{"id":34786,"date":"2025-11-22T02:40:43","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T23:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=34786"},"modified":"2025-11-22T02:40:43","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T23:40:43","slug":"debian-9-uzerinde-dosya-sistemi-kotalari-nasil-ayarlanir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/debian-9-uzerinde-dosya-sistemi-kotalari-nasil-ayarlanir\/","title":{"rendered":"Debian 9 \u00dczerinde Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ayarlan\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Debian 9 \u00dczerinde Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ayarlan\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

Debian 9 (Stretch) gibi Linux tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde dosya sistemi kotalar\u0131, disk alan\u0131n\u0131n verimli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmesi ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar veya gruplar aras\u0131nda adil bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ok kullan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 sunucu ortamlar\u0131nda, her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n veya uygulaman\u0131n belirli bir disk alan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na uymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak, sistemin genel istikrar\u0131 ve performans\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu kapsaml\u0131 teknik makalede, Debian 9 \u00fczerinde dosya sistemi kotalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l etkinle\u015ftirilece\u011fi, yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00f6netilece\u011fi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f: Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Neden \u00d6nemlidir?<\/h3>\n

Dosya sistemi kotalar\u0131, bir dosya sistemi \u00fczerinde belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 veya grubun kullanabilece\u011fi disk alan\u0131 (blok kotas\u0131) ve\/veya dosya\/dizin say\u0131s\u0131 (inode kotas\u0131) miktar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir mekanizmad\u0131r. Bu mekanizma, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki temel faydalar\u0131 sa\u011flar:<\/p>\n

* Kaynak Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> Sunucu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle disk alan\u0131) k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya tek bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcketilmesini engeller.
\n* Sistem Kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Disk alan\u0131n\u0131n kritik seviyelere d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nleyerek sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesini veya beklenmedik davran\u0131\u015flar sergilemesini engeller. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/var<\/code> dizini log dosyalar\u0131yla doldu\u011funda sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fi durabilir.
\n* Adil Kullan\u0131m:<\/strong> \u00c7ok kullan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 ortamlarda, her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n veya projenin belirli bir paya sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak adil bir kaynak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 sunar.
\n* Proaktif Uyar\u0131lar:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kota s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda veya a\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda bilgilendirilmesini sa\u011flayarak, disk alan\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden ele almalar\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Debian 9 \u00fczerinde kota sistemi, \u00f6zellikle \/home<\/code> dizini gibi kullan\u0131c\u0131 verilerinin depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \/var\/www<\/code> gibi web sitelerinin bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu makale, bu t\u00fcr senaryolar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde detayl\u0131 bir rehber sunacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Quota T\u00fcrleri ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n

Dosya sistemi kotalar\u0131 temelde iki ana t\u00fcrde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve her biri i\u00e7in hem disk alan\u0131 hem de dosya say\u0131s\u0131 (inode) baz\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rlar belirlenebilir:<\/p>\n

Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Kotalar\u0131 (User Quotas)<\/h4>\n

Kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131, sistemdeki bireysel kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n disk alan\u0131 ve inode kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kullanici1<\/code> adl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \/home<\/code> dizininde en fazla 10 GB disk alan\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na izin verilebilir. Bu, \u00f6zellikle bar\u0131nd\u0131rma sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 veya e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 gibi ortamlarda her \u00f6\u011frenciye\/m\u00fc\u015fteriye belirli bir alan tahsis etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Grup Kotalar\u0131 (Group Quotas)<\/h4>\n

Grup kotalar\u0131, belirli bir grubun t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan toplam disk alan\u0131 ve inode kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, webdevs<\/code> grubundaki t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \/var\/www<\/code> dizininde toplamda en fazla 50 GB disk alan\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na izin verilebilir. Bu, bir projeye veya departmana ayr\u0131lan toplam alan\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in idealdir.<\/p>\n

Blok Kotalar\u0131 ve Inode Kotalar\u0131<\/h4>\n

* Blok Kotalar\u0131:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n veya grubun kullanabilece\u011fi disk alan\u0131n\u0131n toplam miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Genellikle kilobayt (KB) veya megabayt (MB) cinsinden ifade edilir, ancak arka planda dosya sistemi bloklar\u0131 cinsinden y\u00f6netilir.
\n* Inode Kotalar\u0131:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n veya grubun olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi dosya ve dizin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Her dosya veya dizin bir inode kullan\u0131r. \u00c7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dosya depolayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in bu kota t\u00fcr\u00fc, disk alan\u0131n\u0131 doldurmadan \u00f6nce bile dosya say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilir.<\/p>\n

Yumu\u015fak S\u0131n\u0131r (Soft Limit) ve Sert S\u0131n\u0131r (Hard Limit)<\/h4>\n

Her kota t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in iki farkl\u0131 limit belirlenebilir:<\/p>\n

* Yumu\u015fak S\u0131n\u0131r (Soft Limit):<\/strong> Bu s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131 veya grup uyar\u0131l\u0131r, ancak hemen yazma i\u015flemi engellenmez. Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra belirli bir “grace period” (izin s\u00fcresi) boyunca disk kullanmaya devam etmesine izin verilir. Bu s\u00fcre sonunda kullan\u0131c\u0131 hala yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerindeyse, yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r sert s\u0131n\u0131ra d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve daha fazla yazma i\u015flemi engellenir.
\n* Sert S\u0131n\u0131r (Hard Limit):<\/strong> Bu s\u0131n\u0131r kesin ve kesindir. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 veya grup bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 hi\u00e7bir ko\u015fulda a\u015famaz. Bir dosya yazma i\u015flemi bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015facaksa, i\u015flem hemen reddedilir ve disk dolu hatas\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Grace period, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya dosya silmesi veya disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre tan\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre, edquota -t<\/code> komutu ile ayarlanabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n Haz\u0131rl\u0131klar<\/h3>\n

Kota sistemini yap\u0131land\u0131rmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce baz\u0131 \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131n yerine getirilmesi gerekmektedir:<\/p>\n

1. Root Yetkisi:<\/strong> T\u00fcm kota yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u015flemleri root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak veya sudo<\/code> ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir.
\n2. Disk B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Belirlenmesi:<\/strong> Kotalar\u0131 uygulamak istedi\u011finiz dosya sistemini belirleyin. Genellikle bu, \/home<\/code>, \/var<\/code>, \/tmp<\/code> veya \u00f6zel olarak ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veri b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri olabilir. K\u00f6k dosya sistemi (\/<\/code>) \u00fczerinde kota uygulamak teknik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da, genellikle tavsiye edilmez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sistemin temel i\u015flevlerini etkileyebilir. Bu rehberde \/home<\/code> dizini \u00f6rnek olarak kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.
\n3. quota<\/code> Paketinin Kurulumu:<\/strong> Debian 9 sisteminizde quota<\/code> paketinin y\u00fckl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. E\u011fer y\u00fckl\u00fc de\u011filse, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutla kurabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n

sudo apt update\n    sudo apt install quota<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu paket, kota sistemini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in gerekli olan quotacheck<\/code>, quotaon<\/code>, quotaoff<\/code>, edquota<\/code>, repquota<\/code> gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 1: Quota Destekli Bir Dosya Sistemini Haz\u0131rlama<\/h3>\n
Kota sistemini etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, kotalar\u0131 uygulamak istedi\u011finiz dosya sisteminin \u00e7ekirdek taraf\u0131ndan kota deste\u011fi ile ba\u011flanmas\u0131 (mount edilmesi) gerekir. Bu, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda ilgili dosya sistemi girdisine usrquota<\/code> ve\/veya grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerini ekleyerek yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.  \/etc\/fstab<\/code> Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme:<\/strong>
\n    Bir metin d\u00fczenleyici (\u00f6rne\u011fin nano<\/code> veya vi<\/code>) kullanarak \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  \u0130lgili Girdiyi Bulma ve D\u00fczenleme:<\/strong>
\n    Kotalar\u0131 uygulamak istedi\u011finiz dosya sistemi i\u00e7in bir girdi bulun. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/home<\/code> dizini i\u00e7in bir girdi \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir:<\/p>\n
UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx \/home ext4 defaults 0 2<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu girdiye usrquota<\/code> (kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131 i\u00e7in) ve\/veya grpquota<\/code> (grup kotalar\u0131 i\u00e7in) se\u00e7eneklerini ekleyin. Her ikisini de etkinle\u015ftirmek istiyorsan\u0131z, virg\u00fclle ay\u0131rarak ekleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx \/home ext4 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 2<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   defaults<\/code><\/strong>: Tipik ba\u011flama se\u00e7eneklerini (rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async) i\u00e7erir.
\n    *   usrquota<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir.
\n    *   grpquota<\/code><\/strong>: Grup kotalar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
    De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin ve d\u00fczenleyiciden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n.<\/p>\n
3.  Dosya Sistemini Yeniden Ba\u011flama:<\/strong>
\n    fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenledikten sonra, de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgili dosya sistemini yeniden ba\u011flaman\u0131z gerekir. Bu i\u015flemi, sisteminizi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan da yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo mount -o remount \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer bu komut hata verirse veya dosya sistemi kullan\u0131mda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yeniden ba\u011flama sorun yarat\u0131rsa, en g\u00fcvenli yol sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatmakt\u0131r. Ancak genellikle remount<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi sorunsuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n    Dosya sisteminin do\u011fru se\u00e7eneklerle ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in mount<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
mount | grep \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da usrquota<\/code> ve grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerini g\u00f6rmelisiniz:<\/p>\n
\/dev\/sdb1 on \/home type ext4 (rw,relatime,usrquota,grpquota)<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsan\u0131z, dosya sisteminiz kota deste\u011fi ile haz\u0131r demektir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 2: Quota Veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n
Kota sisteminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in, her dosya sistemi i\u00e7in aquota.user<\/code> ve aquota.group<\/code> ad\u0131nda \u00f6zel veritaban\u0131 dosyalar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu dosyalar, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ve gruplar\u0131n disk kullan\u0131m bilgilerini ve kota limitlerini depolar. Bu dosyalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak ve mevcut disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 taramak i\u00e7in quotacheck<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.  quotacheck<\/code> Komutunu \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<\/strong>
\n    Dosya sistemi ba\u011fl\u0131yken ve kota se\u00e7enekleri etkinle\u015ftirilmi\u015fken, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo quotacheck -cug \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   -c<\/code><\/strong>: Bu se\u00e7enek, kota dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 (aquota.user, aquota.group) olu\u015fturur. E\u011fer dosyalar zaten varsa, yeniden olu\u015fturur.
\n    *   -u<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131 i\u00e7in tarama yapar ve aquota.user<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur\/g\u00fcnceller.
\n    *   -g<\/code><\/strong>: Grup kotalar\u0131 i\u00e7in tarama yapar ve aquota.group<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur\/g\u00fcnceller.
\n    *   \/home<\/code><\/strong>: Kotalar\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirdi\u011finiz dosya sisteminin ba\u011flama noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
    Bu komut, belirtilen dosya sistemini tarayarak her kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve grubun mevcut disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve inode say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hesaplar. Bu i\u015flem, dosya sisteminin boyutuna ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi dosya say\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak biraz zaman alabilir.<\/p>\n
2.  Quota Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015ftu\u011funu Do\u011frulama:<\/strong>
\n    quotacheck<\/code> komutu tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, \/home<\/code> dizini alt\u0131nda aquota.user<\/code> ve aquota.group<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011funu do\u011frulay\u0131n:<\/p>\n
ls -l \/home\/aquota.*<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnmelidir:<\/p>\n
-rw------- 1 root root 8192 May 15 10:00 \/home\/aquota.group\n    -rw------- 1 root root 8192 May 15 10:00 \/home\/aquota.user<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu dosyalar\u0131n izinleri root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ait ve sadece root taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir\/yaz\u0131labilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r (600<\/code> veya rw-------<\/code>). Bu, kota bilgilerinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 3: Quota Sistemini Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\n
quotacheck<\/code> komutu kota dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturduktan sonra, kota sistemini etkinle\u015ftirmeniz gerekir. Bu, quotaon<\/code> komutu ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1.  quotaon<\/code> Komutunu \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<\/strong>
\n    Belirtilen dosya sistemi \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve grup kotalar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo quotaon -ug \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   -u<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir.
\n    *   -g<\/code><\/strong>: Grup kotalar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir.
\n    *   \/home<\/code><\/strong>: Kotalar\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finiz dosya sistemi.<\/p>\n
    E\u011fer herhangi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 vermezse, i\u015flem ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 demektir. Hata durumunda, genellikle quota<\/code> paketinin y\u00fckl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \/etc\/fstab<\/code> ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve quotacheck<\/code> i\u015fleminin do\u011fru yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
2.  Kotalar\u0131n Durumunu Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    Kotalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten etkinle\u015ftirilip etkinle\u015ftirilmedi\u011fini repquota<\/code> komutu ile h\u0131zl\u0131ca kontrol edebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo repquota \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer kotalar etkinse, t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar ve gruplar i\u00e7in bir rapor g\u00f6rmelisiniz. E\u011fer etkin de\u011filse, bir hata mesaj\u0131 al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
    \u00d6nemli Not:<\/strong> quotaon<\/code> komutu, sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kotalar\u0131 otomatik olarak etkinle\u015ftirmez. Ancak \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki usrquota<\/code> ve grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7enekleri sayesinde, sistem her ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdek otomatik olarak bu dosya sistemleri i\u00e7in kota deste\u011fini etkinle\u015ftirecektir. Yani, bu ad\u0131m\u0131 her yeniden ba\u015flatmadan sonra tekrar yapman\u0131za gerek yoktur, sadece ilk kurulumda gereklidir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 4: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve Grup Kotalar\u0131n\u0131 Ayarlama<\/h3>\n
Kota sistemi etkinle\u015ftirildikten sonra, belirli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar ve gruplar i\u00e7in disk alan\u0131 ve inode limitlerini ayarlayabilirsiniz. Bu i\u015flem edquota<\/code> komutu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. edquota<\/code> komutu, kotalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan metin d\u00fczenleyicinizi (genellikle vi<\/code>) a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Kotalar\u0131n\u0131 Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
1.  Bir Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya Kota Ayarlama:<\/strong>
\n    Belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in kotalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek \u00fczere edquota -u<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -u [kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131]<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00d6rne\u011fin, testuser<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -u testuser<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komut, varsay\u0131lan metin d\u00fczenleyicinizde (\u00f6rne\u011fin vi<\/code>) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 a\u00e7acakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Disk quotas for user testuser (uid 1001):\n      Filesystem          blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard\n      \/dev\/sdb1                0          0          0          0        0        0<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Burada:
\n    *   Filesystem<\/code><\/strong>: Kota uygulanan dosya sistemi.
\n    *   blocks<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu anki disk alan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 (KB cinsinden).
\n    *   soft<\/code> (blok)<\/strong>: Yumu\u015fak blok kotas\u0131.
\n    *   hard<\/code> (blok)<\/strong>: Sert blok kotas\u0131.
\n    *   inodes<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu anki inode kullan\u0131m\u0131.
\n    *   soft<\/code> (inode)<\/strong>: Yumu\u015fak inode kotas\u0131.
\n    *   hard<\/code> (inode)<\/strong>: Sert inode kotas\u0131.<\/p>\n
    \u00d6rne\u011fin, testuser<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na 500 MB yumu\u015fak blok kotas\u0131, 600 MB sert blok kotas\u0131 ve 10000 yumu\u015fak inode kotas\u0131, 12000 sert inode kotas\u0131 atamak i\u00e7in girdiyi \u015fu \u015fekilde d\u00fczenleyin:<\/p>\n
Disk quotas for user testuser (uid 1001):\n      Filesystem          blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard\n      \/dev\/sdb1                0     512000     614400      0    10000    12000<\/code><\/pre>\n
       512000<\/code><\/strong>: 500 MB (500 <\/em> 1024 KB) yumu\u015fak blok kotas\u0131.
\n       614400<\/code><\/strong>: 600 MB (600 <\/em> 1024 KB) sert blok kotas\u0131.
\n    *   10000<\/code><\/strong>: 10000 yumu\u015fak inode kotas\u0131.
\n    *   12000<\/code><\/strong>: 12000 sert inode kotas\u0131.<\/p>\n
    vi<\/code> d\u00fczenleyicisinde d\u00fczenleme yapmak i\u00e7in i<\/code> tu\u015funa bas\u0131n, de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yap\u0131n, ard\u0131ndan Esc<\/code> tu\u015funa bas\u0131p :wq<\/code> yazarak kaydedip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n.<\/p>\n
2.  Birden Fazla Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya Kota Ayarlama:<\/strong>
\n    Ayn\u0131 kota limitlerini birden fazla kullan\u0131c\u0131ya uygulamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131c\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131 yan yana yazabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -u user1 user2 user3<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu, her kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 d\u00fczenleme ekran\u0131 a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3.  Varsay\u0131lan Kota \u015eablonu Olu\u015fturma:<\/strong>
\n    Yeni olu\u015fturulan kullan\u0131c\u0131lara veya mevcut kullan\u0131c\u0131lara belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kotalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fablon olarak uygulamak i\u00e7in -p<\/code> (prototype) se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -p [kaynak_kullan\u0131c\u0131] -u [hedef_kullan\u0131c\u0131]<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u00d6rne\u011fin, testuser<\/code>‘\u0131n kotalar\u0131n\u0131 newuser<\/code>‘a kopyalamak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -p testuser -u newuser<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok say\u0131da kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ayn\u0131 kotalar\u0131 ataman\u0131z gerekti\u011finde zaman kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Grup Kotalar\u0131n\u0131 Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
Bir grup i\u00e7in kotalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek, kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131r, ancak -g<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi kullan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -g [grup_ad\u0131]<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, webdevs<\/code> grubu i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -g webdevs<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 kotalar\u0131na benzer olacakt\u0131r, ancak grup baz\u0131nda kullan\u0131m ve limitleri g\u00f6sterecektir:<\/p>\n
Disk quotas for group webdevs (gid 1002):\n  Filesystem          blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard\n  \/dev\/sdb1                0          0          0          0        0        0<\/code><\/pre>\n
Burada da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde blok ve inode limitlerini d\u00fczenleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Grace Period (\u0130zin S\u00fcresi) Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
Yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n veya gruplar\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcreyle daha disk yazmaya devam edebilece\u011fini belirleyen grace period’u ayarlamak i\u00e7in edquota -t<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -t<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir ekran a\u00e7ar:<\/p>\n
Grace period before enforcing soft quotas for users:\nTime units may be: days, hours, minutes, seconds\n  Filesystem            Block grace period       Inode grace period\n  \/dev\/sdb1                      7days                    7days<\/code><\/pre>\n
Burada, hem blok hem de inode kotalar\u0131 i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan grace period 7 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu de\u011feri ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 3days<\/code>, 12hours<\/code>, 30minutes<\/code>).<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131m 5: Kotalar\u0131 Kontrol Etme ve Raporlama<\/h3>\n
Kotalar\u0131 ayarlad\u0131ktan sonra, bunlar\u0131n do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\/gruplar\u0131n mevcut durumunu kontrol etmek \u00f6nemlidir. Bunun i\u00e7in quota<\/code> ve repquota<\/code> komutlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Kendi Kotalar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etmesi (quota<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131, kendi disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve kota limitlerini quota<\/code> komutu ile kontrol edebilir:<\/p>\n
quota<\/code><\/pre>\n
Veya belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in (root taraf\u0131ndan veya sudo ile):<\/p>\n
sudo quota -u [kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131]<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, testuser<\/code> i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo quota -u testuser<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnecektir:<\/p>\n
Disk quotas for user testuser (uid 1001):\n     Filesystem  blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace\n      \/dev\/sdb1       0  512000  614400           0   10000   12000<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   blocks<\/code><\/strong>: Mevcut blok kullan\u0131m\u0131.
\n*   quota<\/code><\/strong>: Yumu\u015fak blok kotas\u0131.
\n*   limit<\/code><\/strong>: Sert blok kotas\u0131.
\n*   grace<\/code><\/strong>: E\u011fer yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa kalan grace period s\u00fcresi.
\n*   files<\/code><\/strong>: Mevcut inode kullan\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer yumu\u015fak kotay\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015flarsa, grace<\/code> s\u00fctununda kalan s\u00fcre g\u00f6sterilecektir (\u00f6rn. 6days<\/code>).<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve Grup Kotalar\u0131n\u0131 Raporlama (repquota<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
Bir dosya sistemi \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ve gruplar\u0131n kota durumunu \u00f6zet bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in repquota<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo repquota \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
T\u00fcm dosya sistemleri i\u00e7in rapor almak isterseniz:<\/p>\n
sudo repquota -a<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00d6rnek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131:<\/p>\n
<\/em>* Report for user quotas on \/home (\/dev\/sdb1)\nBlock grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days\n                        Block limits                File limits\nUser            used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\nroot      --  123456       0       0       123456     0     0\ntestuser  --       0  512000  614400        0 10000 12000<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   used<\/code> (Block\/File)<\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n\/grubun mevcut blok veya inode kullan\u0131m\u0131.
\n*   soft<\/code> (Block\/File)<\/strong>: Yumu\u015fak blok veya inode kotas\u0131.
\n*   hard<\/code> (Block\/File)<\/strong>: Sert blok veya inode kotas\u0131.
\n*   grace<\/code><\/strong>: E\u011fer yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa kalan grace period s\u00fcresi.<\/p>\n
Bu rapor, hangi kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n veya gruplar\u0131n kota limitlerine yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131ca g\u00f6rmenizi sa\u011flar. Ba\u015f\u0131nda --<\/code> i\u015fareti, kotalar\u0131n etkin oldu\u011funu ve kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n\/grubun yumu\u015fak kotay\u0131 a\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. +<\/code> i\u015fareti, yumu\u015fak kotan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n
Geli\u015fmi\u015f Quota Y\u00f6netimi<\/h3>\n
Kota sistemini y\u00f6netirken kullanabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 ek komutlar ve senaryolar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kotalar\u0131 Kapatma (quotaoff<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
Bir dosya sistemi \u00fczerinde kotalar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak veya kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak kapatmak i\u00e7in quotaoff<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo quotaoff -ug \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu, belirtilen dosya sistemi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve grup kotalar\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r. Kotalar\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki usrquota<\/code> ve grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerini de kald\u0131rman\u0131z ve dosya sistemini yeniden ba\u011flaman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kotalar\u0131 Kopyalama (edquota -p<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
Daha \u00f6nce belirtildi\u011fi gibi, mevcut bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n veya grubun kotalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya veya gruba kopyalamak i\u00e7in edquota -p<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo edquota -p kaynak_kullan\u0131c\u0131 -u hedef_kullan\u0131c\u0131\nsudo edquota -p kaynak_grup -g hedef_grup<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu, yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131lar veya gruplar olu\u015fturdu\u011funuzda ve onlara ayn\u0131 standart kotalar\u0131 uygulamak istedi\u011finizde \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kota Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Yeniden Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Bazen kota dosyalar\u0131 bozulabilir veya tutars\u0131z hale gelebilir. Bu durumda, kota dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 silip quotacheck<\/code> ile yeniden olu\u015fturmak gerekebilir. Bu i\u015flemi yapmadan \u00f6nce kotalar\u0131 kapatman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir.<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo quotaoff -ug \/home\nsudo rm \/home\/aquota.*\nsudo quotacheck -cug \/home\nsudo quotaon -ug \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu i\u015flem, kota veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rlar ve mevcut disk kullan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
S\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\n
Kota kurulumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda veya sonras\u0131nda baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir. \u0130\u015fte bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve olas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
1.  quotacheck<\/code> Hata Veriyor veya \u00c7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor:<\/strong>
\n    *   “Cannot stat…” veya “Permission denied”<\/strong>: \/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f bir ba\u011flama noktas\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f olabilir veya dosya sistemine eri\u015fim sorunlar\u0131 olabilir.
\n    *   “Filesystem not clean”<\/strong>: Dosya sistemi d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde kapat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bu durumda, fsck<\/code> komutu ile dosya sistemini kontrol etmeniz ve onarman\u0131z gerekebilir. Bu i\u015flemi yapmadan \u00f6nce dosya sisteminin ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun (unmount edin).<\/strong>
\n    *   \/etc\/fstab<\/code> Hatas\u0131<\/strong>: usrquota<\/code> veya grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7enekleri yanl\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir.
\n    *   Dosya Sistemi T\u00fcr\u00fc Hatas\u0131<\/strong>: Kota deste\u011fi t\u00fcm dosya sistemlerinde ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. ext2<\/code>, ext3<\/code>, ext4<\/code> gibi dosya sistemleri tam destek sunarken, di\u011fer dosya sistemleri i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 ad\u0131mlar gerekebilir.<\/p>\n
2.  Kotalar Etkinle\u015fmiyor (quotaon<\/code> Hata Veriyor):<\/strong>
\n    *   \/etc\/fstab<\/code> Kontrol\u00fc<\/strong>: usrquota<\/code> ve grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerinin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde eklendi\u011finden ve dosya sisteminin bu se\u00e7eneklerle yeniden ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun (mount | grep \/home<\/code>).
\n       aquota.<\/em><\/code> Dosyalar\u0131 Eksik<\/strong>: quotacheck -cug \/home<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak kota dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funuzdan emin olun.
\n    *   quota<\/code> Paketi Eksik<\/strong>: sudo apt install quota<\/code> ile paketin y\u00fckl\u00fc oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
3.  Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar Kotalar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00f6remiyor veya A\u015fabiliyor:<\/strong>
\n    *   Yanl\u0131\u015f Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ad\u0131<\/strong>: edquota -u<\/code> komutunda do\u011fru kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.
\n    *   Dosya Sistemi Yolu<\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kotalar\u0131n\u0131n ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dosya sisteminde dosya olu\u015fturdu\u011fundan emin olun. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/home<\/code> i\u00e7in kota ayarland\u0131ysa, \/tmp<\/code> \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemler kotaya dahil olmaz.
\n    *   Yumu\u015fak S\u0131n\u0131r ve Grace Period<\/strong>: E\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131 yumu\u015fak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131ysa, grace period s\u00fcresi bitene kadar yazmaya devam edebilir. quota -u<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131nda grace period’u kontrol edin.<\/p>\n
4.  Performans Etkileri:<\/strong>
\n    Modern Linux \u00e7ekirdekleri ve dosya sistemleri, kota denetimini olduk\u00e7a verimli bir \u015fekilde yapar. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, kota sisteminin etkinle\u015ftirilmesi sistem performans\u0131 \u00fczerinde ihmal edilebilir bir etkiye sahiptir. Ancak, \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek say\u0131da kullan\u0131c\u0131 veya grup, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcksek dosya\/dizin say\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck dosya sistemleri veya \u00e7ok yo\u011fun disk I\/O y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir performans d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. Genellikle, bu t\u00fcr senaryolar nadirdir ve kota sisteminin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydalar, potansiyel performans maliyetinden \u00e7ok daha a\u011f\u0131r basar.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Debian 9 \u00fczerinde dosya sistemi kotalar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmak ve y\u00f6netmek, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok kullan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 veya kritik disk alan\u0131 gerektiren ortamlarda sistem y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in temel bir beceridir. Bu rehberde a\u00e7\u0131klanan ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyerek, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve grup baz\u0131nda disk alan\u0131 ve inode limitlerini kolayca ayarlayabilir, disk kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n adil ve verimli bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilirsiniz. Kotalar, disk doluluk sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler, sistem kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ve kaynak y\u00f6netimini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve d\u00fczenli izleme ile, kota sistemi sunucunuzun sorunsuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Unutmay\u0131n ki, her ad\u0131mda dikkatli olmak ve de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapmadan \u00f6nce yedek almak her zaman iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Debian 9 \u00dczerinde Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ayarlan\u0131r?\nDebian 9 (Stretch) gibi Linux tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde dosya sistemi kotalar\u0131, disk alan\u0131","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-34786","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nDebian 9 \u00dczerinde Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ayarlan\u0131r? - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/debian-9-uzerinde-dosya-sistemi-kotalari-nasil-ayarlanir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Debian 9 \u00dczerinde Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ayarlan\u0131r?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Debian 9 \u00dczerinde Dosya Sistemi Kotalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ayarlan\u0131r? 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