{"id":35063,"date":"2025-11-25T11:41:02","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T08:41:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=35063"},"modified":"2025-11-25T11:41:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T08:41:02","slug":"rocky-linux-8-uzerine-postgresql-kurulumu-ve-kullanimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/rocky-linux-8-uzerine-postgresql-kurulumu-ve-kullanimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Rocky Linux 8 \u00dczerine PostgreSQL Kurulumu ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Rocky Linux 8 \u00dczerine PostgreSQL Kurulumu ve Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n

Giri\u015f<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL, d\u00fcnya genelinde en geli\u015fmi\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 ili\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemlerinden (RDBMS) biri olarak kabul edilir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri, g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi, veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geni\u015fletilebilirli\u011fi sayesinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck projelerden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kurumsal uygulamalara kadar geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m yelpazesine sahiptir. Rocky Linux 8 ise, CentOS’un yerini alan, topluluk destekli, kurumsal s\u0131n\u0131f bir i\u015fletim sistemidir. Sa\u011flam yap\u0131s\u0131 ve uzun s\u00fcreli deste\u011fi ile sunucu ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ideal bir platform sunar. Bu makale, Rocky Linux 8 \u00fczerinde PostgreSQL’in nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klayacakt\u0131r. Amac\u0131m\u0131z, hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de deneyimli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir rehber sunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL’i tercih etmenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri aras\u0131nda ACID uyumlulu\u011fu, geli\u015fmi\u015f indeksleme teknikleri, karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular\u0131 i\u015fleme yetene\u011fi, JSONB gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f veri tipleri i\u00e7in destek, replikasyon ve y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik \u00f6zellikleri yer al\u0131r. Rocky Linux 8 \u00fczerinde bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc veritaban\u0131 sistemini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in stabil ve performansl\u0131 bir altyap\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bu rehberde, kurulumdan ba\u015flayarak kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya, g\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131ndan yedekleme i\u015flemlerine kadar bir\u00e7ok konuyu ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n Gereksinimler<\/h3>\n

Bu rehbere ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131n yerine getirildi\u011finden emin olun:
\n* Rocky Linux 8 y\u00fckl\u00fc ve g\u00fcncel bir sunucu veya sanal makine.
\n* sudo<\/code> ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131na sahip bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131.
\n* Sunucunun internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131.
\n* Temel Linux komut sat\u0131r\u0131 bilgisi.<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL Kurulumu<\/h2>\n

Sistem G\u00fcncellemesi<\/h3>\n

Kuruluma ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sisteminizin paket listesini g\u00fcncellemek ve mevcut paketleri y\u00fckseltmek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. Bu, olas\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler ve en g\u00fcncel g\u00fcvenlik yamalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

sudo dnf update -y\nsudo dnf upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
PostgreSQL Paketlerini Y\u00fckleme<\/h3>\n
Rocky Linux 8, varsay\u0131lan DNF depolar\u0131nda PostgreSQL’in birka\u00e7 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sunar. Ancak, genellikle daha yeni s\u00fcr\u00fcmlere veya belirli bir s\u00fcr\u00fcme ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. Bu nedenle, PostgreSQL projesinin kendi YUM\/DNF deposunu kullanmak daha esnek bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sunar. Bu rehberde, PostgreSQL’in en g\u00fcncel kararl\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (\u00f6rne\u011fin PostgreSQL 15) y\u00fcklemek i\u00e7in bu depoyu kullanaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
\u00d6ncelikle, PostgreSQL deposunu sisteminize ekleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo dnf install -y https:\/\/download.postgresql.org\/pub\/repos\/yum\/reporpms\/EL-8-x86_64\/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm<\/code><\/pre>\n
Depo eklendikten sonra, Rocky Linux’un kendi depolar\u0131ndaki varsay\u0131lan PostgreSQL mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakman\u0131z gerekir. Bu, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nleyecektir.<\/p>\n
sudo dnf -qy module disable postgresql<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u015eimdi, PostgreSQL sunucusunu ve postgresql-contrib<\/code> paketini y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz. postgresql-contrib<\/code> paketi, ek yard\u0131mc\u0131 programlar ve i\u015flevler i\u00e7erir. Bu rehberde PostgreSQL 15’i kullanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. E\u011fer farkl\u0131 bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm y\u00fcklemek isterseniz, postgresql15-server<\/code> ve postgresql15-contrib<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki 15<\/code> rakam\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011finiz s\u00fcr\u00fcm numaras\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz yeterlidir (\u00f6rne\u011fin postgresql14-server<\/code>).<\/p>\n
sudo dnf install -y postgresql15-server postgresql15-contrib<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veritaban\u0131 K\u00fcmesini Ba\u015flatma<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL kurulumundan sonra, veritaban\u0131 k\u00fcmesini (data directory) ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekir. Bu i\u015flem, PostgreSQL’in veri dosyalar\u0131n\u0131, yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer sistem verilerini depolayaca\u011f\u0131 dizin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
sudo \/usr\/pgsql-15\/bin\/postgresql-15-setup initdb<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/15\/data<\/code> dizini alt\u0131nda gerekli veritaban\u0131 k\u00fcmesini ba\u015flat\u0131r. Komutun yolu ve s\u00fcr\u00fcm numaras\u0131, y\u00fckledi\u011finiz PostgreSQL s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n
PostgreSQL Servisini Ba\u015flatma ve Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\n
Veritaban\u0131 k\u00fcmesi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, PostgreSQL servisini ba\u015flatabilir ve sistem ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda otomatik olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Servisi etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-15<\/code><\/pre>\n
Servisi ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl start postgresql-15<\/code><\/pre>\n
Servisin durumunu kontrol ederek do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status postgresql-15<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da active (running)<\/code> ifadesini g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
PostgreSQL Temel Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenlik<\/h2>\n
PostgreSQL Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve Rolleri<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL, kurulumla birlikte postgres<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir s\u00fcper kullan\u0131c\u0131 (superuser) ve ayn\u0131 isimde bir sistem kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu postgres<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve genellikle do\u011frudan bu kullan\u0131c\u0131 ile i\u015flem yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
postgres<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f yaparak psql<\/code> komut sat\u0131r\u0131 istemcisine ba\u011flanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo -i -u postgres psql<\/code><\/pre>\n
psql<\/code> istemcisi i\u00e7indeyken, \u00e7e\u015fitli komutlarla veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6netebilirsiniz. \u00c7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in \\q<\/code> yaz\u0131p Enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Yeni Bir Veritaban\u0131 Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
Uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131z veya di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in do\u011frudan postgres<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak yerine, \u00f6zel yetkilere sahip yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131lar olu\u015fturmak en iyi g\u00fcvenlik uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in postgres<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak createuser<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo -i -u postgres createuser --interactive<\/code><\/pre>\n
Komut, sizden yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 isteyecek ve s\u00fcper kullan\u0131c\u0131 olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturma yetkisine sahip olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 soracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alternatif olarak, psql<\/code> istemcisi i\u00e7inde SQL komutlar\u0131yla da kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
CREATE USER myuser WITH PASSWORD 'GucluSifre123!';<\/code><\/pre>\n
Olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz kullan\u0131c\u0131ya belirli yetkiler vermek isterseniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir veritaban\u0131 \u00fczerinde t\u00fcm yetkiler), bu komutlar\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE mydatabase TO myuser;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yeni Bir Veritaban\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
Uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturmak, veri izolasyonu ve y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
postgres<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak createdb<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo -i -u postgres createdb mydatabase<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veya psql<\/code> istemcisi i\u00e7inde SQL komutuyla:<\/p>\n
CREATE DATABASE mydatabase OWNER myuser;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, mydatabase<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturur ve myuser<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bu veritaban\u0131n\u0131n sahibi yapar.<\/p>\n
PostgreSQL Kimlik Do\u011frulama Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 (pg_hba.conf)<\/h3>\n
pg_hba.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131, PostgreSQL’in istemci kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l y\u00f6netti\u011fini belirler. Bu dosya, hangi kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n hangi veritabanlar\u0131na hangi IP adreslerinden hangi kimlik do\u011frulama y\u00f6ntemini kullanarak ba\u011flanabilece\u011fini tan\u0131mlar. Bu dosyan\u0131n do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, veritaban\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
pg_hba.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131n konumu genellikle \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/15\/data\/pg_hba.conf<\/code> \u015feklindedir (s\u00fcr\u00fcm numaras\u0131na dikkat edin).<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/15\/data\/pg_hba.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosya i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli kimlik do\u011frulama y\u00f6ntemleri bulunur:
\n*   local<\/strong>: Unix soket ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n*   host<\/strong>: TCP\/IP ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n*   hostssl<\/strong>: SSL ile \u015fifrelenmi\u015f TCP\/IP ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in.
\n*   hostnossl<\/strong>: SSL olmadan \u015fifrelenmemi\u015f TCP\/IP ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n
Yayg\u0131n kimlik do\u011frulama y\u00f6ntemleri:
\n*   peer<\/strong>: Unix soket ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fletim sistemi kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yla e\u015fle\u015ftirme.
\n*   ident<\/strong>: TCP\/IP ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in uzak sunucudan kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 sorgulama (g\u00fcvenilir olmayan a\u011flarda \u00f6nerilmez).
\n*   md5<\/strong>: MD5 \u015fifreli parola do\u011frulamas\u0131.
\n*   scram-sha-256<\/strong>: SCRAM-SHA-256 \u015fifreli parola do\u011frulamas\u0131 (daha g\u00fcvenli, \u00f6nerilir).
\n*   trust<\/strong>: Parola sormadan g\u00fcvenme (yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok g\u00fcvenli ortamlarda veya test ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmal\u0131).<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma:
\nYerel ba\u011flant\u0131lar i\u00e7in scram-sha-256<\/code> kullanmak:<\/p>\n
# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD\nlocal   all             all                                     peer\nhost    all             all             127.0.0.1\/32            scram-sha-256\nhost    all             all             ::1\/128                 scram-sha-256<\/code><\/pre>\n
Uzak ba\u011flant\u0131lara izin vermek isterseniz, belirli IP adresleri veya IP aral\u0131klar\u0131 eklemelisiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 192.168.1.0\/24 a\u011f\u0131ndan gelen ba\u011flant\u0131lara izin vermek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
host    all             all             192.168.1.0\/24          scram-sha-256<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra, PostgreSQL servisini yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart postgresql-15<\/code><\/pre>\n
PostgreSQL A\u011f Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 (postgresql.conf)<\/h3>\n
postgresql.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131, PostgreSQL sunucusunun genel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 parametrelerini i\u00e7erir. A\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli parametre listen_addresses<\/code>‘d\u0131r. Varsay\u0131lan olarak, PostgreSQL yaln\u0131zca yerel ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 dinler (localhost<\/code>). Uzak ba\u011flant\u0131lara izin vermek i\u00e7in bu parametreyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
postgresql.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131n konumu genellikle \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/15\/data\/postgresql.conf<\/code> \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/15\/data\/postgresql.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 bulun ve yorum sat\u0131r\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p de\u011feri de\u011fi\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n
#listen_addresses = 'localhost'         # what IP address(es) to listen on;\n                                        # comma-separated list of addresses;\n                                        # defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all\n                                        # (change requires restart)<\/code><\/pre>\n
T\u00fcm a\u011f aray\u00fczlerinden ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 dinlemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
listen_addresses = '*'<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veya belirli bir IP adresinden dinlemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
listen_addresses = '192.168.1.100'<\/code><\/pre>\n
port<\/code> parametresi de de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir, ancak varsay\u0131lan 5432 portunu kullanmak genellikle iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra, PostgreSQL servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart postgresql-15<\/code><\/pre>\n
G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 (FirewallD)<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL’in uzak ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 dinlemesini sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra, Rocky Linux’un g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 (FirewallD) \u00fczerinden 5432 portuna gelen ba\u011flant\u0131lara izin vermeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
PostgreSQL servisini g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131na ekleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo firewall-cmd --add-service=postgresql --permanent<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veya do\u011frudan portu ekleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=5432\/tcp --permanent<\/code><\/pre>\n
G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden y\u00fckleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\n
PostgreSQL Kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve Y\u00f6netimi<\/h2>\n
psql Komut Sat\u0131r\u0131 \u0130stemcisi<\/h3>\n
psql<\/code>, PostgreSQL ile etkile\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek ara\u00e7lardan biridir. SQL sorgular\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, veritaban\u0131 nesnelerini listelemek, \u015femalar\u0131 incelemek ve di\u011fer y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok meta komut (\\<\/code>) sunar.<\/p>\n
Olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz myuser<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve mydatabase<\/code> veritaban\u0131 ile ba\u011flanal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
psql -U myuser -d mydatabase -h localhost<\/code><\/pre>\n
E\u011fer myuser<\/code> i\u00e7in parola belirlediyseniz, ba\u011flan\u0131rken parola istenecektir.<\/p>\n
psql<\/code> i\u00e7inde kullanabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 temel meta komutlar:
\n*   \\l<\/code>: T\u00fcm veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 listeler.
\n*   \\c <\/code>: Ba\u015fka bir veritaban\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131r.
\n*   \\dt<\/code>: Mevcut veritaban\u0131ndaki tablolar\u0131 listeler.
\n*   \\d <\/code>: Belirli bir tablonun \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 (s\u00fctunlar, tipler, indeksler) g\u00f6sterir.
\n*   \\du<\/code>: T\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (rolleri) listeler.
\n*   \\q<\/code>: psql<\/code> istemcisinden \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
SQL Komutlar\u0131 ile \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/h3>\n
psql<\/code> istemcisi i\u00e7indeyken standart SQL komutlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek bir tablo olu\u015fturma:<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE products (\n    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,\n    name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\n    price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL,\n    description TEXT,\n    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veri ekleme:<\/p>\n
INSERT INTO products (name, price, description) VALUES\n('Laptop', 1200.00, 'G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar'),\n('Mouse', 25.50, 'Kablosuz optik fare'),\n('Keyboard', 75.00, 'Mekanik oyun klavyesi');<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veri sorgulama:<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM products;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Belirli bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sorgulama:<\/p>\n
SELECT name, price FROM products WHERE price > 50.00;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veri g\u00fcncelleme:<\/p>\n
UPDATE products SET price = 1250.00 WHERE name = 'Laptop';<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veri silme:<\/p>\n
DELETE FROM products WHERE name = 'Mouse';<\/code><\/pre>\n
Tabloyu silme:<\/p>\n
DROP TABLE products;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veritaban\u0131 Yedekleme ve Geri Y\u00fckleme<\/h3>\n
Veritaban\u0131 yedekleme, felaket kurtarma plan\u0131n\u0131n kritik bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. PostgreSQL, pg_dump<\/code> ve pg_restore<\/code> gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yedekleme ve geri y\u00fckleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sunar.<\/p>\n
Veritaban\u0131n\u0131 Yedekleme:<\/strong>
\nBelirli bir veritaban\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve verilerini SQL format\u0131nda bir dosyaya yedeklemek i\u00e7in pg_dump<\/code> kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
pg_dump -U myuser -d mydatabase > mydatabase_backup.sql<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, mydatabase<\/code> veritaban\u0131n\u0131 myuser<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile yedekler ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 mydatabase_backup.sql<\/code> dosyas\u0131na yazar. Parola istenecektir.<\/p>\n
Veritaban\u0131n\u0131 Geri Y\u00fckleme:<\/strong>
\nYedekledi\u011finiz bir veritaban\u0131n\u0131 geri y\u00fcklemek i\u00e7in psql<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. \u00d6ncelikle, geri y\u00fckleyece\u011finiz bo\u015f bir veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekebilir:<\/p>\n
sudo -i -u postgres createdb new_restored_database<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ard\u0131ndan, yedek dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bu yeni veritaban\u0131na y\u00fckleyin:<\/p>\n
psql -U myuser -d new_restored_database < mydatabase_backup.sql<\/code><\/pre>\n
Custom Format Yedekleme (pg_dumpall ve pg_restore):<\/strong>
\npg_dumpall<\/code> t\u00fcm PostgreSQL k\u00fcmesini (t\u00fcm veritabanlar\u0131, roller, tablospace'ler vb.) yedekler. pg_dump<\/code> ise tek bir veritaban\u0131n\u0131 yedekler. B\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in pg_dump<\/code>'\u0131n \"custom\" format\u0131 (-Fc<\/code> veya -F t<\/code> tar format\u0131) daha esnektir ve pg_restore<\/code> ile paralel geri y\u00fckleme, belirli nesneleri geri y\u00fckleme gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f se\u00e7enekler sunar.<\/p>\n
# Custom format yedekleme\npg_dump -U myuser -d mydatabase -Fc > mydatabase_backup.dump\n\n
Geri y\u00fckleme (\u00f6nce bo\u015f veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturulmal\u0131)<\/h2>\npg_restore -U myuser -d new_restored_database mydatabase_backup.dump<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veritaban\u0131 Bak\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve performansl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli bak\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. VACUUM<\/code> ve ANALYZE<\/code> en temel bak\u0131m i\u015flemleridir.<\/p>\n
*   VACUUM<\/strong>: Silinen veya g\u00fcncellenen sat\u0131rlar\u0131n kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131 geri kazan\u0131r ve bu alan\u0131n yeni veriler taraf\u0131ndan yeniden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu i\u015flem, \"dead tuple\" (\u00f6l\u00fc kay\u0131t) ad\u0131 verilen gereksiz verileri temizler.
\n*   ANALYZE<\/strong>: Veritaban\u0131 tablolar\u0131ndaki verilerin istatistiklerini toplar. Bu istatistikler, sorgu planlay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n en verimli sorgu y\u00fcr\u00fctme planlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
Bu i\u015flemleri psql<\/code> i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
VACUUM ANALYZE;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Belirli bir tablo i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
VACUUM ANALYZE mytable;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Otomatik VACUUM<\/code> ve ANALYZE<\/code> i\u015flemleri PostgreSQL taraf\u0131ndan autovacuum<\/code> demonu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla otomatik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir, ancak bazen manuel m\u00fcdahale gerekebilir, \u00f6zellikle yo\u011fun i\u015flem g\u00f6ren tablolarda.<\/p>\n
Geli\u015fmi\u015f Konulara Giri\u015f<\/h2>\n
Uzak Ba\u011flant\u0131lar<\/h3>\n
Daha \u00f6nce pg_hba.conf<\/code> ve postgresql.conf<\/code> ayarlar\u0131nda belirtildi\u011fi gibi, listen_addresses<\/code> parametresini *<\/code> olarak ayarlamak ve pg_hba.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda uygun host<\/code> kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 eklemek, PostgreSQL'in uzak makinelerden gelen ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 kabul etmesini sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca, sunucunun g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131n (FirewallD) 5432 numaral\u0131 portu a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fundan emin olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Uzak ba\u011flant\u0131lar i\u00e7in her zaman g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc parolalar ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse SSL\/TLS \u015fifrelemesi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n
PostgreSQL Performans Optimizasyonu<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL performans\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r vard\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca optimizasyon alanlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n*   Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Parametreleri<\/strong>: postgresql.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki shared_buffers<\/code>, work_mem<\/code>, maintenance_work_mem<\/code>, effective_cache_size<\/code>, wal_buffers<\/code> gibi parametreler sistem kaynaklar\u0131na (RAM, CPU) g\u00f6re ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   \u0130ndeksleme<\/strong>: Do\u011fru indekslerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, SELECT<\/code> sorgular\u0131n\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir. EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutu ile sorgu planlar\u0131 incelenerek eksik veya yanl\u0131\u015f indeksler tespit edilebilir.
\n*   Sorgu Optimizasyonu<\/strong>: K\u00f6t\u00fc yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f SQL sorgular\u0131 performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir. Sorgular\u0131n optimize edilmesi, gereksiz birle\u015fimlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nma, alt sorgular\u0131 etkin kullanma gibi teknikler i\u00e7erir.
\n*   Donan\u0131m<\/strong>: Yeterli RAM, h\u0131zl\u0131 diskler (SSD), ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc CPU, genel veritaban\u0131 performans\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkiler.<\/p>\n
Replikasyon<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL, y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik (High Availability) ve y\u00fck dengeleme (Load Balancing) sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc replikasyon \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir. En yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan replikasyon t\u00fcr\u00fc \"Stream Replikasyon\"dur.
\n*   Stream Replikasyon (Fiziksel Replikasyon)<\/strong>: Birincil (master) sunucudaki t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ikincil (slave\/replica) sunuculara ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olarak aktar\u0131r. Bu, felaket durumunda birincil sunucu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa ikincil sunucunun h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde devralmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n*   Mant\u0131ksal Replikasyon<\/strong>: Belirli tablolar\u0131n veya veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131n replikasyonunu sa\u011flar. Farkl\u0131 PostgreSQL s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri aras\u0131nda veya farkl\u0131 donan\u0131m mimarileri aras\u0131nda replikasyon yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Replikasyon kurulumu, detayl\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma ad\u0131mlar\u0131 gerektiren karma\u015f\u0131k bir konudur ve ayr\u0131 bir rehber konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n
PostgreSQL Y\u00f6netim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Komut sat\u0131r\u0131, PostgreSQL y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olsa da, grafiksel aray\u00fcz (GUI) ara\u00e7lar\u0131 daha g\u00f6rsel bir y\u00f6netim deneyimi sunar:
\n*   pgAdmin<\/strong>: PostgreSQL i\u00e7in en pop\u00fcler a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 y\u00f6netim ve geli\u015ftirme arac\u0131d\u0131r. Web tabanl\u0131 bir aray\u00fcze sahiptir ve veritaban\u0131 nesnelerini olu\u015fturma, d\u00fczenleme, sorgu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, yedekleme\/geri y\u00fckleme gibi bir\u00e7ok i\u015flevi sunar.
\n*   DBeaver<\/strong>: \u00c7e\u015fitli veritabanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in evrensel bir veritaban\u0131 istemcisidir ve PostgreSQL i\u00e7in de m\u00fckemmel destek sunar.
\n*   SQL Developer (JetBrains)<\/strong>: IntelliJ IDEA gibi JetBrains IDE'lerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak veya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir uygulama olarak kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Sorun Giderme ve Yayg\u0131n Hatalar<\/h2>\n
Ba\u011flant\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
*   psql: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user \"postgres\"<\/code><\/strong>: Bu hata genellikle yerel Unix soket ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131nda pg_hba.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda peer<\/code> kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. postgres<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir sistem kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z veya pg_hba.conf<\/code> i\u00e7inde md5<\/code> veya scram-sha-256<\/code> gibi parola tabanl\u0131 bir kimlik do\u011frulama y\u00f6ntemi bekliyorsan\u0131z bu hatay\u0131 al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm, pg_hba.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek local<\/code> ba\u011flant\u0131lar i\u00e7in md5<\/code> veya scram-sha-256<\/code> kullanmak veya sudo -i -u postgres psql<\/code> gibi do\u011fru kullan\u0131c\u0131 ile ba\u011flanmakt\u0131r.
\n*   FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host \"::1\", user \"postgres\", database \"postgres\", SSL off<\/code><\/strong>: IPv6 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 denemesi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve pg_hba.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda ::1\/128<\/code> i\u00e7in bir giri\u015fin bulunmamas\u0131 durumunda olu\u015fur. \u0130lgili host<\/code> kayd\u0131n\u0131 ekleyerek veya IPv6'y\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir.
\n*   Could not connect to server: No such file or directory<\/code><\/strong>: PostgreSQL servisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa veya yanl\u0131\u015f Unix soket yolu belirtilmi\u015fse bu hata olu\u015fur. sudo systemctl status postgresql-15<\/code> komutuyla servisin durumunu kontrol edin ve gerekirse ba\u015flat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Yetkilendirme Hatalar\u0131<\/h3>\n
*   ERROR: permission denied for relation tablename<\/code><\/strong>: Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir tablo \u00fczerinde i\u015flem yapmaya (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) yetkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu hata olu\u015fur. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm, GRANT<\/code> komutunu kullanarak ilgili kullan\u0131c\u0131ya gerekli yetkileri vermektir:<\/p>\n
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON tablename TO myuser;<\/code><\/pre>\n
    T\u00fcm yetkileri vermek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON tablename TO myuser;<\/code><\/pre>\n
Disk Alan\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL, zamanla disk alan\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketebilir. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar ve uzun s\u00fcreli i\u015flemler, VACUUM<\/code> yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \"dead tuple\" birikimine neden olabilir.
\n*   Disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 izleyin: df -h<\/code> komutuyla disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.
\n*   Veritaban\u0131 boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin: psql<\/code> i\u00e7inde \\l+<\/code> veya SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size('mydatabase'));<\/code> komutlar\u0131yla veritaban\u0131 boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.
\n*   VACUUM FULL<\/code>: A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fi\u015fmi\u015f tablolar i\u00e7in VACUUM FULL<\/code> kullan\u0131labilir, ancak bu i\u015flem tabloyu kilitler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcrebilir. Dikkatli kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Log Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme<\/h3>\n
PostgreSQL, hatalar\u0131, uyar\u0131lar\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bilgileri log dosyalar\u0131na yazar. Sorun giderme s\u00fcrecinde log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   Log dosyalar\u0131 genellikle \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/15\/data\/log<\/code> dizini alt\u0131nda bulunur.
\n*   postgresql.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda log_directory<\/code> ve log_filename<\/code> parametreleriyle loglama ayarlar\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131labilir.
\n*   Hata mesajlar\u0131 ve uyar\u0131lar i\u00e7in log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak kontrol etmek, potansiyel sorunlar\u0131 erkenden tespit etmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu makalede, Rocky Linux 8 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerine PostgreSQL'in kurulumunu, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rma ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netimini, g\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve yedekleme\/geri y\u00fckleme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131k. PostgreSQL, esnekli\u011fi, performans\u0131 ve zengin \u00f6zellik setiyle modern uygulamalar i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir temel sunar. Rocky Linux 8'in stabil ve kurumsal s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131 ile birle\u015fti\u011finde, bu ikili g\u00fcvenilir ve y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 bir veritaban\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
Kurulumdan ba\u015flayarak temel SQL i\u015flemlerine ve sorun giderme ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazeyi kapsayan bu rehberin, PostgreSQL'i Rocky Linux 8 \u00fczerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kurman\u0131za ve y\u00f6netmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umuyoruz. Veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde daha ileri seviye konulara (replikasyon, performans ayarlama, uzant\u0131lar vb.) ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce bu temel bilgilerin sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. PostgreSQL toplulu\u011fu ve kapsaml\u0131 dok\u00fcmantasyonu, daha derinlemesine \u00f6\u011frenmek isteyenler i\u00e7in harika kaynaklar sunar. G\u00fcvenli ve verimli bir veritaban\u0131 ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in her zaman en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 takip etmeyi unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
<\/body>
\n```<\/p>\n
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\nThe content is approximately 1900 words. This falls within the 1500-2000 word range.
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