{"id":34881,"date":"2025-11-23T06:40:39","date_gmt":"2025-11-23T03:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=34881"},"modified":"2025-11-23T06:40:39","modified_gmt":"2025-11-23T03:40:39","slug":"debian-10a-takas-alani-swap-space-nasil-eklenir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/debian-10a-takas-alani-swap-space-nasil-eklenir\/","title":{"rendered":"Debian 10’a Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Nas\u0131l Eklenir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Debian 10’a Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Nas\u0131l Eklenir?<\/h2>\n

Debian 10 (Buster), kararl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir bir i\u015fletim sistemi olup, bir\u00e7ok sunucu ve ki\u015fisel bilgisayar kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilmektedir. Ancak, \u00f6zellikle sistem belle\u011fi (RAM) yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya yo\u011fun bellek kullanan uygulamalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sistem performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015febilir. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada takas alan\u0131 (swap space) devreye girer. Bu kapsaml\u0131 teknik makalede, Debian 10 sisteminize takas alan\u0131 eklemenin t\u00fcm ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu, nas\u0131l optimize edilece\u011fini ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilecek sorunlar\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Amac\u0131m\u0131z, hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de deneyimli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in eksiksiz bir rehber sunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Takas Alan\u0131 Nedir ve Neden \u00d6nemlidir?<\/h3>\n

Takas alan\u0131, bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n sabit diskinde (HDD veya SSD) ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zel bir aland\u0131r ve sistem belle\u011fi (RAM) doldu\u011funda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. RAM, h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan ge\u00e7ici bir depolama birimidir. \u0130\u015fletim sistemi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uygulamalar, verilerini ve program kodlar\u0131n\u0131 RAM’de tutar. Ancak, RAM miktar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uygulamalar ve i\u015flemler mevcut RAM’in tamam\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rsa, sistem yeni verilere yer a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in daha az kullan\u0131lan verileri RAM’den \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p takas alan\u0131na yazar. Bu i\u015fleme “takas etme” (swapping) denir.<\/p>\n

Takas alan\u0131, bir t\u00fcr “sanal RAM” g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. RAM’in aksine, sabit disk \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha yava\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, takas alan\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sistem performans\u0131 belirgin \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fer. Ancak, takas alan\u0131 olmamas\u0131 veya yetersiz olmas\u0131 durumunda, sistem RAM’i doldu\u011funda uygulamalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesine, sistemin donmas\u0131na veya \u00e7ok yava\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na neden olabilir. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131, sanalla\u015ft\u0131rma yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131, video d\u00fczenleme programlar\u0131 veya derleme i\u015flemleri gibi bellek yo\u011fun uygulamalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken takas alan\u0131 hayati \u00f6neme sahip olabilir.<\/p>\n

Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n temel faydalar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n* Bellek Geni\u015fletme:<\/strong> Fiziksel RAM’in yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda ek bellek kapasitesi sa\u011flar.
\n* Sistem Kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Bellek t\u00fckenmesi nedeniyle uygulamalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesini veya sistemin kilitlenmesini \u00f6nler.
\n* Haz\u0131rda Bekletme (Hibernation):<\/strong> Baz\u0131 sistemlerde, bilgisayar\u0131 kapat\u0131p t\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131n durumunu takas alan\u0131na kaydederek daha sonra h\u0131zl\u0131ca a\u00e7ma (haz\u0131rda bekletme) \u00f6zelli\u011fi i\u00e7in takas alan\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n* Performans \u0130yile\u015ftirmesi (Dolayl\u0131):<\/strong> Yeterli takas alan\u0131 sayesinde \u00e7ekirdek, az kullan\u0131lan bellek sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 diske ta\u015f\u0131yarak RAM’de daha kritik verilere yer a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

Modern sistemlerde genellikle bol miktarda RAM bulunsa da, takas alan\u0131 hala \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bulut sunucular\u0131 gibi k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kaynaklara sahip ortamlarda veya yo\u011fun i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc olan makinelerde takas alan\u0131 do\u011fru boyutland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Takas Alan\u0131 \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131 Belirleme<\/h3>\n

Takas alan\u0131 eklemeden \u00f6nce, mevcut durumu kontrol etmek ve ne kadar takas alan\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z oldu\u011funu belirlemek \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Mevcut Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme<\/h4>\n

Sisteminizde halihaz\u0131rda ne kadar takas alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 komut kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

* swapon --show<\/code>:<\/strong> Bu komut, etkin takas alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

swapon --show<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n\/b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131, boyutunu, kullan\u0131lan miktar\u0131 ve \u00f6nceli\u011fini g\u00f6sterecektir. E\u011fer herhangi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 yoksa, sisteminizde etkin bir takas alan\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
*   free -h<\/code>:<\/strong> Bu komut, sisteminizin toplam, kullan\u0131lan ve bo\u015f RAM miktar\u0131n\u0131 ve takas alan\u0131n\u0131n durumunu g\u00f6sterir. -h<\/code> bayra\u011f\u0131, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 insan taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir (human-readable) formatta g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
free -h<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da “Swap” sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ederek toplam takas alan\u0131n\u0131, kullan\u0131lan ve bo\u015f kalan miktar\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
*   \/proc\/swaps<\/code>:<\/strong> Bu dosya, etkin takas alanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
cat \/proc\/swaps<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komut da swapon --show<\/code> komutuna benzer bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 verecektir.<\/p>\n
Bu komutlarla mevcut durumu kontrol ettikten sonra, e\u011fer takas alan\u0131n\u0131z yoksa veya yetersizse, yeni bir takas alan\u0131 eklemeye devam edebiliriz.<\/p>\n
Takas Alan\u0131 Boyutunu Belirleme Kriterleri<\/h4>\n
Takas alan\u0131 boyutu i\u00e7in kesin bir kural olmamakla birlikte, genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f baz\u0131 y\u00f6nergeler ve pratik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130deal takas alan\u0131 boyutu, sisteminizin RAM miktar\u0131na, kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na ve beklenen i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Geleneksel Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar (Eski K\u0131lavuzlar):<\/strong>
\n*   RAM < 2GB:<\/strong> RAM’in 2 kat\u0131 kadar takas alan\u0131.
\n*   RAM 2GB – 8GB:<\/strong> RAM ile ayn\u0131 boyutta takas alan\u0131.
\n*   RAM > 8GB:<\/strong> Minimum 4GB takas alan\u0131 veya RAM’in yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar.<\/p>\n
Modern Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ve \u00d6neriler (G\u00fcncel Sistemler \u0130\u00e7in):<\/strong>
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sistemler genellikle daha fazla RAM’e sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, yukar\u0131daki kurallar biraz de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7o\u011fu Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve sistem y\u00f6neticisi, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki y\u00f6nergeleri kullan\u0131r:<\/p>\n
*   Hibernasyon (Haz\u0131rda Bekletme) \u0130htiyac\u0131 Yoksa:<\/strong>
\n    *   RAM < 4GB:<\/strong> RAM’in 1 ila 2 kat\u0131 kadar.
\n    *   RAM 4GB – 16GB:<\/strong> Minimum 4GB veya RAM’in yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar.
\n    *   RAM > 16GB:<\/strong> Minimum 4GB veya RAM’in \u00e7eyre\u011fi kadar.<\/p>\n
*   Hibernasyon (Haz\u0131rda Bekletme) \u0130htiyac\u0131 Varsa:<\/strong>
\n       Hibernasyon i\u00e7in takas alan\u0131, RAM boyutundan <\/em>en az* biraz daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmal\u0131d\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, RAM + 512MB). Bu, t\u00fcm RAM i\u00e7eri\u011finin takas alan\u0131na yaz\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemli Notlar:<\/strong>
\n*   SSD Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> SSD’ler, HDD’lere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r, bu da takas alan\u0131 performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ancak, SSD’lerin yazma \u00f6mr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 takas kullan\u0131m\u0131 SSD’nin \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131saltabilir. Bu nedenle, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca RAM kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve takas kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 minimumda tutmak iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.
\n*   \u0130\u015f Y\u00fck\u00fc:<\/strong> E\u011fer sisteminiz yo\u011fun bellek kullanan uygulamalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131racaksa (\u00f6rne\u011fin, sanal makineler, b\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirme ortamlar\u0131), \u00f6nerilen de\u011ferlerin \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 veya biraz daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmek mant\u0131kl\u0131 olabilir.
\n*   Minimum Takas:<\/strong> \u00c7o\u011fu sistem i\u00e7in, \u00f6zellikle modern donan\u0131mlarda, en az 2GB takas alan\u0131 bulundurmak iyi bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, 8GB RAM’e sahip bir Debian 10 sunucunuz varsa ve hibernasyon kullanm\u0131yorsan\u0131z, 4GB ila 8GB aras\u0131nda bir takas alan\u0131 uygun olacakt\u0131r. Bu rehberde, \u00f6rnek olarak 4GB’l\u0131k bir takas alan\u0131 olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Debian 10’a Takas Alan\u0131 Ekleme Ad\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Debian 10’a takas alan\u0131 eklemek i\u00e7in bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak en yayg\u0131n ve esnek y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, bir disk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturmak zorunda kalmadan takas alan\u0131 eklemenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 1: Y\u00f6netici Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 Edinme<\/h4>\n
Takas alan\u0131 olu\u015fturma ve y\u00f6netme i\u015flemleri sistem d\u00fczeyinde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler gerektirdi\u011finden, root (y\u00f6netici) ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131na sahip olman\u0131z gerekir. Terminali a\u00e7\u0131n ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlardan birini kullanarak root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7in veya komutlar\u0131 sudo<\/code> ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n
# Root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in:\nsudo su - \n
veya<\/h2>\nsu -<\/code><\/pre>\n
E\u011fer sudo<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, her komutun ba\u015f\u0131na sudo<\/code> eklemeniz yeterlidir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 2: Takas Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in iki yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntem vard\u0131r: fallocate<\/code> ve dd<\/code>. fallocate<\/code> genellikle daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve tercih edilen y\u00f6ntemdir, ancak baz\u0131 dosya sistemlerinde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, eski EXT3 veya baz\u0131 a\u011f dosya sistemlerinde) desteklenmeyebilir. E\u011fer fallocate<\/code> hata verirse, dd<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
fallocate<\/code> Kullanarak Dosya Olu\u015fturma<\/h5>\n
Bu komut, belirtilen boyutta bir dosya olu\u015fturur ve dosya sisteminde bu boyutu \u00f6nceden tahsis eder. Bu y\u00f6ntem, dd<\/code>‘ye g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olarak 4GB boyutunda bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
fallocate -l 4G \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   -l 4G<\/code>: Olu\u015fturulacak dosyan\u0131n boyutunu 4 Gigabayt olarak belirtir. \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re 2G<\/code>, 8G<\/code> vb. yapabilirsiniz.
\n*   \/swapfile<\/code>: Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ve konumunu belirtir. Genellikle k\u00f6k dizinde (\/<\/code>) swapfile<\/code> ad\u0131yla olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n
dd<\/code> Kullanarak Dosya Olu\u015fturma (Alternatif Y\u00f6ntem)<\/h5>\n
E\u011fer fallocate<\/code> komutu bir hata verirse (\u00f6rne\u011fin, “Operation not supported” gibi), dd<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. dd<\/code> komutu, belirtilen blok boyutunda ve say\u0131s\u0131nda veri yazarak bir dosya olu\u015fturur. Bu y\u00f6ntem daha yava\u015ft\u0131r ancak daha geni\u015f uyumlulu\u011fa sahiptir.<\/p>\n
dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/swapfile bs=1M count=4096<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   if=\/dev\/zero<\/code>: Giri\u015f kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak s\u0131f\u0131rlarla dolu bir cihaz\u0131 kullan\u0131r.
\n*   of=\/swapfile<\/code>: \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 dosyas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ve konumunu belirtir.
\n*   bs=1M<\/code>: Blok boyutunu 1 Megabayt olarak ayarlar.
\n*   count=4096<\/code>: 4096 adet 1MB’l\u0131k blok yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, bu da toplamda 4096 MB (4GB) eder.<\/p>\n
Dosya olu\u015fturulduktan sonra, do\u011fru boyutta oldu\u011fundan emin olmak i\u00e7in kontrol edebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
ls -lh \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz dosyan\u0131n boyutunu (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 4.0G<\/code>) g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 3: Takas Dosyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130zinlerini Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
Takas dosyas\u0131, hassas verileri i\u00e7erebilece\u011fi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir ve yaz\u0131labilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu dosyaya eri\u015fimini engellemek i\u00e7in izinleri 600<\/code> olarak ayarlamam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
chmod 600 \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   600<\/code>: Yaln\u0131zca dosya sahibinin (root) okuma ve yazma izni oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
\u0130zinlerin do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in tekrar kontrol edebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
ls -lh \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da rw-------<\/code> gibi bir ifade g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 4: Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
\u015eimdi olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz dosyay\u0131 bir takas alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemiz gerekiyor. Bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in mkswap<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
mkswap \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, dosyay\u0131 takas alan\u0131 olarak bi\u00e7imlendirir ve bir UUID atar. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, takas alan\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten bir mesaj i\u00e7erecektir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 5: Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendirdikten sonra, sistemin bu alan\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in etkinle\u015ftirmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n
swapon \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 hemen etkinle\u015ftirir. \u015eimdi sistemin takas alan\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebiliriz:<\/p>\n
swapon --show\n
veya<\/h2>\nfree -h<\/code><\/pre>\n
swapon --show<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131nda \/swapfile<\/code> girdisini g\u00f6rmelisiniz. free -h<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131nda ise “Swap” sat\u0131r\u0131nda toplam takas alan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellendi\u011fini fark edeceksiniz.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 6: Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Kal\u0131c\u0131 Hale Getirme<\/h4>\n
\u015eu anki haliyle takas alan\u0131 etkin olsa da, sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaybolacakt\u0131r. Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n her a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015fta otomatik olarak etkinle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131na bir giri\u015f eklememiz gerekir. Bu dosya, sistemin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015fta hangi dosya sistemlerini ba\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n
\/etc\/fstab<\/code> Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme<\/h5>\n
Bir metin d\u00fczenleyici (\u00f6rne\u011fin, nano<\/code> veya vim<\/code>) kullanarak \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n:<\/p>\n
nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n en sonuna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   \/swapfile<\/code>: Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n yolu.
\n*   none<\/code>: Takas dosyalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u011flama noktas\u0131 belirtilmez.
\n*   swap<\/code>: Dosya sisteminin tipini belirtir (takas alan\u0131).
\n*   sw<\/code>: Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n etkinle\u015ftirme se\u00e7eneklerini belirtir.
\n*   0 0<\/code>: Bu alanlar, dosya sistemi yedekleme (dump) ve dosya sistemi kontrol\u00fc (fsck) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Takas alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in genellikle 0 0<\/code> olarak ayarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri Kaydetme ve \u00c7\u0131kma<\/h5>\n
nano<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Ctrl+O<\/code> tu\u015flar\u0131na basarak de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin, Enter<\/code> ile onaylay\u0131n ve Ctrl+X<\/code> tu\u015flar\u0131na basarak d\u00fczenleyiciden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Sistem Yeniden Ba\u015flat\u0131lmadan Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme<\/h5>\n
\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan test edebilirsiniz. \u00d6nce takas alan\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n:<\/p>\n
swapoff \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ard\u0131ndan, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm takas alanlar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
swapon -a<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki sw<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fine sahip t\u00fcm takas giri\u015flerini etkinle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. E\u011fer herhangi bir hata almazsan\u0131z, takas alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda otomatik olarak etkinle\u015fece\u011fini varsayabilirsiniz. Son olarak, durumu tekrar kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
free -h<\/code><\/pre>\n
Her \u015fey yolundaysa, art\u0131k Debian 10 sisteminizde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir takas alan\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Takas Alan\u0131 Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 Optimizasyon<\/h3>\n
Takas alan\u0131n\u0131 ekledikten sonra, sisteminizin takas alan\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden baz\u0131 parametreleri ayarlayarak performans\u0131 optimize edebilirsiniz. Bu parametreler, \u00e7ekirdek taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir ve sysctl<\/code> arac\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n
swappiness<\/code> De\u011feri Nedir?<\/h4>\n
swappiness<\/code> de\u011feri, Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011finin RAM’deki verileri ne kadar “agresif” bir \u015fekilde takas alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bir parametredir. De\u011fer 0 ile 100 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir:
\n*   swappiness = 0<\/code>:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzun s\u00fcre RAM’de kalmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve yaln\u0131zca kesinlikle gerekli oldu\u011funda (yani RAM neredeyse tamamen doldu\u011funda) takas alan\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu ayar, genellikle sunucular i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc disk G\/\u00c7 (I\/O) i\u015flemlerini azalt\u0131r ve performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ancak, RAM tamamen dolarsa sistem donabilir.
\n*   swappiness = 60<\/code> (Varsay\u0131lan):<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, RAM’in yakla\u015f\u0131k %40’\u0131 bo\u015fald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (yani %60’\u0131 doldu\u011funda) takas alan\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flar. Bu, \u00e7o\u011fu masa\u00fcst\u00fc sistemi i\u00e7in dengeli bir varsay\u0131lan de\u011ferdir.
\n*   swappiness = 100<\/code>:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, RAM’i bo\u015faltmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok agresif bir \u015fekilde takas alan\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu, genellikle masa\u00fcst\u00fc sistemlerde istenmeyen bir durumdur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131k disk G\/\u00c7’ye yol a\u00e7arak performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n
Mevcut swappiness<\/code> De\u011ferini Kontrol Etme<\/h4>\n
Mevcut swappiness<\/code> de\u011ferini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
cat \/proc\/sys\/vm\/swappiness<\/code><\/pre>\n
Varsay\u0131lan olarak Debian 10’da bu de\u011fer genellikle 60<\/code> olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
swappiness<\/code> De\u011ferini Ge\u00e7ici Olarak Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
swappiness<\/code> de\u011ferini ge\u00e7ici olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in sysctl<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131f\u0131rlanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu \u00f6rnekte, swappiness<\/code> de\u011feri 10<\/code> olarak ayarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, \u00e7ekirde\u011fin takas alan\u0131n\u0131 daha az kullanmaya meyilli olaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
swappiness<\/code> De\u011ferini Kal\u0131c\u0131 Olarak Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
swappiness<\/code> de\u011ferini kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Dosyan\u0131n en sonuna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
vm.swappiness=10<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011feri kendi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re ayarlayabilirsiniz. Genel \u00f6neriler:
\n*   Sunucular i\u00e7in:<\/strong> 10<\/code> veya 15<\/code> (daha az takas kullan\u0131m\u0131, daha iyi RAM performans\u0131)
\n*   Masa\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlar i\u00e7in:<\/strong> 30<\/code> veya 40<\/code> (daha dengeli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m)<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, yeni ayarlar\u0131n etkinle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo sysctl -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm ayarlar\u0131 yeniden y\u00fckler. \u015eimdi cat \/proc\/sys\/vm\/swappiness<\/code> komutu ile yeni de\u011feri kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> Nedir?<\/h4>\n
vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> ba\u015fka bir \u00e7ekirdek parametresidir ve dosya sistemi \u00f6nbelle\u011finin (dentry ve inode \u00f6nbellekleri) ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bo\u015falt\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder. Bu \u00f6nbellekler, Linux’un dosya sistemi i\u015flemlerini h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bellek alanlar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   Varsay\u0131lan de\u011fer (100):<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, dentry ve inode \u00f6nbelle\u011fini di\u011fer sayfa \u00f6nbelleklerine g\u00f6re daha agresif bir \u015fekilde bo\u015falt\u0131r.
\n*   Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011fer (\u00f6rne\u011fin 50):<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek, dentry ve inode \u00f6nbelle\u011fini daha uzun s\u00fcre RAM’de tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dosya i\u015flemi yapan sistemlerde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, web sunucular\u0131, derleme sunucular\u0131) disk G\/\u00c7’yi azaltarak performans\u0131 art\u0131rabilir. Ancak, bu durum di\u011fer bellek alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha az RAM kalmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n
Mevcut vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> de\u011ferini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
cat \/proc\/sys\/vm\/vfs_cache_pressure<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011feri kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak ayarlamak i\u00e7in, \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 ekleyin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 50 olarak ayarlamak i\u00e7in):<\/p>\n
vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ard\u0131ndan sudo sysctl -p<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak ayarlar\u0131 uygulay\u0131n. Bu ayar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden \u00f6nce dikkatli olun ve sisteminizin performans\u0131n\u0131 izleyin. \u00c7o\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan de\u011fer yeterlidir.<\/p>\n
Mevcut Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Kald\u0131rma<\/h3>\n
Bir takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rman\u0131z gerekirse (\u00f6rne\u011fin, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir takas alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmak veya takas alan\u0131na art\u0131k ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsan\u0131z), a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 1: Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma<\/h4>\n
\u00d6ncelikle, sistemin takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
sudo swapoff \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/swapfile<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 takas alan\u0131 olarak kullanmay\u0131 durdurur. E\u011fer birden fazla takas alan\u0131n\u0131z varsa ve hepsini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak istiyorsan\u0131z sudo swapoff -a<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Durumu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
free -h<\/code><\/pre>\n
“Swap” sat\u0131r\u0131nda takas alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 2: \/etc\/fstab<\/code> Dosyas\u0131ndan Giri\u015fi Kald\u0131rma<\/h4>\n
Sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda takas alan\u0131n\u0131n tekrar etkinle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki ilgili sat\u0131r\u0131 silmeniz veya yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yapman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n
\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 bulun ve silin veya ba\u015f\u0131na #<\/code> karakteri ekleyerek yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n:<\/p>\n
#\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n
De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedip d\u00fczenleyiciden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 3: Takas Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 Silme<\/h4>\n
Takas alan\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131ktan ve \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, art\u0131k diskinizde yer kaplayan takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 silebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
sudo rm \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, \/swapfile<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak siler.<\/p>\n
Art\u0131k sisteminizde ilgili takas dosyas\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sorun Giderme<\/h3>\n
Takas alan\u0131 ekleme s\u00fcrecinde baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirsiniz. \u0130\u015fte bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
“Permission denied” Hatas\u0131<\/h4>\n
Bu hata genellikle, komutlar\u0131 root ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. T\u00fcm ad\u0131mlar\u0131 sudo<\/code> ile veya sudo su -<\/code> komutuyla root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7tikten sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/p>\n
“fallocate: fallocate failed: Operation not supported” Hatas\u0131<\/h4>\n
Bu hata, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z dosya sisteminin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir a\u011f dosya sistemi veya baz\u0131 eski EXT3 yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131) fallocate<\/code> komutunu desteklemedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu durumda, takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in dd<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/swapfile bs=1M count=4096<\/code><\/pre>\n
Takas Alan\u0131 Yeniden Ba\u015flatmadan Sonra Kayboluyor<\/h4>\n
Bu, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131na takas alan\u0131 giri\u015fini eklemeyi unuttu\u011funuz veya yanl\u0131\u015f yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z anlam\u0131na gelir. \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131n do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde eklendi\u011finden emin olun:<\/p>\n
\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n
Sat\u0131r\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olduktan sonra, sudo swapon -a<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak sisteminizi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri test edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
mkswap<\/code> veya swapon<\/code> Hatalar\u0131<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer mkswap<\/code> veya swapon<\/code> komutlar\u0131 hata veriyorsa, takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru izinlere sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin (chmod 600 \/swapfile<\/code>). Ayr\u0131ca, takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131n ve yolunun do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu makalede, Debian 10 sisteminize takas alan\u0131 eklemenin neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu, ideal takas alan\u0131 boyutunu nas\u0131l belirleyece\u011finizi ve ad\u0131m ad\u0131m takas alan\u0131 olu\u015fturma, etkinle\u015ftirme ve kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceledik. Ayr\u0131ca, sisteminizin takas kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmek i\u00e7in swappiness<\/code> ve vfs_cache_pressure<\/code> gibi \u00e7ekirdek parametrelerini nas\u0131l ayarlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilecek yayg\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 nas\u0131l giderece\u011finizi \u00f6\u011frendiniz.<\/p>\n
Takas alan\u0131, sisteminizin bellek y\u00f6netimini iyile\u015ftirerek genel performans\u0131 ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilen kritik bir bile\u015fendir. Do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir takas alan\u0131, \u00f6zellikle bellek yo\u011fun i\u015f y\u00fckleri alt\u0131nda sisteminizin daha sorunsuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Unutmay\u0131n ki takas alan\u0131 bir “can simidi” g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr; as\u0131l performans iyile\u015ftirmesi i\u00e7in yeterli fiziksel RAM’e sahip olmak her zaman en iyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Ancak, RAM’in s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, takas alan\u0131 sisteminizin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmesini sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir mekanizmad\u0131r. Bu rehberi takip ederek Debian 10 sisteminizin bellek y\u00f6netimini ba\u015far\u0131yla optimize edebilirsiniz.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Debian 10’a Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Nas\u0131l Eklenir?\nDebian 10 (Buster), kararl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir bir i\u015fletim sistemi olup, bir\u00e7ok sunucu ve ki\u015fise","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-34881","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nDebian 10'a Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Nas\u0131l Eklenir? - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/debian-10a-takas-alani-swap-space-nasil-eklenir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Debian 10'a Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Nas\u0131l Eklenir?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Debian 10'a Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Nas\u0131l Eklenir? 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