npm veya Yarn:<\/strong> Node.js ile birlikte gelen paket y\u00f6neticisi npm (Node Package Manager) veya alternatif olarak Yarn kurulu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nProje Ba\u015flatma<\/h3>\n
Yeni bir Node.js projesi olu\u015fturarak ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Terminalinizi a\u00e7\u0131n ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
\nmkdir graphql-api-server\ncd graphql-api-server\nnpm init -y\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komutlar, projeniz i\u00e7in bir klas\u00f6r olu\u015fturur, i\u00e7ine girer ve package.json<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 varsay\u0131lan ayarlarla olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\nTemel Bir GraphQL Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h2>\nBa\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Y\u00fckleme<\/h3>\n
GraphQL sunucumuzu kurmak i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 temel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Bu makalede, pop\u00fcler ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7 olan Apollo Server’\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Apollo Server, GraphQL sunucusu olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ve y\u00f6netmeyi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde basitle\u015ftirir. Ayr\u0131ca, Express.js ile entegrasyonu i\u00e7in apollo-server-express<\/code> paketini kullanaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\nnpm install apollo-server-express graphql express\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\napollo-server-express<\/code>: Apollo Server’\u0131 Express.js uygulamas\u0131yla birlikte kullanmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\ngraphql<\/code>: GraphQL’in temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 ve \u015fema tan\u0131mlama yeteneklerini sa\u011flar.<\/li>\nexpress<\/code>: Temel web sunucusu ve middleware altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nApollo Server Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
Apollo Server, bir GraphQL sunucusu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u015eema tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicilerinizi alarak bir GraphQL endpoint’i olu\u015fturur ve sorgular\u0131 i\u015fler. Ayr\u0131ca, geli\u015ftirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok faydal\u0131 olan GraphQL Playground gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da otomatik olarak entegre eder.<\/p>\n
\u015eema Tan\u0131mlama (Type Definitions)<\/h3>\n
GraphQL API’mizin kalbi \u015femad\u0131r. \u015eema, API’nizin destekledi\u011fi t\u00fcm veri t\u00fcrlerini ve operasyonlar\u0131 (sorgular ve mutasyonlar) tan\u0131mlar. src\/schema.js<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015ftural\u0131m ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015femay\u0131 ekleyelim:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ src\/schema.js\nconst { gql } = require('apollo-server-express');\n\n\/\/ GraphQL \u015eema Tan\u0131mlama Dili (SDL) kullan\u0131larak \u015fema olu\u015fturulur.\nconst typeDefs = gql\n # 'Book' ad\u0131nda bir nesne t\u00fcr\u00fc tan\u0131ml\u0131yoruz.\n # Her kitab\u0131n bir ID'si, ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yazar\u0131 olacak.\n type Book {\n id: ID! # ID benzersiz bir tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ve '!' bo\u015f olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.\n title: String!\n author: String!\n year: Int\n }\n\n # 'Query' t\u00fcr\u00fc, istemcilerin sunucudan veri \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011fi sorgular\u0131 tan\u0131mlar.\n type Query {\n # T\u00fcm kitaplar\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcren bir sorgu. Dizi d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in '[Book]' kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\n books: [Book!]! \n # Belirli bir ID'ye sahip kitab\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcren bir sorgu.\n # 'id: ID!' arg\u00fcman\u0131 al\u0131r ve bir 'Book' veya null d\u00f6nd\u00fcrebilir.\n book(id: ID!): Book\n }\n\n # 'Mutation' t\u00fcr\u00fc, istemcilerin sunucudaki veriyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011fi operasyonlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlar.\n type Mutation {\n # Yeni bir kitap ekleyen mutasyon. Gerekli arg\u00fcmanlar 'title' ve 'author'd\u0131r.\n # Eklenen kitab\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.\n addBook(title: String!, author: String!, year: Int): Book!\n # Varolan bir kitab\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyen mutasyon. 'id' zorunlu, di\u011ferleri iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\n updateBook(id: ID!, title: String, author: String, year: Int): Book!\n # Bir kitab\u0131 silen mutasyon. Silinen kitab\u0131n ID'sini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.\n deleteBook(id: ID!): ID!\n }\n<\/code>;\n\nmodule.exports = typeDefs;\n<\/code><\/pre>\nYukar\u0131daki \u015femada:<\/p>\n
\nBook<\/code>: Kitap nesnesinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan bir t\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/li>\nQuery<\/code>: API’mizden veri almak i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011fimiz sorgular\u0131 i\u00e7erir (books<\/code> ve book<\/code>).<\/li>\nMutation<\/code>: API’mizdeki veriyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011fimiz operasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir (addBook<\/code>, updateBook<\/code>, deleteBook<\/code>).<\/li>\nID!<\/code>, String!<\/code> gibi ifadeler, alan\u0131n bo\u015f (null) olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/li>\n[Book!]!<\/code> gibi ifadeler, bir Book<\/code> nesneleri dizisi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fini ve bu dizinin kendisinin bo\u015f olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7indeki her bir eleman\u0131n da bo\u015f olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicileri (Resolvers) Yazma<\/h3>\n
\u015eemay\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131ktan sonra, bu \u015femadaki alanlar\u0131n verilerini nas\u0131l alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 veya i\u015fleyece\u011fimizi belirten \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici (resolver) fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yazmam\u0131z gerekir. src\/resolvers.js<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ src\/resolvers.js\n\n\/\/ Ge\u00e7ici bir veri deposu olarak kullanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir dizi olu\u015ftural\u0131m.\n\/\/ Ger\u00e7ek uygulamalarda buras\u0131 bir veritaban\u0131 veya ba\u015fka bir veri kayna\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\nconst books = [\n { id: '1', title: 'Lord of the Rings', author: 'J.R.R. Tolkien', year: 1954 },\n { id: '2', title: 'The Hobbit', author: 'J.R.R. Tolkien', year: 1937 },\n { id: '3', title: '1984', author: 'George Orwell', year: 1949 },\n];\n\nlet nextBookId = books.length + 1; \/\/ Yeni kitaplar i\u00e7in ID olu\u015fturucu\n\nconst resolvers = {\n Query: {\n \/\/ 'books' sorgusu i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici: T\u00fcm kitaplar\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.\n books: () => books,\n \/\/ 'book' sorgusu i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici: Belirli bir ID'ye sahip kitab\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.\n \/\/ 'args' parametresi sorguda ge\u00e7irilen arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 (bu durumda 'id') i\u00e7erir.\n book: (parent, args) => books.find(book => book.id === args.id),\n },\n Mutation: {\n \/\/ 'addBook' mutasyonu i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici: Yeni bir kitap ekler.\n addBook: (parent, args) => {\n const newBook = {\n id: String(nextBookId++), \/\/ Yeni bir ID atar\n title: args.title,\n author: args.author,\n year: args.year || null, \/\/ Y\u0131l iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in null olabilir\n };\n books.push(newBook);\n return newBook;\n },\n \/\/ 'updateBook' mutasyonu i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici: Varolan bir kitab\u0131 g\u00fcnceller.\n updateBook: (parent, args) => {\n const bookIndex = books.findIndex(book => book.id === args.id);\n if (bookIndex === -1) {\n throw new Error(Kitap bulunamad\u0131: ${args.id}<\/code>);\n }\n const updatedBook = {\n ...books[bookIndex],\n ...args, \/\/ Arg\u00fcmanlardaki t\u00fcm g\u00fcncel alanlar\u0131 mevcut kitaba uygula\n };\n books[bookIndex] = updatedBook;\n return updatedBook;\n },\n \/\/ 'deleteBook' mutasyonu i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici: Bir kitab\u0131 siler.\n deleteBook: (parent, args) => {\n const bookIndex = books.findIndex(book => book.id === args.id);\n if (bookIndex === -1) {\n throw new Error(Kitap bulunamad\u0131: ${args.id}<\/code>);\n }\n books.splice(bookIndex, 1); \/\/ Diziden kitab\u0131 kald\u0131r\n return args.id; \/\/ Silinen kitab\u0131n ID'sini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\n },\n },\n};\n\nmodule.exports = resolvers;\n<\/code><\/pre>\nHer resolver fonksiyonu d\u00f6rt arg\u00fcman alabilir: (parent, args, context, info)<\/code>:<\/p>\n\nparent<\/code> (veya root<\/code>): \u00d6nceki resolver’\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sonu\u00e7tur. Genellikle \u00fcst t\u00fcr\u00fcn verisini i\u00e7erir.<\/li>\nargs<\/code>: Sorguya veya mutasyona ge\u00e7irilen arg\u00fcmanlard\u0131r (\u00f6rn. book(id: \"1\")<\/code> sorgusundaki id<\/code>).<\/li>\ncontext<\/code>: T\u00fcm resolver’lar aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lan bir nesnedir. Veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, kimlik do\u011frulama bilgileri gibi ortak kaynaklar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\ninfo<\/code>: Sorgunun y\u00fcr\u00fctme durumu hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7eren geli\u015fmi\u015f bir nesnedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nSunucuyu Ba\u015flatma<\/h3>\n
\u015eema ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicileri tan\u0131mlad\u0131ktan sonra, Apollo Server’\u0131 kullanarak sunucumuzu ba\u015flatabiliriz. index.js<\/code> ad\u0131nda ana bir dosya olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ index.js\nconst express = require('express');\nconst { ApolloServer } = require('apollo-server-express');\nconst typeDefs = require('.\/src\/schema');\nconst resolvers = require('.\/src\/resolvers');\n\nasync function startApolloServer() {\n const app = express(); \/\/ Express uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flat\n\n \/\/ Apollo Server \u00f6rne\u011fini olu\u015ftur\n const server = new ApolloServer({\n typeDefs, \/\/ \u015eema tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Apollo Server'a ilet\n resolvers, \/\/ \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicileri Apollo Server'a ilet\n \/\/ Geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131nda GraphQL Playground'u etkinle\u015ftir\n \/\/ production ortam\u0131nda kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilir\n introspection: true, \n playground: true, \n });\n\n \/\/ Apollo Server'\u0131 ba\u015flat\n await server.start();\n\n \/\/ Apollo Server'\u0131 Express uygulamas\u0131na middleware olarak uygula\n server.applyMiddleware({ app, path: '\/graphql' });\n\n const PORT = process.env.PORT || 4000;\n\n \/\/ Express sunucusunu dinlemeye ba\u015fla\n app.listen(PORT, () => {\n console.log(GraphQL API sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor: http:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n console.log(GraphQL Playground'a eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in: http:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n });\n}\n\nstartApolloServer();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi terminalde node index.js<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak sunucuyu ba\u015flatabilirsiniz. Sunucu ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, http:\/\/localhost:4000\/graphql<\/code> adresine giderek GraphQL Playground aray\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6receksiniz. Bu aray\u00fcz, API’nizi test etmek, sorgu yazmak ve \u015fema dok\u00fcmantasyonunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in harika bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\nTest Etme<\/h3>\n
GraphQL Playground’da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorgular\u0131 ve mutasyonlar\u0131 deneyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm kitaplar\u0131 sorgulama:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nquery {\n books {\n id\n title\n author\n year\n }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBelirli bir kitab\u0131 ID ile sorgulama:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nquery {\n book(id: \"1\") {\n title\n author\n }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nYeni bir kitap ekleme (Mutasyon):<\/strong><\/p>\n\nmutation {\n addBook(title: \"The Great Gatsby\", author: \"F. Scott Fitzgerald\", year: 1925) {\n id\n title\n author\n year\n }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBir kitab\u0131 g\u00fcncelleme (Mutasyon):<\/strong><\/p>\n\nmutation {\n updateBook(id: \"4\", title: \"The Great Gatsby (Updated)\", year: 1926) {\n id\n title\n author\n year\n }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBir kitab\u0131 silme (Mutasyon):<\/strong><\/p>\n\nmutation {\n deleteBook(id: \"4\")\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\nVeri Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 Entegre Etme<\/h2>\nData Sources Kavram\u0131<\/h3>\n
\u015eu ana kadar ge\u00e7ici bir dizi kulland\u0131k. Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya uygulamalar\u0131nda veriler genellikle veritabanlar\u0131ndan (SQL, NoSQL), REST API’lerinden veya di\u011fer mikroservislerden gelir. Apollo Server, bu t\u00fcr veri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in Data Sources<\/code> ad\u0131 verilen bir soyutlama katman\u0131 sunar. Data sources, veri alma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicilerden ay\u0131rarak kodunuzu daha temiz, test edilebilir ve yeniden kullan\u0131labilir hale getirir. Ayr\u0131ca, otomatik \u00f6nbellekleme (caching) gibi \u00f6zellikler de sunabilirler.<\/p>\nApollo Data Sources<\/h3>\n
Apollo Server, apollo-datasource<\/code> ve apollo-datasource-rest<\/code> gibi paketlerle \u00e7e\u015fitli veri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 entegre etmek i\u00e7in kolay bir yol sunar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir REST API’den veri \u00e7ekecekseniz RESTDataSource<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz. Bir veritaban\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, genellikle \u00f6zel bir DataSource<\/code> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturur veya do\u011frudan veritaban\u0131 istemcisini context<\/code> objesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla resolver’lara iletiriz.<\/p>\nVeritaban\u0131 Entegrasyonu (\u00d6rnek: MongoDB ve Mongoose)<\/h3>\n
Bir MongoDB veritaban\u0131 ile entegrasyonu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in Mongoose ORM’yi kullanal\u0131m. \u0130lk olarak, Mongoose’u y\u00fckleyin:<\/p>\n
\nnpm install mongoose dotenv\n<\/code><\/pre>\n.env<\/code> dosyan\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturun ve MongoDB ba\u011flant\u0131 URI’nizi ekleyin:<\/p>\n\nMONGO_URI=\"mongodb:\/\/localhost:27017\/graphql-books-db\"\n<\/code><\/pre>\nsrc\/models\/Book.js<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ src\/models\/Book.js\nconst mongoose = require('mongoose');\n\nconst bookSchema = new mongoose.Schema({\n title: {\n type: String,\n required: true,\n },\n author: {\n type: String,\n required: true,\n },\n year: {\n type: Number,\n },\n});\n\nmodule.exports = mongoose.model('Book', bookSchema);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi src\/datasources\/BooksAPI.js<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir veri kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ src\/datasources\/BooksAPI.js\nconst { DataSource } = require('apollo-datasource');\nconst Book = require('..\/models\/Book'); \/\/ Mongoose modelimizi dahil et\n\nclass BooksAPI extends DataSource {\n constructor() {\n super();\n }\n\n \/<\/em>\n * Bu fonksiyon, Apollo Server'\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta veri kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\n * Genellikle context'i burada al\u0131r\u0131z.\n *\/\n initialize(config) {\n this.context = config.context;\n }\n\n async getAllBooks() {\n return Book.find(); \/\/ T\u00fcm kitaplar\u0131 veritaban\u0131ndan \u00e7ek\n }\n\n async getBookById(id) {\n return Book.findById(id); \/\/ Belirli bir ID'ye sahip kitab\u0131 \u00e7ek\n }\n\n async createBook(bookInput) {\n const newBook = new Book(bookInput);\n await newBook.save();\n return newBook;\n }\n\n async updateBook(id, bookInput) {\n return Book.findByIdAndUpdate(id, bookInput, { new: true }); \/\/ G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f belgeyi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\n }\n\n async deleteBook(id) {\n await Book.findByIdAndDelete(id);\n return id;\n }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = BooksAPI;\n<\/code><\/pre>\nResolver’lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bu veri kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanacak \u015fekilde g\u00fcncelleyelim (src\/resolvers.js<\/code>):<\/p>\n\n\/\/ src\/resolvers.js (G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f)\nconst resolvers = {\n Query: {\n books: (parent, args, { dataSources }) => dataSources.booksAPI.getAllBooks(),\n book: (parent, { id }, { dataSources }) => dataSources.booksAPI.getBookById(id),\n },\n Mutation: {\n addBook: (parent, args, { dataSources }) => dataSources.booksAPI.createBook(args),\n updateBook: (parent, { id, ...rest }, { dataSources }) => dataSources.booksAPI.updateBook(id, rest),\n deleteBook: (parent, { id }, { dataSources }) => dataSources.booksAPI.deleteBook(id),\n },\n};\n\nmodule.exports = resolvers;\n<\/code><\/pre>\nSon olarak, index.js<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyerek veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve veri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 Apollo Server’a ekleyelim:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ index.js (G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f)\nrequire('dotenv').config(); \/\/ .env dosyas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckle\nconst express = require('express');\nconst { ApolloServer } = require('apollo-server-express');\nconst mongoose = require('mongoose'); \/\/ Mongoose'u dahil et\nconst typeDefs = require('.\/src\/schema');\nconst resolvers = require('.\/src\/resolvers');\nconst BooksAPI = require('.\/src\/datasources\/BooksAPI'); \/\/ Veri kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 dahil et\n\nasync function startApolloServer() {\n const app = express();\n\n \/\/ MongoDB ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\n try {\n await mongoose.connect(process.env.MONGO_URI, {\n useNewUrlParser: true,\n useUnifiedTopology: true,\n });\n console.log('MongoDB ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131.');\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('MongoDB ba\u011flant\u0131 hatas\u0131:', error);\n process.exit(1); \/\/ Hata durumunda uygulamay\u0131 sonland\u0131r\n }\n\n const server = new ApolloServer({\n typeDefs,\n resolvers,\n \/\/ dataSources fonksiyonu, her istek i\u00e7in yeni bir veri kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi olu\u015fturur.\n dataSources: () => ({\n booksAPI: new BooksAPI(),\n }),\n \/\/ Context fonksiyonu, her istekle birlikte resolver'lara iletilecek bir nesne olu\u015fturur.\n \/\/ Burada kimlik do\u011frulama bilgileri veya di\u011fer payla\u015f\u0131lan kaynaklar eklenebilir.\n context: ({ req }) => {\n \/\/ \u00d6rnek: HTTP ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan token alma\n const token = req.headers.authorization || '';\n return { token };\n },\n introspection: true,\n playground: true,\n });\n\n await server.start();\n server.applyMiddleware({ app, path: '\/graphql' });\n\n const PORT = process.env.PORT || 4000;\n\n app.listen(PORT, () => {\n console.log(GraphQL API sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor: http:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n console.log(GraphQL Playground'a eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in: http:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n });\n}\n\nstartApolloServer();\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle art\u0131k API’niz verileri MongoDB’den al\u0131p kaydedecektir.<\/p>\n
Geli\u015fmi\u015f Konular<\/h2>\nSubscription’lar (Abonelikler)<\/h3>\n
Subscription’lar, GraphQL API’nizin istemcilere ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olarak veri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r. Bir olay (\u00f6rn. yeni bir kitap eklendi\u011finde) meydana geldi\u011finde, sunucu bu olaya abone olan t\u00fcm istemcilere bir g\u00fcncelleme g\u00f6nderir. Subscription’lar genellikle WebSockets \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Apollo Server, subscription’lar\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in graphql-subscriptions<\/code> paketiyle entegre edilebilir bir PubSub<\/code> (Publish\/Subscribe) mekanizmas\u0131 sunar.<\/p>\nKurulum:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nnpm install graphql-subscriptions ws\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eema G\u00fcncelleme (src\/schema.js):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\/\/ ...\nconst typeDefs = gql\n # ... Book, Query, Mutation t\u00fcrleri ...\n\n # 'Subscription' t\u00fcr\u00fc, ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olaylar\u0131 tan\u0131mlar.\n type Subscription {\n newBook: Book! # Yeni bir kitap eklendi\u011finde tetiklenir.\n }\n<\/code>;\n\/\/ ...\n<\/code><\/pre>\nResolver G\u00fcncelleme (src\/resolvers.js):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\/\/ ...\nconst { PubSub } = require('graphql-subscriptions');\nconst pubsub = new PubSub(); \/\/ Bir PubSub \u00f6rne\u011fi olu\u015ftur\n\nconst BOOK_ADDED = 'BOOK_ADDED'; \/\/ Olay tipi i\u00e7in bir sabit tan\u0131mla\n\nconst resolvers = {\n Query: { \/ ... <\/em>\/ },\n Mutation: {\n addBook: async (parent, args, { dataSources }) => {\n const newBook = await dataSources.booksAPI.createBook(args);\n pubsub.publish(BOOK_ADDED, { newBook: newBook }); \/\/ Yeni kitab\u0131 yay\u0131nla\n return newBook;\n },\n \/\/ ... di\u011fer mutasyonlar ...\n },\n Subscription: {\n newBook: {\n subscribe: () => pubsub.asyncIterator([BOOK_ADDED]), \/\/ Abone olunan olaylar\u0131 dinle\n },\n },\n};\n\/\/ ...\n<\/code><\/pre>\nSunucu G\u00fcncelleme (index.js):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\/\/ ...\nconst { createServer } = require('http'); \/\/ HTTP sunucusu i\u00e7in\nconst { execute, subscribe } = require('graphql'); \/\/ Subscription'lar i\u00e7in\nconst { SubscriptionServer } = require('subscriptions-transport-ws'); \/\/ WebSocket sunucusu i\u00e7in\n\nasync function startApolloServer() {\n \/\/ ... MongoDB ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ...\n\n const app = express();\n const httpServer = createServer(app); \/\/ HTTP sunucusunu Express uygulamas\u0131yla olu\u015ftur\n\n const server = new ApolloServer({\n typeDefs,\n resolvers,\n dataSources: () => ({\n booksAPI: new BooksAPI(),\n }),\n context: ({ req, connection }) => {\n \/\/ WebSocket ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in context y\u00f6netimi\n if (connection) {\n return connection.context;\n }\n const token = req.headers.authorization || '';\n return { token };\n },\n introspection: true,\n playground: true,\n });\n\n await server.start();\n server.applyMiddleware({ app, path: '\/graphql' });\n\n \/\/ Subscription sunucusunu ba\u015flat\n SubscriptionServer.create(\n {\n schema: server.schema, \/\/ Apollo Server'\u0131n \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\n execute,\n subscribe,\n onConnect: (connectionParams, websocket, context) => {\n console.log('Client connected for subscriptions');\n \/\/ \u0130ste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131: Burada kimlik do\u011frulama yap\u0131labilir\n return { currentUser: 'someUser' }; \/\/ Context'e eklenecek veri\n },\n onDisconnect: (websocket, context) => {\n console.log('Client disconnected from subscriptions');\n },\n },\n {\n server: httpServer, \/\/ HTTP sunucusunu kullan\n path: '\/graphql', \/\/ Ayn\u0131 path'i kullanabilir\n }\n );\n\n const PORT = process.env.PORT || 4000;\n\n \/\/ HTTP sunucusunu dinlemeye ba\u015fla\n httpServer.listen(PORT, () => {\n console.log(GraphQL API sunucusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor: http:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n console.log(GraphQL Playground'a eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in: http:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n console.log(Subscription endpoint: ws:\/\/localhost:${PORT}\/graphql<\/code>);\n });\n}\n\nstartApolloServer();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi GraphQL Playground’da “newBook” subscription’\u0131na abone olabilir ve yeni bir kitap ekledi\u011finizde an\u0131nda bildirim alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011flam (Context) Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
context<\/code> nesnesi, her GraphQL i\u015flemi i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan ve t\u00fcm resolver’lar aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lan bir nesnedir. Veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, kimlik do\u011frulama bilgileri, kullan\u0131c\u0131 oturumu veya payla\u015f\u0131lan servisler gibi her iste\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc verileri ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in idealdir. ApolloServer<\/code> yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda bir context<\/code> fonksiyonu tan\u0131mlayarak bu nesneyi olu\u015fturabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\/\/ index.js i\u00e7indeki context tan\u0131m\u0131\ncontext: ({ req }) => {\n \/\/ HTTP ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan token'\u0131 al\n const token = req.headers.authorization || '';\n \/\/ Token'\u0131 do\u011frula ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 bilgilerini context'e ekle\n \/\/ const user = await authService.getUserFromToken(token);\n return { token \/, user <\/em>\/ };\n},\n<\/code><\/pre>\nResolver’lar\u0131n\u0131zda bu bilgilere \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc arg\u00fcman olarak eri\u015febilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
\n\/\/ src\/resolvers.js\nconst resolvers = {\n Query: {\n books: (parent, args, context) => {\n \/\/ console.log(context.token); \/\/ Token'a eri\u015fim\n \/\/ if (!context.user) throw new AuthenticationError('Giri\u015f yap\u0131lmal\u0131');\n return context.dataSources.booksAPI.getAllBooks();\n },\n },\n \/\/ ...\n};\n<\/code><\/pre>\nKimlik Do\u011frulama ve Yetkilendirme (Authentication & Authorization)<\/h3>\n
G\u00fcvenli bir API i\u00e7in kimlik do\u011frulama (kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu belirleme) ve yetkilendirme (kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n neye eri\u015febilece\u011fini belirleme) \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
\n- Kimlik Do\u011frulama:<\/strong> Genellikle
context<\/code> fonksiyonu i\u00e7inde bir JWT (JSON Web Token) veya oturum tabanl\u0131 bir mekanizma kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131l\u0131r. HTTP ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan token al\u0131n\u0131r, do\u011frulan\u0131r ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 bilgileri context<\/code> nesnesine eklenir.<\/li>\n- Yetkilendirme:<\/strong>\n
\n- Resolver Seviyesinde:<\/strong> Her resolver’\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yetkisi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/li>\n
- Custom Direktifler:<\/strong> GraphQL SDL’de \u00f6zel direktifler (\u00f6rn.
@auth<\/code>, @hasRole(role: \"ADMIN\")<\/code>) tan\u0131mlayarak yetkilendirme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015femaya ta\u015f\u0131yabilirsiniz. Apollo Server, custom direktifleri uygulamak i\u00e7in bir API sunar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHata Y\u00f6netimi (Error Handling)<\/h3>\n
GraphQL, hatalar\u0131 belirli bir formatta d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Apollo Server, hatalar\u0131 yakalamak ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in formatError<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi sunar. Kendi \u00f6zel hata s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 (\u00f6rn. AuthenticationError<\/code>, ForbiddenError<\/code>) olu\u015fturabilir ve bunlar\u0131 formatError<\/code> i\u00e7inde i\u015fleyerek istemciye daha anlaml\u0131 hata mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6nderebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\/\/ ApolloServer yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda\nconst server = new ApolloServer({\n \/\/ ...\n formatError: (error) => {\n \/\/ Hata mesaj\u0131n\u0131 ve detaylar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftir\n if (error.extensions.code === 'BAD_USER_INPUT') {\n return new Error('Ge\u00e7ersiz giri\u015f verisi.');\n }\n \/\/ Di\u011fer hatalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\n return error;\n },\n \/\/ ...\n});\n<\/code><\/pre>\nPerformans Optimizasyonu<\/h3>\n\n- N+1 Problemi ve DataLoader:<\/strong> Bir sorguda birincil nesneleri (\u00f6rn. kitaplar) ve ard\u0131ndan her birincil nesnenin ili\u015fkili nesnelerini (\u00f6rn. her kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131) \u00e7ekti\u011finizde, her ili\u015fkili nesne i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir veritaban\u0131 sorgusu tetiklenir. Bu, “N+1 problemi” olarak bilinir. DataLoader, bu t\u00fcr sorgular\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek (batching) ve \u00f6nbelle\u011fe alarak N+1 problemini \u00e7\u00f6zer ve veritaban\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131r.<\/li>\n
- Caching:<\/strong> Apollo Server, veri kaynaklar\u0131 seviyesinde veya manuel olarak resolver’larda \u00f6nbellekleme uygulaman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.<\/li>\n
- Persisted Queries:<\/strong> \u0130stemciler taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan sorgular\u0131 sunucu taraf\u0131nda \u00f6nceden kaydederek, a\u011f trafi\u011fini azaltabilir ve sorgu do\u011frulama maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilirsiniz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Proje Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h2>\nMod\u00fcler \u015eema Tasar\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck GraphQL API’lerinde tek bir \u015fema dosyas\u0131 y\u00f6netmek zorla\u015fabilir. \u015eemay\u0131 mant\u0131ksal mod\u00fcllere (\u00f6rn. users.graphql<\/code>, products.graphql<\/code>) ay\u0131rmak ve bunlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirmek (schema stitching veya daha modern yakla\u015f\u0131mlar olan Apollo Federation) iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\/\/ src\/index.js veya schema.js i\u00e7inde\nconst { mergeTypeDefs, mergeResolvers } = require('@graphql-tools\/merge');\nconst { loadFilesSync } = require('@graphql-tools\/load-files');\nconst path = require('path');\n\nconst typesArray = loadFilesSync(path.join(__dirname, '.\/schemas'), { extensions: ['graphql'] });\nconst resolversArray = loadFilesSync(path.join(__dirname, '.\/resolvers'), { extensions: ['js'] });\n\nconst typeDefs = mergeTypeDefs(typesArray);\nconst resolvers = mergeResolvers(resolversArray);\n\nmodule.exports = { typeDefs, resolvers };\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBu yap\u0131land\u0131rma ile src\/schemas<\/code> ve src\/resolvers<\/code> klas\u00f6rlerindeki t\u00fcm .graphql<\/code> ve .js<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak birle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\nKlas\u00f6r Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n
Temiz ve d\u00fczenli bir klas\u00f6r yap\u0131s\u0131, projenizin \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\ngraphql-api-server\/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 node_modules\/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 src\/\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 schemas\/ # .graphql uzant\u0131l\u0131 \u015fema tan\u0131mlar\u0131 (\u00f6rn. book.graphql, user.graphql)\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 resolvers\/ # Resolver fonksiyonlar\u0131 (\u00f6rn. bookResolver.js, userResolver.js)\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 datasources\/ # Veri kaynaklar\u0131 (\u00f6rn. BooksAPI.js, UsersAPI.js)\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 models\/ # Veritaban\u0131 modelleri (\u00f6rn. Book.js, User.js)\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 utils\/ # Yard\u0131mc\u0131 fonksiyonlar, kimlik do\u011frulama vb.\n\u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 index.js # Ana uygulama dosyas\u0131\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 .env\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 package.json\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 README.md\n<\/code><\/pre>\nG\u00fcvenlik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n- Derinlik ve Karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k Limitleri:<\/strong> K\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, \u00e7ok derin veya karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular g\u00f6ndererek sunucunuzu yorabilir. Bu t\u00fcr sorgular\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in Apollo Server’da sorgu derinli\u011fi ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k limitleri uygulay\u0131n.<\/li>\n
- Veri Do\u011frulama:<\/strong> Input t\u00fcrlerini ve resolver’lar\u0131 kullanarak gelen verileri her zaman do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/li>\n
- CSRF Korumas\u0131:<\/strong> Mutasyonlar i\u00e7in CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) korumas\u0131 uygulay\u0131n.<\/li>\n
- Hata Mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 Gizleme:<\/strong> \u00dcretim ortam\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 hata mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 istemcilere g\u00f6ndermekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n. Bu, sald\u0131rganlara sisteminiz hakk\u0131nda bilgi verebilir.<\/li>\n
- Rate Limiting:<\/strong> API’nize gelen istekleri s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak DDoS sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Test Etme<\/h3>\n
GraphQL API’nizi test etmek, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n kalitesini ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini sa\u011flar. Unit testler (resolver’lar i\u00e7in), entegrasyon testleri (Apollo Server instance’\u0131 ile) ve u\u00e7tan uca testler (ger\u00e7ek bir istemci gibi davranarak) yazmak \u00f6nemlidir. Jest ve Supertest gibi k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n
Bu makalede, Node.js ve Apollo Server kullanarak kapsaml\u0131 bir GraphQL API sunucusu kurulumunu ele ald\u0131k. GraphQL’in temel kavramlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, \u015fema tan\u0131mlama, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicileri yazma, veritaban\u0131 entegrasyonu, abonelikler, kimlik do\u011frulama, hata y\u00f6netimi ve performans optimizasyonu gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f konulara de\u011findik. Ayr\u0131ca, mod\u00fcler bir proje yap\u0131s\u0131 ve en iyi g\u00fcvenlik uygulamalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da bilgi verdik.<\/p>\n
GraphQL, modern uygulama geli\u015ftiricilerine, veriye eri\u015fim konusunda benzersiz bir esneklik ve verimlilik sunar. Node.js’in h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015ftirme yetenekleri ve zengin paket ekosistemiyle birle\u015fti\u011finde, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir API’ler olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir kombinasyon olu\u015fturur. Bu rehber, kendi GraphQL API’nizi olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flaman\u0131z i\u00e7in sa\u011flam bir temel sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha fazla \u00f6\u011frenmek ve uygulaman\u0131z\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Apollo Client, GraphQL Federation ve daha geli\u015fmi\u015f performans optimizasyon tekniklerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam etmeniz \u00f6nerilir. GraphQL’in gelece\u011fi parlak ve Node.js ile birlikte, web geli\u015ftirme d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaya devam edecektir.<\/p>\n
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