   G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n e-posta portlar\u0131na (25, 465, 587, 110, 995, 143, 993) izin verdi\u011finden emin olun.<\/p>\n
*   Veritaban\u0131 Ba\u011flant\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131 (MariaDB):<\/strong>
\n    *   MariaDB servisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun: sudo systemctl status mariadb<\/code>
\n    *   MariaDB loglar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin: \/var\/log\/mysql\/error.log<\/code> veya \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code>
\n    *   MySQL kullan\u0131c\u0131 adlar\u0131 ve parolalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
*   DNS \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme Sorunlar\u0131 (BIND):<\/strong>
\n    *   BIND servisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun: sudo systemctl status bind9<\/code>
\n    *   BIND loglar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin: \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code> veya \/var\/log\/bind\/query.log<\/code> (e\u011fer yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysa).
\n    *   named-checkconf<\/code> ve named-checkzone<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kontrol edin.
\n    *   Alan ad\u0131 kay\u0131t kurulu\u015funuzdaki nameserver ayarlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
*   “Re-Check Configuration” Hatas\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    Virtualmin’deki “Re-Check Configuration” d\u00fc\u011fmesine t\u0131klayarak sistemdeki olas\u0131 hatalar\u0131 tespit edebilirsiniz. Genellikle eksik paketler veya yanl\u0131\u015f yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir. Eksik paketleri y\u00fckleyip servisleri yeniden ba\u015flatarak sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu rehber, Ubuntu 16.04 \u00fczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix’i ad\u0131m ad\u0131m nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlatt\u0131. Art\u0131k tam i\u015flevsel bir web bar\u0131nd\u0131rma kontrol paneline sahipsiniz. Virtualmin’in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc aray\u00fcz\u00fc sayesinde, birden fazla web sitesini, e-posta hesab\u0131n\u0131, veritaban\u0131n\u0131 ve DNS kayd\u0131n\u0131 kolayca y\u00f6netebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Unutmay\u0131n ki sunucu y\u00f6netimi s\u00fcrekli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Sunucunuzu d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncel tutmak, g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini uygulamak ve log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 izlemek, sisteminizin kararl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bu kurulum, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli projeler i\u00e7in sa\u011flam bir temel olu\u015ftururken, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ve y\u00fcksek trafikli ortamlar i\u00e7in ek optimizasyon ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri gerekebilir.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi\nGiri\u015f\nBir web sunucusu kurmak, web sitelerini bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak, e-posta","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-35225","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nUbuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi Giri\u015f Bir web sunucusu kurmak, web sitelerini bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak, e-posta\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-27T02:40:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fatih Soysal\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"headline\":\"Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-27T02:40:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/\"},\"wordCount\":2424,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Ubuntu\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2025\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-16-04-uzerine-virtualmin-webmin-lamp-bind-ve-postfix-kurulum-rehberi\/\",\"name\":\"Ubuntu 16.04 \u00dczerine Virtualmin, Webmin, LAMP, BIND ve Postfix Kurulum Rehberi - 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