Veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, modern web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n ve sunucu altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. MySQL ve MariaDB gibi ili\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemleri, bu alandaki en pop\u00fcler se\u00e7eneklerdendir. Ancak, komut sat\u0131r\u0131 aray\u00fcz\u00fc (CLI) \u00fczerinden veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, \u00f6zellikle yeni ba\u015flayanlar veya karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6revleri h\u0131zl\u0131ca yerine getirmek isteyenler i\u00e7in zorlay\u0131c\u0131 olabilir. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada phpMyAdmin devreye girer. phpMyAdmin, MySQL ve MariaDB veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 web tabanl\u0131 bir aray\u00fcz \u00fczerinden kolayca y\u00f6netmeyi sa\u011flayan, a\u00e7\u0131k kaynakl\u0131 ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu makalede, Ubuntu i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde phpMyAdmin’in nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi, olas\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
phpMyAdmin, PHP ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, web tabanl\u0131 bir MySQL\/MariaDB istemcisidir. Temel amac\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bir web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden veritaban\u0131 sunucular\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Bu ara\u00e7 sayesinde kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve tablolar\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir, de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir ve silebilir; alanlar\u0131 ve indeksleri y\u00f6netebilir; SQL sorgular\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir; kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve izinleri d\u00fczenleyebilir; veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7e ve d\u0131\u015fa aktarabilir ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapabilirler. phpMyAdmin’in sundu\u011fu sezgisel grafik aray\u00fcz\u00fc, komut sat\u0131r\u0131 bilgisi olmayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bile veritaban\u0131 i\u015flemlerini kolayca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesine olanak tan\u0131r. D\u00fcnya genelinde milyonlarca web sitesi ve uygulama, arka u\u00e7 veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in phpMyAdmin’e g\u00fcvenmektedir. Bu yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m, onu hem \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7 hem de potansiyel g\u00fcvenlik riskleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hedef haline getirmektedir. Bu nedenle, do\u011fru kurulum ve \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcvenlik ad\u0131mlar\u0131 hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
phpMyAdmin kurulumuna ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sunucunuzda belirli yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n kurulu ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu \u00f6n gereksinimler, sorunsuz bir kurulum s\u00fcreci i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
Bu rehber, Ubuntu sunucu i\u015fletim sistemini hedef almaktad\u0131r. Genellikle LTS (Uzun S\u00fcreli Destek) s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri tercih edilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, 22.04 LTS).<\/p>\n
phpMyAdmin, PHP tabanl\u0131 bir uygulama oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bir web sunucusu, PHP yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve bir veritaban\u0131 sunucusu gerektirir. Bu genellikle bir LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL\/MariaDB, PHP) veya LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MySQL\/MariaDB, PHP) y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
php-mbstring<\/code>, php-zip<\/code>, php-gd<\/code>, php-json<\/code>, php-curl<\/code>, php-mysql<\/code>\/php-mysqli<\/code>, php-xml<\/code>, php-bz2<\/code>, php-intl<\/code>) kurulu olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda eksik uzant\u0131lar otomatik olarak y\u00fcklenebilir veya manuel olarak eklenmesi gerekebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nRoot veya sudo Yetkilerine Sahip Kullan\u0131c\u0131<\/h4>\n
Kurulum ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in sunucuda sudo<\/code> yetkilerine sahip bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya veya do\u011frudan root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na eri\u015fiminiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\nphpMyAdmin Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
\u00d6n gereksinimler sa\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra, phpMyAdmin’i Ubuntu sunucunuza kurmaya ba\u015flayabiliriz.<\/p>\n
Sistem G\u00fcncelleme<\/h4>\n
Herhangi bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m kurulumuna ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sistem paket listelerinizi g\u00fcncellemek ve mevcut paketleri y\u00fckseltmek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. Bu, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur ve en son g\u00fcvenlik yamalar\u0131na sahip olman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
sudo apt update\nsudo apt upgrade<\/code><\/pre>\nphpMyAdmin Paketini Kurma<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin paketi, Ubuntu’nun varsay\u0131lan depolar\u0131nda mevcuttur. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komut ile kurulumu ba\u015flatabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo apt install phpmyadmin<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda size baz\u0131 sorular sorulacakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\n- Web sunucusu se\u00e7imi:<\/strong> Kurulum sihirbaz\u0131, phpMyAdmin’i otomatik olarak yap\u0131land\u0131rmak istedi\u011finiz web sunucusunu se\u00e7menizi isteyecektir. Klavyenizdeki bo\u015fluk tu\u015fu ile (Spacebar) Apache veya Nginx (e\u011fer Nginx kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z) se\u00e7ene\u011fini i\u015faretleyin. E\u011fer Nginx kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, burada Apache’yi se\u00e7ip daha sonra manuel yap\u0131land\u0131rma yapman\u0131z gerekecektir. E\u011fer Apache kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Apache2’yi se\u00e7ip Enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131n.<\/li>\n
- Veritaban\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131:<\/strong> phpMyAdmin’in kendi dahili veritaban\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyip istemedi\u011finiz sorulacakt\u0131r. Genellikle “Yes” (Evet) se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7mek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. Bu, phpMyAdmin’in ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve ge\u00e7ici verilerini depolamak i\u00e7in bir veritaban\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n
- MySQL uygulama kullan\u0131c\u0131 parolas\u0131:<\/strong> phpMyAdmin’in MySQL sunucusuna ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131 bir parola belirlemeniz istenecektir. Bu parola, phpMyAdmin’in kendi veritaban\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131 parolas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir parola belirledi\u011finizden emin olun.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Kurulum tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, phpMyAdmin dosyalar\u0131 genellikle \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin<\/code> dizinine yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\nWeb Sunucusu Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’i web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan eri\u015filebilir hale getirmek i\u00e7in web sunucunuzu do\u011fru \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
Apache i\u00e7in<\/h5>\n
E\u011fer kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda Apache2’yi se\u00e7tiyseniz, apt<\/code> paketi otomatik olarak gerekli yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. phpMyAdmin i\u00e7in bir Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 (\/etc\/phpmyadmin\/apache.conf<\/code>) olu\u015fturulur ve bu dosya Apache’nin ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131na dahil edilir. Bu dosyay\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\nsudo a2enconf phpmyadmin<\/code><\/pre>\nArd\u0131ndan, Apache servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda http:\/\/sizin_sunucu_ip_adresiniz_veya_alan_adiniz\/phpmyadmin<\/code> adresine giderek phpMyAdmin’e eri\u015febilmelisiniz.<\/p>\nNginx i\u00e7in<\/h5>\n
Nginx kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, phpMyAdmin’i manuel olarak yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z gerekecektir. Nginx, Apache gibi otomatik yap\u0131land\u0131rma sa\u011flamaz. Sanal ana bilgisayar (server block) yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131za phpMyAdmin i\u00e7in bir konum (location) blo\u011fu eklemelisiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sitenizin yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 \/etc\/nginx\/sites-available\/varsayilan<\/code> ise:<\/p>\nsudo nano \/etc\/nginx\/sites-available\/varsayilan<\/code><\/pre>\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki blo\u011fu server<\/code> blo\u011funuzun i\u00e7ine ekleyin:<\/p>\nlocation \/phpmyadmin {\n root \/usr\/share\/;\n index index.php index.html index.htm;\n location ~ ^\/phpmyadmin\/(doc|sql|setup)\/ {\n deny all;\n }\n location ~ \/\\.ht {\n deny all;\n }\n location ~ \\.php$ {\n include snippets\/fastcgi-php.conf;\n fastcgi_pass unix:\/run\/php\/phpX.X-fpm.sock; # phpX.X-fpm.sock k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi PHP s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcze g\u00f6re ayarlay\u0131n (\u00f6rn. php8.1-fpm.sock)\n fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;\n include fastcgi_params;\n }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\nPHP s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun (\u00f6rne\u011fin, php8.1-fpm.sock<\/code> yerine php7.4-fpm.sock<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z). De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin ve kapat\u0131n. Ard\u0131ndan Nginx yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 test edin ve servisi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\nsudo nginx -t\nsudo systemctl restart nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi http:\/\/sizin_sunucu_ip_adresiniz_veya_alan_adiniz\/phpmyadmin<\/code> adresinden phpMyAdmin’e eri\u015febilirsiniz.<\/p>\nMySQL\/MariaDB Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’e giri\u015f yapmak i\u00e7in MySQL veya MariaDB kullan\u0131c\u0131 kimlik bilgilerine ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile giri\u015f yapmak genellikle \u00f6nerilmez. Bunun yerine, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 yetkilere sahip yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak daha g\u00fcvenlidir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlarla yeni bir veritaban\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nsudo mysql -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\nMySQL kabu\u011funa girdikten sonra, yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturun ve ona gerekli izinleri verin. \u00d6rne\u011fin, phpmyadminuser<\/code> ad\u0131nda ve guclu_sifre<\/code> parolal\u0131 bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\nCREATE USER 'phpmyadminuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'guclu_sifre';\nGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON .<\/em> TO 'phpmyadminuser'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;\nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;\nEXIT;<\/code><\/pre>\nUYARI:<\/strong> Yukar\u0131daki GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES<\/code> komutu, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya t\u00fcm veritabanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tam yetki verir. Bu, genellikle bir geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun olabilir, ancak bir \u00fcretim ortam\u0131nda, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya yaln\u0131zca ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu belirli veritabanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yetki vermek \u00e7ok daha g\u00fcvenlidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli bir veritaban\u0131 (mydb<\/code>) i\u00e7in yetki vermek isterseniz:<\/p>\nCREATE USER 'mywebappuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'guclu_sifre';\nGRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON mydb.* TO 'mywebappuser'@'localhost';\nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;\nEXIT;<\/code><\/pre>\nphpMyAdmin’e giri\u015f yaparken, bu yeni olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ve parolas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n
phpMyAdmin G\u00fcvenli\u011fini Sa\u011flama<\/h3>\n
phpMyAdmin, veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131za do\u011frudan eri\u015fim sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in potansiyel bir g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, kurulumdan sonra g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak mutlak bir zorunluluktur. \u0130\u015fte phpMyAdmin’i g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in alabilece\u011finiz \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar:<\/p>\n
Giri\u015f Adresini De\u011fi\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
Varsay\u0131lan olarak \/phpmyadmin<\/code> adresinden eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131, sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n kolayca hedef almas\u0131na neden olur. Bu adresi daha az tahmin edilebilir bir \u015feyle de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, ilk savunma hatt\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n- Apache i\u00e7in:<\/strong>
\/etc\/phpmyadmin\/apache.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin ve Alias \/phpmyadmin \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 bulun. \/phpmyadmin<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011finiz ba\u015fka bir \u015feyle de\u011fi\u015ftirin, \u00f6rne\u011fin \/mysecretadminpanel<\/code>.\nsudo nano \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/apache.conf<\/code><\/pre>\nAlias \/mysecretadminpanel \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n- Nginx i\u00e7in:<\/strong> Nginx yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131zdaki (\u00f6rn.
\/etc\/nginx\/sites-available\/varsayilan<\/code>) location \/phpmyadmin { ... }<\/code> blo\u011funu bulun ve \/phpmyadmin<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011finiz ba\u015fka bir \u015feyle de\u011fi\u015ftirin.\nsudo nano \/etc\/nginx\/sites-available\/varsayilan<\/code><\/pre>\nlocation \/mysecretadminpanel {\n root \/usr\/share\/;\n ...\n }<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedip Nginx’i yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo nginx -t\nsudo systemctl restart nginx<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nArt\u0131k phpMyAdmin’e yeni belirledi\u011finiz adres \u00fczerinden eri\u015fmeniz gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
Web Sunucusu Kimlik Do\u011frulamas\u0131 (HTTP Basic Authentication)<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’in kendi giri\u015f ekran\u0131na ek olarak, web sunucusu d\u00fczeyinde ek bir kimlik do\u011frulama katman\u0131 eklemek, g\u00fcvenlik seviyenizi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu, potansiyel sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n phpMyAdmin’in giri\u015f ekran\u0131na bile ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve parola girmesini gerektirir.<\/p>\n
Apache i\u00e7in<\/h5>\n
Apache’de .htaccess<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak HTTP Basic Authentication uygulayabiliriz. \u0130lk olarak, \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin<\/code> dizininde .htaccess<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verildi\u011finden emin olun. Bunun i\u00e7in \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/apache.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin ve <\/code> blo\u011fu i\u00e7inde AllowOverride All<\/code> oldu\u011fundan emin olun. E\u011fer AllowOverride None<\/code> ise, bunu AllowOverride All<\/code> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirin.<\/p>\nsudo nano \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/apache.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n\n Options FollowSymLinks\n DirectoryIndex index.php\n AllowOverride All # Bu sat\u0131r\u0131 None yerine All yap\u0131n\n ...\n<\/Directory><\/code><\/pre>\nArd\u0131ndan, bir parola dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturun. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \/etc\/apache2\/htpasswd.users<\/code> yolunda bir dosya olu\u015ftural\u0131m ve adminpma<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 ekleyelim:<\/p>\nsudo htpasswd -c \/etc\/apache2\/htpasswd.users adminpma<\/code><\/pre>\nParola olu\u015fturman\u0131z istendi\u011finde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir parola girin. \u0130lk kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in -c<\/code> parametresini kullan\u0131n. Daha sonraki kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in -c<\/code> parametresini kullanmay\u0131n, aksi takdirde dosya yeniden olu\u015fturulur ve \u00f6nceki kullan\u0131c\u0131lar silinir.<\/p>\n\u015eimdi \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin<\/code> dizinine bir .htaccess<\/code> dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\nsudo nano \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin\/.htaccess<\/code><\/pre>\n\u0130\u00e7ine \u015funlar\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\n
AuthType Basic\nAuthName \"Restricted Access\"\nAuthUserFile \/etc\/apache2\/htpasswd.users\nRequire valid-user<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin ve Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\nArt\u0131k phpMyAdmin’e eri\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, \u00f6nce bir taray\u0131c\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r penceresi ile Apache kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131 isteyecektir.<\/p>\n
Nginx i\u00e7in (Basic Auth)<\/h5>\n
Nginx i\u00e7in de benzer bir parola dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Apache’nin htpasswd<\/code> arac\u0131n\u0131 kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\nsudo apt install apache2-utils # htpasswd arac\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olabilir\nsudo htpasswd -c \/etc\/nginx\/htpasswd.users adminpma<\/code><\/pre>\nParola olu\u015fturman\u0131z istendi\u011finde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir parola girin.<\/p>\n
Ard\u0131ndan, Nginx yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131zdaki phpMyAdmin location<\/code> blo\u011funa a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ekleyin:<\/p>\nsudo nano \/etc\/nginx\/sites-available\/varsayilan<\/code><\/pre>\nlocation \/mysecretadminpanel { # veya kendi belirledi\u011finiz adres\n root \/usr\/share\/;\n index index.php index.html index.htm;\n auth_basic \"Restricted Access\";\n auth_basic_user_file \/etc\/nginx\/htpasswd.users;\n ...\n}<\/code><\/pre>\nDe\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydedin, Nginx yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 test edin ve servisi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo nginx -t\nsudo systemctl restart nginx<\/code><\/pre>\nNginx de art\u0131k phpMyAdmin’e eri\u015fimden \u00f6nce ek bir kimlik do\u011frulama isteyecektir.<\/p>\n
SSL\/TLS Kullan\u0131m\u0131 (HTTPS)<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’e her zaman \u015fifreli bir ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00fczerinden eri\u015fti\u011finizden emin olun. Bu, kullan\u0131c\u0131 adlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n, parolalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ve veritaban\u0131 verilerinizin a\u011f \u00fczerinde d\u00fcz metin olarak g\u00f6nderilmesini engeller. Let’s Encrypt gibi \u00fccretsiz SSL\/TLS sertifikalar\u0131 sa\u011flayan hizmetler sayesinde HTTPS uygulamak art\u0131k \u00e7ok kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer hen\u00fcz HTTPS kullanm\u0131yorsan\u0131z, web sunucunuz i\u00e7in bir Let’s Encrypt sertifikas\u0131 kurmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelisiniz. Certbot arac\u0131 bu s\u00fcreci otomatikle\u015ftirir:<\/p>\n
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache # Apache i\u00e7in\nsudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx # Nginx i\u00e7in<\/code><\/pre>\nArd\u0131ndan, sertifikay\u0131 almak ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in uygun komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n (alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 do\u011fru \u015fekilde girin):<\/p>\n
sudo certbot --apache -d sizin_alan_adiniz.com # Apache i\u00e7in\nsudo certbot --nginx -d sizin_alan_adiniz.com # Nginx i\u00e7in<\/code><\/pre>\nCertbot, sizi y\u00f6nlendirecek ve otomatik olarak HTTPS’yi yap\u0131land\u0131racakt\u0131r. Kurulumdan sonra, phpMyAdmin’e https:\/\/sizin_alan_adiniz.com\/mysecretadminpanel<\/code> adresinden eri\u015fti\u011finizden emin olun.<\/p>\nVeritaban\u0131 Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Yetkilerini K\u0131s\u0131tlama<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’e giri\u015f yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan MySQL\/MariaDB kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yetkilerini yaln\u0131zca ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu kadar k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131n. root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile veya GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES<\/code> verilmi\u015f bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 ile giri\u015f yapmak \u00e7ok risklidir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, belirli bir veritaban\u0131 veya belirli i\u015flemler i\u00e7in yetkiler tan\u0131mlay\u0131n.<\/p>\nREVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON .<\/em> FROM 'phpmyadminuser'@'localhost';\nGRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON specific_database.* TO 'phpmyadminuser'@'localhost';\nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;<\/code><\/pre>\nBu, phpMyAdmin kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yetkisiz i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesini engeller.<\/p>\n
Varsay\u0131lan Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ad\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’in kendi giri\u015f ekran\u0131nda, MySQL\/MariaDB i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 “root”tur. E\u011fer root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile giri\u015f yap\u0131yorsan\u0131z (ki \u00f6nerilmez), bu kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelisiniz. Ancak daha iyi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yerine k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 yetkilere sahip yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak ve onu kullanmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\u0130ki Fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc Kimlik Do\u011frulama (2FA)<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’in kendisi yerle\u015fik bir 2FA \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip de\u011fildir. Ancak, web sunucusu d\u00fczeyinde (\u00f6rne\u011fin Apache veya Nginx mod\u00fclleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla) veya sunucuya eri\u015fim i\u00e7in (SSH) 2FA uygulayarak genel g\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131rabilirsiniz. Ayr\u0131ca, phpMyAdmin’in \u00f6n\u00fcne bir ters proxy (reverse proxy) koyarak ve bu proxy \u00fczerinde 2FA uygulayarak da bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi dolayl\u0131 yoldan entegre edebilirsiniz. Bu, daha ileri d\u00fczey bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma gerektirir ancak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en y\u00fcksek g\u00fcvenlik seviyesini sunar.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 (UFW)<\/h4>\n
Sunucunuzda bir g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin UFW – Uncomplicated Firewall) etkinle\u015ftirin ve yaln\u0131zca gerekli portlara (SSH i\u00e7in 22, HTTP i\u00e7in 80, HTTPS i\u00e7in 443) izin verin. phpMyAdmin’e eri\u015fimi, yaln\u0131zca belirli IP adreslerinden (\u00f6rne\u011fin ofisinizin veya evinizin IP adresi) k\u0131s\u0131tlayarak ek bir g\u00fcvenlik katman\u0131 ekleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
sudo ufw enable\nsudo ufw allow ssh\nsudo ufw allow http\nsudo ufw allow https\nsudo ufw allow from SIZIN_IP_ADRESINIZ to any port 443 comment 'Allow phpMyAdmin access from specific IP'<\/code><\/pre>\nBu, phpMyAdmin’in genel internete a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller ve yaln\u0131zca sizin belirledi\u011finiz g\u00fcvenli kaynaklardan eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcncel Tutma<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’i ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (PHP, MySQL\/MariaDB, web sunucusu) d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncel tutun. Yaz\u0131l\u0131m g\u00fcncellemeleri genellikle g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapatan yamalar i\u00e7erir. Sisteminizi d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo apt update\nsudo apt upgrade<\/code><\/pre>\nphpMyAdmin Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131 G\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’in ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php<\/code> veya \/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php<\/code> (kurulum \u015fekline g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir) hassas bilgiler i\u00e7erebilir. Bu dosyan\u0131n izinlerinin do\u011fru ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun, b\u00f6ylece yaln\u0131zca k\u00f6k kullan\u0131c\u0131 veya web sunucusu kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir olur.<\/p>\nsudo chmod 640 \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php\nsudo chown root:www-data \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php # Apache i\u00e7in\nsudo chown root:nginx \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php # Nginx i\u00e7in<\/code><\/pre>\nBu, yetkisiz kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu dosyaya eri\u015fmesini engeller.<\/p>\n
S\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\n
phpMyAdmin kurulumu ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirsiniz. \u0130\u015fte bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ve olas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
phpMyAdmin not found<\/code> veya 404 Hatas\u0131<\/h4>\nBu hata genellikle web sunucusunun phpMyAdmin’in konumunu bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yanl\u0131\u015f yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
\n- \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>\n
\n- Web sunucusu yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131z\u0131 (Apache i\u00e7in
apache.conf<\/code> veya Nginx i\u00e7in server<\/code> blo\u011fu) kontrol edin. phpMyAdmin’in do\u011fru yolda (\/usr\/share\/phpmyadmin<\/code>) oldu\u011fundan ve do\u011fru \u015fekilde dahil edildi\u011finden\/tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun.<\/li>\n- Apache kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z,
sudo a2enconf phpmyadmin<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan ve Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/li>\n- Nginx kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z,
root \/usr\/share\/;<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru konumda oldu\u011fundan ve PHP-FPM soket yolunun (fastcgi_pass unix:\/run\/php\/phpX.X-fpm.sock;<\/code>) do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/li>\n- Web sunucunuzu yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun (
sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code> veya sudo systemctl restart nginx<\/code>).<\/li>\n- Eri\u015fim adresini de\u011fi\u015ftirdiyseniz, yeni adresi (\u00f6rne\u011fin
\/mysecretadminpanel<\/code>) kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nMySQL\/MariaDB Ba\u011flant\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’e giri\u015f yaparken “Cannot connect to MySQL server” veya benzeri bir hata alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
\n- \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>\n
\n- MySQL\/MariaDB sunucusunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda oldu\u011fundan emin olun:
sudo systemctl status mysql<\/code> veya sudo systemctl status mariadb<\/code>. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa, ba\u015flat\u0131n: sudo systemctl start mysql<\/code>.<\/li>\n- Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ve parolan\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/li>\n
- Olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz MySQL kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n
localhost<\/code>‘tan veya phpMyAdmin’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 IP adresinden ba\u011flanma iznine sahip oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/li>\n- phpMyAdmin’in kendi yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131nda (
\/etc\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php<\/code>) veritaban\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 ayarlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun (nadiren gerekli olur, ancak kontrol etmekte fayda var).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nmcrypt<\/code> veya Di\u011fer PHP Uzant\u0131lar\u0131 Eksik<\/h4>\nphpMyAdmin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli PHP uzant\u0131lar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Eksik uzant\u0131lar nedeniyle hatalar alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
\n- \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>\n
\n- Gerekli PHP uzant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 manuel olarak kurun. \u00d6rne\u011fin, PHP 8.1 i\u00e7in:\n
sudo apt install php8.1-mysql php8.1-mbstring php8.1-zip php8.1-gd php8.1-json php8.1-curl php8.1-xml php8.1-bz2 php8.1-intl<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n- Kurulumdan sonra web sunucunuzu (Apache veya Nginx + PHP-FPM) yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Yetkilendirme Sorunlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
phpMyAdmin’e giri\u015f yapabilseniz bile belirli veritaban\u0131 i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremiyorsan\u0131z, bu genellikle yetkilendirme sorunudur.<\/p>\n
\n- \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>\n
\n- Giri\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z MySQL kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n gerekli yetkilere sahip oldu\u011fundan emin olun. MySQL\/MariaDB kabu\u011funa girerek (
sudo mysql -u root -p<\/code>) ve SHOW GRANTS FOR 'kullanici_adiniz'@'localhost';<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak mevcut yetkileri kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/li>\n- Gerekirse
GRANT<\/code> komutu ile yetkileri g\u00fcncelleyin ve FLUSH PRIVILEGES;<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nSonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
phpMyAdmin, MySQL ve MariaDB veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in son derece kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Ubuntu \u00fczerinde kurulumu nispeten basittir, ancak g\u00fcvenlik ad\u0131mlar\u0131 kesinlikle g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Bu makalede \u00f6zetlenen ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyerek, phpMyAdmin kurulumunuzu g\u00fcvenli hale getirebilir ve veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim deneyiminizi hem verimli hem de riskten uzak tutabilirsiniz. Giri\u015f adresini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, web sunucusu kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131 eklemek, HTTPS kullanmak, veritaban\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131 yetkilerini k\u0131s\u0131tlamak ve g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 kurallar\u0131 uygulamak, g\u00fcvenli bir phpMyAdmin ortam\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. Unutmay\u0131n, g\u00fcvenlik s\u00fcrekli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir; bu nedenle sisteminizi ve phpMyAdmin’i d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncellemek, potansiyel tehditlere kar\u015f\u0131 en iyi savunmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ubuntu \u00dczerine phpMyAdmin Kurulumu ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi: Kapsaml\u0131 Bir Rehber\nVeritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, modern web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n ve sunucu altyap\u0131lar\u0131n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-34418","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n
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