{"id":34470,"date":"2025-11-17T03:40:57","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T00:40:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=34470"},"modified":"2025-11-17T03:40:57","modified_gmt":"2025-11-17T00:40:57","slug":"linuxta-depolama-aygitlari-icin-temel-yonetim-gorevleri-nasil-yapilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/linuxta-depolama-aygitlari-icin-temel-yonetim-gorevleri-nasil-yapilir\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux&#8217;ta Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Temel Y\u00f6netim G\u00f6revleri Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><body><\/p>\n<h2>Linux&#8217;ta Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Temel Y\u00f6netim G\u00f6revleri Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n<p>Linux sunucular ve i\u015f istasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in depolama y\u00f6netimi, sistem stabilitesi, performans\u0131 ve veri g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Dosya sistemlerini olu\u015fturmaktan, diskleri b\u00f6l\u00fcmlendirmeye, depolama alan\u0131n\u0131 izlemeye ve sorun gidermeye kadar bir dizi temel g\u00f6revi kapsar. Bu makale, Linux ortam\u0131nda depolama ayg\u0131tlar\u0131yla ilgili en yayg\u0131n y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revlerini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ve her bir g\u00f6revi yerine getirmek i\u00e7in gerekli komutlar\u0131 ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 sunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Yeni bir disk eklemekten mevcut depolama altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmeye kadar, bu k\u0131lavuz size Linux&#8217;taki depolama y\u00f6netimi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sa\u011flam bir temel sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Tan\u0131mlama ve Listeleme<\/h3>\n<p>Linux sisteminizdeki depolama ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmeye ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, mevcut diskleri ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlamak esast\u0131r. Linux, bu bilgiyi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc komutlar sunar.<\/p>\n<h4><code>lsblk<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>lsblk<\/code> (list block devices) komutu, ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00fcm blok ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 (sabit diskler, SSD&#8217;ler, USB s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler vb.) ve bunlar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini hiyerar\u015fik bir a\u011fa\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler. Bu, ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n fiziksel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">lsblk<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, her ayg\u0131t\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 (<code>NAME<\/code>), ana ve ikincil ayg\u0131t numaralar\u0131n\u0131 (<code>MAJ:MIN<\/code>), \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (<code>RM<\/code>), boyutunu (<code>SIZE<\/code>), salt okunur olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (<code>RO<\/code>), t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (<code>TYPE<\/code>) ve ba\u011flama noktas\u0131n\u0131 (<code>MOUNTPOINT<\/code>) g\u00f6sterir. <code>lsblk -f<\/code> veya <code>lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,SIZE,MOMOUNTPOINT,UUID<\/code> gibi se\u00e7eneklerle dosya sistemi t\u00fcr\u00fc (<code>FSTYPE<\/code>), UUID gibi ek bilgiler de elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>fdisk -l<\/code> ve <code>sfdisk -l<\/code> Komutlar\u0131<\/h4>\n<p><code>fdisk<\/code> ve <code>sfdisk<\/code>, disk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme tablolar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. <code>-l<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile disk \u00fczerindeki mevcut b\u00f6l\u00fcm tablolar\u0131n\u0131 listelerler. <code>fdisk<\/code> genellikle MBR (Master Boot Record) tabanl\u0131 diskler i\u00e7in tercih edilirken, GPT (GUID Partition Table) diskler i\u00e7in de bilgi g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo fdisk -l<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, sistemdeki t\u00fcm diskler i\u00e7in b\u00f6l\u00fcm bilgilerini, disk boyutunu, sekt\u00f6r boyutunu ve b\u00f6l\u00fcm t\u00fcrlerini g\u00f6sterir. <code>sfdisk -l<\/code> ise benzer ancak daha makine okunabilir bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 sunar ve bazen daha detayl\u0131 geometrik bilgiler sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>parted -l<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>parted<\/code> komutu, hem MBR hem de GPT b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme tablolar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen daha modern bir disk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme arac\u0131d\u0131r. <code>-l<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile sistemdeki t\u00fcm disklerin b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 ve boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 listeler.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo parted -l<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>parted<\/code>, diskin modelini, boyutunu, b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme tablosu t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (msdos\/gpt) ve her bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7\/biti\u015f noktalar\u0131n\u0131, boyutunu ve dosya sistemi t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>df -h<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>df<\/code> (disk free) komutu, ba\u011flama noktalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden dosya sistemlerinin disk alan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. <code>-h<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131 insanlar taraf\u0131ndan daha kolay okunabilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, GB, MB cinsinden) hale getirir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, her ba\u011flama noktas\u0131 i\u00e7in toplam boyutu, kullan\u0131lan alan\u0131, bo\u015f alan\u0131, kullan\u0131m y\u00fczdesini ve ba\u011flama noktas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Fiziksel disklerin kendisi yerine, dosya sistemlerinin ne kadar yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in idealdir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>mount<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p>Ba\u011fl\u0131 dosya sistemlerini listelemek i\u00e7in sadece <code>mount<\/code> komutunu parametresiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak yeterlidir. Bu komut, hangi ayg\u0131t\u0131n nereye ve hangi se\u00e7eneklerle ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mount<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, sistemdeki t\u00fcm ba\u011fl\u0131 dosya sistemlerini, bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcrlerini ve ba\u011flama se\u00e7eneklerini detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde listeler.<\/p>\n<h4><code>\/proc\/partitions<\/code> Dosyas\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>Linux \u00e7ekirde\u011fi, <code>\/proc\/partitions<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda sistemdeki t\u00fcm blok ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri hakk\u0131nda ham bilgi tutar. Bu dosya do\u011frudan okunabilir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">cat \/proc\/partitions<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, her b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ana ve ikincil numaras\u0131n\u0131, blok say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeli bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunar.<\/p>\n<h4><code>\/dev\/disk\/by-*<\/code> Dizinleri<\/h4>\n<p>Linux, disk ayg\u0131tlar\u0131na eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli sembolik ba\u011flant\u0131lar sa\u011flar. Bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar, ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n sabit isimler yerine daha kal\u0131c\u0131 tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131larak eri\u015filmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>\/dev\/disk\/by-id<\/code>: Donan\u0131m kimli\u011fine g\u00f6re (\u00fcretici, model, seri numaras\u0131).<br \/>\n*   <code>\/dev\/disk\/by-uuid<\/code>: Dosya sisteminin benzersiz evrensel kimli\u011fine g\u00f6re (UUID). \u00d6zellikle <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <code>\/dev\/disk\/by-path<\/code>: Fiziksel ba\u011flant\u0131 yoluna g\u00f6re.<br \/>\n*   <code>\/dev\/disk\/by-label<\/code>: Dosya sistemine verilen etikete g\u00f6re.<\/p>\n<p>Bu dizinleri listelemek, \u00f6zellikle bir diskin fiziksel yolu veya ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde faydal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">ls -l \/dev\/disk\/by-uuid\/\nls -l \/dev\/disk\/by-label\/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komutlar, her bir UUID veya etiketin hangi <code>\/dev\/sdX<\/code> ayg\u0131t\u0131na i\u015faret etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir, bu da \u00f6zellikle <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken veya belirli bir diski tan\u0131mlarken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<h3>Disk B\u00f6l\u00fcmleme (Partitioning)<\/h3>\n<p>Disk b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme, bir depolama ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 mant\u0131ksal olarak birden fazla par\u00e7aya ay\u0131rma i\u015flemidir. Her b\u00f6l\u00fcm, ayr\u0131 bir depolama birimi gibi davranabilir ve farkl\u0131 bir dosya sistemi bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n<h4>Neden B\u00f6l\u00fcmleme Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>Veri Organizasyonu:<\/strong> \u0130\u015fletim sistemi dosyalar\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 verileri ve uygulama verilerini ayr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde tutarak daha iyi organizasyon sa\u011flan\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <strong>G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130zolasyon:<\/strong> Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki bozulma veya g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri etkilemeyebilir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Esneklik:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 dosya sistemleri (ext4, XFS, Btrfs vb.) kullan\u0131labilir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Performans:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 durumlarda, belirli verilere h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fim sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in disklerin belirli b\u00f6lgeleri ayr\u0131labilir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Yedekleme ve Geri Y\u00fckleme:<\/strong> Sadece belirli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yedeklenmesi veya geri y\u00fcklenmesi kolayla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>MBR vs. GPT<\/h4>\n<p>\u0130ki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme tablosu standard\u0131 vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>MBR (Master Boot Record):<\/strong> Daha eski bir standartt\u0131r. Maksimum 2 TB disk boyutunu destekler ve en fazla 4 birincil b\u00f6l\u00fcm veya 3 birincil + 1 geni\u015fletilmi\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm (mant\u0131ksal b\u00f6l\u00fcmler i\u00e7erebilir) olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na izin verir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>GPT (GUID Partition Table):<\/strong> Daha yeni ve modern bir standartt\u0131r. 2 TB&#8217;tan b\u00fcy\u00fck diskleri destekler ve teorik olarak s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z say\u0131da b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturmaya izin verir (\u00e7o\u011fu i\u015fletim sistemi 128 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc destekler). UEFI sistemlerle daha iyi uyum sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<h4><code>fdisk<\/code> ile Disk B\u00f6l\u00fcmleme (MBR \u0130\u00e7in)<\/h4>\n<p><code>fdisk<\/code>, MBR b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme tablolar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan etkile\u015fimli bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. <strong>D\u0130KKAT: Yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veri kayb\u0131na neden olabilir. \u0130\u015flem yapmadan \u00f6nce verilerinizi yedekleyin.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yeni bir disk (<code>\/dev\/sdb<\/code> varsayal\u0131m) \u00fczerinde i\u015flem yapmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo fdisk \/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>fdisk<\/code> etkile\u015fimli moda girdi\u011finde, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>m<\/code>: Yard\u0131m men\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir.<br \/>\n*   <code>p<\/code>: Mevcut b\u00f6l\u00fcm tablosunu yazd\u0131r\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <code>n<\/code>: Yeni bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturur. (Birincil\/Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f se\u00e7imi, b\u00f6l\u00fcm numaras\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7\/biti\u015f sekt\u00f6r\u00fc)<br \/>\n*   <code>d<\/code>: Mevcut bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc siler.<br \/>\n*   <code>t<\/code>: Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Linux takas alan\u0131 i\u00e7in 82).<br \/>\n*   <code>w<\/code>: De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri diske yazar ve \u00e7\u0131kar.<br \/>\n*   <code>q<\/code>: De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yazmadan \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n<p>Yeni bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturma ad\u0131mlar\u0131:<br \/>\n1.  <code>n<\/code> (new partition)<br \/>\n2.  <code>p<\/code> (primary partition) veya <code>e<\/code> (extended partition)<br \/>\n3.  B\u00f6l\u00fcm numaras\u0131n\u0131 girin (1-4 aras\u0131).<br \/>\n4.  \u0130lk sekt\u00f6r\u00fc girin (varsay\u0131lan genellikle en uygunudur).<br \/>\n5.  Son sekt\u00f6r\u00fc veya boyutu girin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code>+10G<\/code> 10 GB&#8217;l\u0131k bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturur).<br \/>\n6.  <code>w<\/code> (write changes) ile de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin.<\/p>\n<p>De\u011fi\u015fikliklerin sistem taraf\u0131ndan alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bazen <code>partprobe<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak veya sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatmak gerekebilir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo partprobe \/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4><code>gdisk<\/code> ile Disk B\u00f6l\u00fcmleme (GPT \u0130\u00e7in)<\/h4>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code>, <code>fdisk<\/code>&#8216;in GPT diskler i\u00e7in olan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kullan\u0131m\u0131 <code>fdisk<\/code>&#8216;e olduk\u00e7a benzerdir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo gdisk \/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>gdisk<\/code> komutlar\u0131:<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>?<\/code>: Yard\u0131m men\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir.<br \/>\n*   <code>p<\/code>: Mevcut b\u00f6l\u00fcm tablosunu yazd\u0131r\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <code>n<\/code>: Yeni bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturur.<br \/>\n*   <code>d<\/code>: Mevcut bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc siler.<br \/>\n*   <code>t<\/code>: Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn GUID t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<br \/>\n*   <code>w<\/code>: De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri diske yazar ve \u00e7\u0131kar.<br \/>\n*   <code>q<\/code>: De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yazmadan \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n<h4><code>parted<\/code> ile Disk B\u00f6l\u00fcmleme<\/h4>\n<p><code>parted<\/code>, hem MBR hem de GPT diskler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilen esnek bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r ve etkile\u015fimli veya komut sat\u0131r\u0131 modunda kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p>Yeni bir diski GPT olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcmlendirmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo parted \/dev\/sdb mklabel gpt\nsudo parted \/dev\/sdb mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%\nsudo parted \/dev\/sdb print<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komutlar, <code>\/dev\/sdb<\/code> diskini GPT olarak etiketler ve t\u00fcm diski kaplayan tek bir birincil ext4 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturur. <code>mkpart<\/code> komutunda dosya sistemi t\u00fcr\u00fc (ext4) belirtilse de, bu sadece <code>parted<\/code>&#8216;e bir ipucu verir; dosya sistemini daha sonra <code>mkfs<\/code> ile olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n<h3>Dosya Sistemleri Olu\u015fturma (Formatting)<\/h3>\n<p>Bir diski veya b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kullanabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fczerinde bir dosya sistemi olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu i\u015flem genellikle &#8220;bi\u00e7imlendirme&#8221; (formatting) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>Dosya Sistemi Nedir?<\/h4>\n<p>Dosya sistemi, i\u015fletim sisteminin disk \u00fczerindeki dosyalar\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00fczenleyece\u011fini ve depolayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Her dosya sistemi, dosyalar\u0131n adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, boyutlar\u0131, izinleri, konumlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer meta verileri i\u00e7in belirli kurallar ve algoritmalar kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Linux&#8217;ta yayg\u0131n dosya sistemleri:<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>ext4:<\/strong> Linux&#8217;ta varsay\u0131lan ve en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan dosya sistemidir. G\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc (journaling) bir dosya sistemidir, bu da sistem \u00e7\u00f6kmelerinden sonra veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<br \/>\n*   <strong>XFS:<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck dosyalar ve y\u00fcksek performans gerektiren i\u015f y\u00fckleri i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck depolama sistemlerinde tercih edilir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Btrfs:<\/strong> Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zelliklere sahip (anl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kontrol\u00fc, havuzlama) modern bir dosya sistemidir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>FAT32\/NTFS:<\/strong> Genellikle Windows sistemleriyle uyumluluk i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4><code>mkfs<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>mkfs<\/code> (make filesystem) komutu, belirtilen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fczerinde bir dosya sistemi olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <code>mkfs<\/code> asl\u0131nda <code>mkfs.ext4<\/code>, <code>mkfs.xfs<\/code> gibi belirli dosya sistemi olu\u015fturma ara\u00e7lar\u0131na bir \u00f6n y\u00fczd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (<code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code> varsayal\u0131m) ext4 dosya sistemi ile bi\u00e7imlendirmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkfs.ext4 \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code> \u00fczerinde bir ext4 dosya sistemi olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda, dosya sistemi i\u00e7in s\u00fcperblok, inode tablolar\u0131 ve di\u011fer meta veri yap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yayg\u0131n <code>mkfs<\/code> Se\u00e7enekleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>*   <code>-L <etiket><\/code>: Dosya sistemine bir etiket (label) atar. Bu etiket, <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> i\u00e7inde veya <code>lsblk<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkfs.ext4 -L MyDataDisk \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-b <blok boyutu><\/code>: Blok boyutunu ayarlar (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code>4096<\/code> bayt).<br \/>\n*   <code>-i <bayt ba\u015f\u0131na inode><\/code>: Her inode i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan bayt say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011ferler, daha fazla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dosya depolamak i\u00e7in daha fazla inode olu\u015fturur.<br \/>\n*   <code>-O <\u00f6zellik><\/code>: Belirli dosya sistemi \u00f6zelliklerini etkinle\u015ftirir veya devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code>^has_journal<\/code> g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe kaydetmeyi devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Di\u011fer Dosya Sistemleri \u0130\u00e7in:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>XFS:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkfs.xfs -L MyXFSDisk \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Btrfs:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkfs.btrfs -L MyBtrfsDisk \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>FAT32 (VFAT):<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n MyFAT32Disk \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bi\u00e7imlendirme i\u015flemi tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, b\u00f6l\u00fcm kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131rd\u0131r ancak \u00f6nce bir ba\u011flama noktas\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n<h3>Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Ba\u011flama ve Ay\u0131rma (Mounting\/Unmounting)<\/h3>\n<p>Bir dosya sistemi olu\u015fturulduktan sonra, Linux sisteminizde eri\u015filebilir hale gelmesi i\u00e7in bir dizine &#8220;ba\u011flanmas\u0131&#8221; (mount) gerekir. Bu dizin, &#8220;ba\u011flama noktas\u0131&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4><code>mount<\/code> Komutu (Ge\u00e7ici Ba\u011flama)<\/h4>\n<p><code>mount<\/code> komutu, bir dosya sistemini manuel olarak bir ba\u011flama noktas\u0131na ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flama, sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaybolur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6nce bir ba\u011flama noktas\u0131 dizini olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkdir \/mnt\/data<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan, b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u011flay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt\/data<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code>: Ba\u011flanacak ayg\u0131t (disk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc).<br \/>\n*   <code>\/mnt\/data<\/code>: Ba\u011flama noktas\u0131 (bo\u015f bir dizin olmal\u0131d\u0131r).<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u011flama i\u015flemi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursa, <code>df -h<\/code> veya <code>mount<\/code> komutlar\u0131yla kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yayg\u0131n <code>mount<\/code> Se\u00e7enekleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>*   <code>-o <se\u00e7enekler><\/code>: Ba\u011flama se\u00e7eneklerini belirtir.<br \/>\n    *   <code>ro<\/code>: Salt okunur (read-only).<br \/>\n    *   <code>rw<\/code>: Okuma\/yazma (read-write).<br \/>\n    *   <code>defaults<\/code>: \u00c7o\u011fu dosya sistemi i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan se\u00e7enekleri kullan\u0131r (rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async).<br \/>\n    *   <code>noauto<\/code>: Sistemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda otomatik olarak ba\u011flanmaz (genellikle <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> i\u00e7in).<br \/>\n    *   <code>user<\/code>: Herhangi bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flamas\u0131na izin verir.<br \/>\n    *   <code>nouser<\/code>: Sadece root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flamas\u0131na izin verir.<br \/>\n    *   <code>exec<\/code>: \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir dosyalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine izin verir.<br \/>\n    *   <code>noexec<\/code>: \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir dosyalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini engeller.<br \/>\n    *   <code>sync<\/code>: T\u00fcm yazma i\u015flemlerinin senkronize olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<br \/>\n    *   <code>async<\/code>: Yazma i\u015flemlerini asenkron yapar (varsay\u0131lan).<br \/>\n    *   <code>relatime<\/code> \/ <code>noatime<\/code>: Dosya eri\u015fim zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmesini kontrol eder. <code>noatime<\/code> performans i\u00e7in iyidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rnek: Salt okunur ve belirli bir dosya sistemi t\u00fcr\u00fcyle ba\u011flama:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mount -t ext4 -o ro \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt\/data<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4><code>umount<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p>Bir dosya sistemini ay\u0131rmak (unmount) i\u00e7in <code>umount<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir dosya sistemi ayr\u0131lmadan, fiziksel disk g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo umount \/mnt\/data<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>veya ayg\u0131t yoluyla:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo umount \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>E\u011fer dosya sistemi kullan\u0131mda ise (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 o dizinde ise), <code>umount<\/code> ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur. Bu durumda, <code>lsof \/mnt\/data<\/code> komutu ile hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ba\u011flama noktas\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulup sonland\u0131rabilir veya <code>-l<\/code> (lazy unmount) se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo umount -l \/mnt\/data<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu, dosya sistemini hemen ay\u0131r\u0131r ancak kullanan uygulamalar\u0131n referanslar\u0131 bitene kadar temizleme i\u015flemini erteler.<\/p>\n<h4><code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> Dosyas\u0131 (Kal\u0131c\u0131 Ba\u011flama)<\/h4>\n<p>Sistemin her ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda belirli dosya sistemlerinin otomatik olarak ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> (file system table) dosyas\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu dosya, ba\u011flama bilgilerini kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak depolar.<\/p>\n<p>Her sat\u0131r alt\u0131 alan\u0131 temsil eder:<\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>Ayg\u0131t:<\/strong> Ba\u011flanacak ayg\u0131t\u0131n yolu (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code>), UUID&#8217;si veya etiketi. UUID ve LABEL kullanmak, ayg\u0131t ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fse bile (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code>\/dev\/sdb<\/code> yerine <code>\/dev\/sdc<\/code> olmas\u0131) ba\u011flaman\u0131n do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<br \/>\n2.  <strong>Ba\u011flama Noktas\u0131:<\/strong> Dosya sisteminin ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 dizin.<br \/>\n3.  <strong>Dosya Sistemi T\u00fcr\u00fc:<\/strong> Dosya sisteminin t\u00fcr\u00fc (ext4, xfs, btrfs, swap vb.).<br \/>\n4.  <strong>Se\u00e7enekler:<\/strong> Ba\u011flama se\u00e7enekleri (defaults, noauto, ro, rw, noexec, noatime vb.).<br \/>\n5.  <strong>Dump:<\/strong> <code>dump<\/code> komutunun bu dosya sistemini yedeklemesi gerekip gerekmedi\u011fini belirtir (0: hay\u0131r, 1: evet). \u00c7o\u011fu modern sistemde bu alan 0 olarak ayarlan\u0131r.<br \/>\n6.  <strong>Pass:<\/strong> <code>fsck<\/code> komutunun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu dosya sistemini kontrol etme s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 belirler (0: kontrol etme, 1: root dosya sistemi, 2: di\u011fer dosya sistemleri).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> girdisi (UUID ile):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6nce ayg\u0131t\u0131n UUID&#8217;sini bulun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo blkid \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131dan UUID&#8217;yi kopyalay\u0131n. Ard\u0131ndan <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Dosyaya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir sat\u0131r ekleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx \/mnt\/data ext4 defaults 0 2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> girdisi (LABEL ile):<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">LABEL=MyDataDisk \/mnt\/data ext4 defaults 0 2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong><code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> ile \u0130lgili Sorun Giderme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015f bir giri\u015f, sistemin \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapamamas\u0131na neden olabilir. De\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131ktan sonra, sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatmadan \u00f6nce <code>sudo mount -a<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak t\u00fcm giri\u015flerin do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. Bu komut, <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>&#8216;daki t\u00fcm girdileri (zaten ba\u011fl\u0131 olanlar hari\u00e7) ba\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Herhangi bir hata durumunda, hata mesaj\u0131 al\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ve hatay\u0131 d\u00fczeltebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer sistem yanl\u0131\u015f bir <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> giri\u015fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapamazsa, genellikle kurtarma moduna (recovery mode) ge\u00e7ip dosyay\u0131 d\u00fczeltebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h3>Takas Alan\u0131 (Swap Space) Y\u00f6netimi<\/h3>\n<p>Takas alan\u0131 (swap space), fiziksel RAM&#8217;in (bellek) yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, i\u015fletim sisteminin kullan\u0131lmayan bellek sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 depolamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir disk alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, sistemin daha fazla program \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na veya daha b\u00fcy\u00fck dosyalar\u0131 i\u015flemesine olanak tan\u0131r, ancak disk tabanl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in RAM&#8217;den \u00e7ok daha yava\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>Takas Alan\u0131 Neden Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>Bellek Geni\u015fletme:<\/strong> Fiziksel RAM doldu\u011funda, az kullan\u0131lan bellek sayfalar\u0131 takas alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Sistem Kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Bellek yetersizli\u011fi durumunda sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nler.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Haz\u0131rda Bekletme (Hibernation):<\/strong> Sistem haz\u0131rda bekletme moduna ge\u00e7ti\u011finde, RAM i\u00e7eri\u011fi takas alan\u0131na yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>Takas B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce <code>fdisk<\/code> veya <code>gdisk<\/code> ile bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015ftururken, b\u00f6l\u00fcm t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc takas alan\u0131 olarak ayarlayabilirsiniz (MBR i\u00e7in <code>82<\/code>, GPT i\u00e7in <code>Linux swap<\/code>).<\/p>\n<p>Yeni bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturduktan sonra, onu takas alan\u0131 olarak bi\u00e7imlendirin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkswap \/dev\/sdb2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan, takas alan\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo swapon \/dev\/sdb2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131na ekleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Takas Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n<p>Fiziksel bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm ay\u0131rmak yerine bir dosya kullanarak da takas alan\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. Bu, mevcut bir diskte bo\u015f alan varken h\u0131zl\u0131ca takas alan\u0131 eklemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>Bir takas dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturun (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 4 GB):<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo fallocate -l 4G \/swapfile\n    # veya\n    # sudo dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/swapfile bs=1M count=4096<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>2.  <strong>Dosya izinlerini ayarlay\u0131n (sadece root okuyabilir\/yazabilir):<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chmod 600 \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>3.  <strong>Dosyay\u0131 takas alan\u0131 olarak bi\u00e7imlendirin:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkswap \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>4.  <strong>Takas dosyas\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirin:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo swapon \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>5.  <strong>Kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>&#8216;a ekleyin:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">\/swapfile none swap sw 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme<\/h4>\n<p>Takas alan\u0131n\u0131n durumunu kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">swapon -s\n<h2>veya<\/h2>\nfree -h<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>free -h<\/code> komutu, kullan\u0131lan ve bo\u015f olan RAM ve takas alan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<h4>Takas Alan\u0131n\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma<\/h4>\n<p>Bir takas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc veya dosyas\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo swapoff \/dev\/sdb2\n<h2>veya<\/h2>\nsudo swapoff \/swapfile<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>&#8216;dan ilgili sat\u0131r\u0131 kald\u0131rmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n<h3>Disk Alan\u0131 Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u0130zleme<\/h3>\n<p>Disk alan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak izlemek, depolama sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>df -h<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, <code>df -h<\/code> dosya sistemlerinin toplam, kullan\u0131lan ve bo\u015f alan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">df -h<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4><code>du -sh \/path<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>du<\/code> (disk usage) komutu, belirli bir dizin veya dosya taraf\u0131ndan ne kadar disk alan\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. <code>-s<\/code> (summarize) ve <code>-h<\/code> (human-readable) se\u00e7enekleri genellikle birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo du -sh \/home\/kullaniciadi\/Belgeler\nsudo du -sh \/var\/log<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Belirli bir dizindeki t\u00fcm alt dizinlerin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo du -h --max-depth=1 \/var\/log<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4><code>ncdu<\/code> Komutu (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131)<\/h4>\n<p><code>ncdu<\/code> (NCurses Disk Usage), disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkile\u015fimli ve grafiksel bir aray\u00fczde g\u00f6steren kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Genellikle varsay\u0131lan olarak y\u00fckl\u00fc de\u011fildir ve y\u00fcklenmesi gerekebilir:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install ncdu   # Debian\/Ubuntu\nsudo yum install ncdu   # CentOS\/RHEL<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan, bir dizinin disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo ncdu \/<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>ncdu<\/code>, hangi dizinlerin en \u00e7ok yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rsel olarak anlaman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n<h3>Depolama Performans\u0131n\u0131 \u0130zleme<\/h3>\n<p>Depolama performans\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve sorun gidermek, disklerin yava\u015flamas\u0131na neden olan darbo\u011fazlar\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>iostat<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>iostat<\/code> komutu, CPU kullan\u0131m istatistiklerini ve I\/O (giri\u015f\/\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f) ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 raporlar. <code>sysstat<\/code> paketinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install sysstat # Debian\/Ubuntu\nsudo yum install sysstat # CentOS\/RHEL<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>iostat<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iostat -x 1 5<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-x<\/code>: Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f istatistikleri g\u00f6sterir.<br \/>\n*   <code>1<\/code>: Her 1 saniyede bir rapor g\u00fcnceller.<br \/>\n*   <code>5<\/code>: Toplam 5 rapor g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131, disk ba\u015f\u0131na okuma\/yazma h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 (<code>r\/s<\/code>, <code>w\/s<\/code>), okuma\/yazma bloklar\u0131n\u0131 (<code>rkB\/s<\/code>, <code>wkB\/s<\/code>), ortalama bekleme s\u00fcresini (<code>await<\/code>), hizmet s\u00fcresini (<code>svctm<\/code>) ve I\/O i\u015flemleriyle me\u015fgul olma y\u00fczdesini (<code>%util<\/code>) g\u00f6sterir. <code>%util<\/code> de\u011feri %70-80&#8217;in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, disk bir darbo\u011faz haline geliyor olabilir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>iotop<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>iotop<\/code>, <code>top<\/code> komutuna benzer \u015fekilde, disk I\/O kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterir. Hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin diski en \u00e7ok kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo iotop<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>iotop<\/code> size her s\u00fcrecin ne kadar okuma ve yazma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, toplam disk okuma\/yazma h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>hdparm<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>hdparm<\/code> komutu, SATA\/IDE s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin parametrelerini ayarlamak ve performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bir diskin okuma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo hdparm -tT \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-t<\/code>: \u00d6nbelle\u011fe al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f okuma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 test eder.<br \/>\n*   <code>-T<\/code>: \u00d6nbelle\u011fe al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f okuma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 test eder.<\/p>\n<p>Bu komut, diskin ham okuma performans\u0131n\u0131 bir g\u00f6sterge olarak sunar.<\/p>\n<h3>Depolama B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme<\/h3>\n<p>Disk b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumak ve olas\u0131 ar\u0131zalar\u0131 \u00f6nceden tespit etmek, veri kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>fsck<\/code> (File System Check) Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>fsck<\/code> komutu, Linux dosya sistemlerindeki hatalar\u0131 kontrol etmek ve onarmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <strong>D\u0130KKAT: <code>fsck<\/code> komutunu ba\u011fl\u0131 (mounted) bir dosya sistemi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak veri kayb\u0131na neden olabilir. Dosya sistemi ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (unmounted) olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo umount \/dev\/sdb1\nsudo fsck -f \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-f<\/code>: Dosya sistemi temiz olsa bile kontrol\u00fc zorlar.<br \/>\n*   <code>-y<\/code>: T\u00fcm sorulara otomatik olarak &#8216;evet&#8217; yan\u0131t\u0131 verir (otomatik onar\u0131m). Dikkatli kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sistem \u00f6ny\u00fcklemesinde, <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>&#8216;daki <code>pass<\/code> de\u011feri 0&#8217;dan b\u00fcy\u00fck olan dosya sistemleri otomatik olarak <code>fsck<\/code> taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilir.<\/p>\n<h4><code>badblocks<\/code> Komutu<\/h4>\n<p><code>badblocks<\/code> komutu, bir disk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki bozuk bloklar\u0131 arar.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo badblocks -v \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-v<\/code>: Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>Bozuk bloklar bulundu\u011funda, bu bilgiyi <code>fsck<\/code>&#8216;e ileterek bu bloklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo fsck -l badblocks.txt \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4><code>smartctl<\/code> Komutu (S.M.A.R.T. Verileri)<\/h4>\n<p>S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology), sabit disk s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin ve SSD&#8217;lerin kendi sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131n\u0131 izlemesini sa\u011flayan bir teknolojidir. <code>smartctl<\/code> arac\u0131, bu verilere eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve <code>smartmontools<\/code> paketinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install smartmontools # Debian\/Ubuntu\nsudo yum install smartmontools # CentOS\/RHEL<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bir diskin S.M.A.R.T. durumunu kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo smartctl -H \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu, diskin genel sa\u011fl\u0131k durumunu (&#8220;PASSED&#8221; veya &#8220;FAILED&#8221;) g\u00f6sterir. Detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo smartctl -a \/dev\/sda<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, diskin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, hatal\u0131 sekt\u00f6r say\u0131s\u0131, okuma\/yazma hata oranlar\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok kritik veriyi g\u00f6sterir. Bu veriler, bir diskin yakla\u015fan bir ar\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<h3>Mant\u0131ksal Birim Y\u00f6netimi (LVM &#8211; Logical Volume Management)<\/h3>\n<p>LVM, disk alan\u0131n\u0131 daha esnek bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir depolama soyutlama katman\u0131d\u0131r. Fiziksel diskleri (veya disk b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini) birle\u015ftirerek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, dinamik olarak yeniden boyutland\u0131r\u0131labilir &#8220;mant\u0131ksal birimler&#8221; olu\u015fturman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>LVM Nedir ve Avantajlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>Esneklik:<\/strong> Dosya sistemlerini \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak (sistem \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken) yeniden boyutland\u0131rabilir, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltebilir veya geni\u015fletebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n*   <strong>\u00d6zetleme:<\/strong> Fiziksel disklerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 soyutlar. Dosya sistemleri art\u0131k belirli bir fiziksel diske ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Anl\u0131k G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler (Snapshots):<\/strong> Mant\u0131ksal birimlerin belirli bir zamandaki anl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini alabilir ve bu anl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerden geri y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Disk Birle\u015ftirme:<\/strong> Birden fazla fiziksel diski tek bir mant\u0131ksal depolama havuzunda birle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h4>LVM Kavramlar\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>PV (Physical Volume &#8211; Fiziksel Birim):<\/strong> Fiziksel bir disk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc veya t\u00fcm disk. <code>pvcreate<\/code> ile olu\u015fturulur.<br \/>\n*   <strong>VG (Volume Group &#8211; Birim Grubu):<\/strong> Bir veya daha fazla PV&#8217;den olu\u015fan bir havuz. <code>vgcreate<\/code> ile olu\u015fturulur.<br \/>\n*   <strong>LV (Logical Volume &#8211; Mant\u0131ksal Birim):<\/strong> Bir VG&#8217;den ayr\u0131lan ve dosya sistemlerinin \u00fczerine kuruldu\u011fu birim. <code>lvcreate<\/code> ile olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n<h4>Temel LVM Komutlar\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>*   <code>pvcreate \/dev\/sdb1<\/code>: <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bir Fiziksel Birim olarak i\u015faretler.<br \/>\n*   <code>vgcreate my_vg \/dev\/sdb1 \/dev\/sdc1<\/code>: <code>my_vg<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir Birim Grubu olu\u015fturur ve <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code>, <code>\/dev\/sdc1<\/code> PV&#8217;lerini ekler.<br \/>\n*   <code>lvcreate -L 10G -n my_lv my_vg<\/code>: <code>my_vg<\/code> Birim Grubundan 10 GB boyutunda <code>my_lv<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir Mant\u0131ksal Birim olu\u015fturur.<br \/>\n*   <code>lvextend -L +5G \/dev\/my_vg\/my_lv<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal Birimi 5 GB geni\u015fletir. (Ard\u0131ndan dosya sisteminin de geni\u015fletilmesi gerekir, \u00f6rn. <code>resize2fs<\/code>).<br \/>\n*   <code>lvreduce -L -2G \/dev\/my_vg\/my_lv<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal Birimi 2 GB k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcr. (\u00d6nce dosya sisteminin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesi gerekir).<br \/>\n*   <code>vgdisplay<\/code>: Birim Gruplar\u0131n\u0131n detaylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<br \/>\n*   <code>lvdisplay<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal Birimlerin detaylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>LVM, \u00f6zellikle dinamik depolama ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olan sunucu ortamlar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<h3>RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)<\/h3>\n<p>RAID, birden fazla fiziksel diski tek bir mant\u0131ksal birim olarak birle\u015ftirerek veri yedeklili\u011fi, performans art\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya her ikisini birden sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir teknolojidir. Linux&#8217;ta genellikle <code>mdadm<\/code> arac\u0131 ile yaz\u0131l\u0131m RAID uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>RAID Nedir ve Neden Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>Performans:<\/strong> Verileri birden fazla diske da\u011f\u0131tarak (striping), okuma\/yazma h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Yedeklilik:<\/strong> Verilerin birden fazla kopyas\u0131n\u0131 tutarak veya hata d\u00fczeltme bilgileri ekleyerek disk ar\u0131zalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruma sa\u011flar.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Kapasite:<\/strong> Birden fazla diski birle\u015ftirerek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir depolama alan\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<h4>Yayg\u0131n RAID Seviyeleri (K\u0131sa A\u00e7\u0131klama)<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>RAID 0 (Striping):<\/strong> Verileri diskler aras\u0131nda \u015feritler halinde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r. Performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ancak yedeklilik sa\u011flamaz; bir disk ar\u0131zas\u0131 t\u00fcm verilerin kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<br \/>\n*   <strong>RAID 1 (Mirroring):<\/strong> Verilerin tam kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 birden fazla diske yazar. M\u00fckemmel yedeklilik sa\u011flar ancak kapasiteyi yar\u0131ya indirir (iki disk i\u00e7in).<br \/>\n*   <strong>RAID 5 (Striping with Parity):<\/strong> Verileri ve bir e\u015flik (parity) blo\u011funu diskler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r. Tek bir disk ar\u0131zas\u0131na dayanabilir. \u0130yi performans ve kapasite dengesi sunar. En az 3 disk gerektirir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>RAID 6 (Striping with Dual Parity):<\/strong> RAID 5&#8217;e benzer ancak iki e\u015flik blo\u011fu kullan\u0131r. \u0130ki disk ar\u0131zas\u0131na dayanabilir. En az 4 disk gerektirir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>RAID 10 (RAID 1+0):<\/strong> RAID 1 (mirroring) ve RAID 0 (striping) kombinasyonudur. Veriler \u00f6nce aynalan\u0131r, sonra aynalanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7iftler \u015feritler halinde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek performans ve y\u00fcksek yedeklilik sunar ancak kapasiteyi yar\u0131ya indirir. En az 4 disk gerektirir.<\/p>\n<p>Linux&#8217;ta <code>mdadm<\/code> komutu, yaz\u0131l\u0131m RAID dizileri olu\u015fturmak, y\u00f6netmek ve izlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, temel bir y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revi olsa da, detayl\u0131 RAID yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 bu makalenin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n<h3>Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n<p>Linux&#8217;ta depolama ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek, sistem y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in temel bir beceridir. Bu makalede ele al\u0131nan komutlar ve teknikler (<code>lsblk<\/code>, <code>fdisk<\/code>, <code>parted<\/code>, <code>mkfs<\/code>, <code>mount<\/code>, <code>df<\/code>, <code>du<\/code>, <code>swapon<\/code>, <code>fsck<\/code>, <code>smartctl<\/code>, LVM ve RAID&#8217;e giri\u015f), diskleri tan\u0131mlamaktan, b\u00f6l\u00fcmlendirmeye, dosya sistemleri olu\u015fturmaya, ba\u011flamaya, takas alan\u0131 y\u00f6netimine, disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve performans\u0131n\u0131 izlemeye kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazeyi kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, depolama y\u00f6netimi g\u00f6revleri hassas i\u015flemlerdir ve yanl\u0131\u015f uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veri kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu nedenle, herhangi bir \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmadan \u00f6nce daima verilerinizi yedeklemeniz ve \u00f6zellikle \u00fcretim ortamlar\u0131nda dikkatli olman\u0131z hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Komutlar\u0131 anlamak, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011fru yorumlamak ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 takip etmek, Linux sistemlerinizde sa\u011flam, g\u00fcvenilir ve y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 depolama altyap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131za ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu temel bilgileri edinerek, Linux depolama d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda daha karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6revleri ba\u015far\u0131yla yerine getirmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir temel olu\u015fturmu\u015f olursunuz.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Linux&#8217;ta Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Temel Y\u00f6netim G\u00f6revleri Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?\nLinux sunucular ve i\u015f istasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in depolama y\u00f6netimi, siste","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-34470","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Linux&#039;ta Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Temel Y\u00f6netim G\u00f6revleri Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r? - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/linuxta-depolama-aygitlari-icin-temel-yonetim-gorevleri-nasil-yapilir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Linux&#039;ta Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Temel Y\u00f6netim G\u00f6revleri Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Linux&#039;ta Depolama Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Temel Y\u00f6netim G\u00f6revleri Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r? 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