{"id":34255,"date":"2025-11-14T00:41:47","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T21:41:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=34255"},"modified":"2025-11-14T00:41:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T21:41:47","slug":"freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/","title":{"rendered":"FreeBSD 10.1’de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

FreeBSD 10.1’de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi<\/h2>\n

FreeBSD, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek bir i\u015fletim sistemi olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara sistemlerinin en derin katmanlar\u0131na kadar inme ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme imkan\u0131 sunar. Bu \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdek (kernel) derleme gelir. Kendi \u00e7ekirde\u011finizi derlemek, sisteminizin performans\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmek, belirli donan\u0131m deste\u011fini eklemek veya kald\u0131rmak, g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ve hatta hata ay\u0131klama yeteneklerini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu rehberde, FreeBSD 10.1 \u00fczerinde \u00e7ekirde\u011finizi nas\u0131l \u00f6zelle\u015ftirece\u011finizi ve yeniden derleyece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nemli Not:<\/strong> FreeBSD 10.1, 31 Mart 2017 tarihinde kullan\u0131m \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc (End-of-Life – EOL) tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, art\u0131k bu s\u00fcr\u00fcm i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fcncellemeleri veya hata d\u00fczeltmeleri yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00dcretim ortamlar\u0131nda g\u00fcncel ve desteklenen bir FreeBSD s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc kullanman\u0131z \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir. Ancak, bu rehber talebiniz do\u011frultusunda FreeBSD 10.1 spesifikasyonlar\u0131na uygun olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Neden Kendi \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi Derlemelisiniz?<\/h3>\n

FreeBSD, varsay\u0131lan olarak “GENERIC” adl\u0131 bir \u00e7ekirdek ile gelir. Bu \u00e7ekirdek, geni\u015f bir donan\u0131m yelpazesini desteklemek ve \u00e7o\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in “kutudan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi” \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, kendi \u00e7ekirde\u011finizi derlemek size \u015fu avantajlar\u0131 sunar:<\/p>\n

* Performans Optimizasyonu:<\/strong> Kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri ve \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7ekirdekten \u00e7\u0131kararak \u00e7ekirde\u011fin boyutunu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltebilir ve bellekte daha az yer kaplamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilirsiniz. Bu, \u00f6zellikle kaynaklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 sistemlerde veya y\u00fcksek performans gerektiren uygulamalarda fark yaratabilir.
\n* \u00d6zel Donan\u0131m Deste\u011fi:<\/strong> Varsay\u0131lan GENERIC \u00e7ekirde\u011finde bulunmayan veya \u00f6zel ayarlamalar gerektiren belirli bir donan\u0131m (\u00f6rne\u011fin, eski bir a\u011f kart\u0131, \u00f6zel bir RAID denetleyici) i\u00e7in destek ekleyebilirsiniz.
\n* Geli\u015fmi\u015f G\u00fcvenlik:<\/strong> \u0130htiya\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z mod\u00fclleri ve \u00f6zellikleri devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakarak potansiyel g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilirsiniz.
\n* Hata Ay\u0131klama Yetenekleri:<\/strong> \u00c7ekirdek hata ay\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 (DDB\/KDB) gibi \u00f6zel hata ay\u0131klama se\u00e7eneklerini etkinle\u015ftirerek sistem sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 daha derinlemesine inceleyebilirsiniz.
\n* \u00d6zel \u00d6zellikler:<\/strong> VIMAGE (sanal a\u011f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131), ALTQ (geli\u015fmi\u015f kuyruk y\u00f6netimi) gibi \u00f6zel FreeBSD \u00f6zelliklerini etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131rl\u0131k A\u015famas\u0131: Gerekli Ara\u00e7lar ve \u00d6n Gereksinimler<\/h3>\n

\u00c7ekirdek derleme i\u015flemine ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sisteminizin haz\u0131r oldu\u011fundan emin olman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n

1. Sistem Kaynak Kodlar\u0131n\u0131 Edinme<\/h4>\n

\u00c7ekirde\u011fi derlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle FreeBSD kaynak kodlar\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z vard\u0131r. Bu kodlar genellikle \/usr\/src<\/code> dizininde bulunur. E\u011fer bu dizin bo\u015fsa veya eksikse, kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131 indirmeniz gerekecektir. FreeBSD 10.1 i\u00e7in svn<\/code> (Subversion) kullanmak yayg\u0131n bir y\u00f6ntemdir:<\/p>\n

# \u0130lk kez indiriyorsan\u0131z:\nsvn checkout https:\/\/svn.freebsd.org\/base\/release\/10.1.0 \/usr\/src\n\n
E\u011fer daha \u00f6nce indirdiyseniz ve g\u00fcncellemek istiyorsan\u0131z:<\/h2>\ncd \/usr\/src\nsvn update<\/code><\/pre>\n
Alternatif:<\/strong> E\u011fer sisteminiz zaten freebsd-update<\/code> ile d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncelleniyorsa, kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131 da bu yolla indirebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
freebsd-update fetch install\n
Bu komut, \/usr\/src dizinini sisteminizle e\u015fle\u015fen kaynak kodlar\u0131yla doldurur.<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcm oldu\u011fundan emin olmak i\u00e7in, indirdikten sonra cat \/usr\/src\/sys\/conf\/newvers.sh<\/code> komutu ile kontrol edebilirsiniz. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da 10.1-RELEASE<\/code> gibi bir ifade g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
2. Gerekli Derleme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h4>\n
FreeBSD’nin temel kurulumu genellikle \u00e7ekirdek derlemek i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (gcc, make, vb.) i\u00e7erir. Ek bir yaz\u0131l\u0131ma nadiren ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. Ancak emin olmak i\u00e7in pkg install build-essential<\/code> gibi bir komut (bu sadece Linux’ta var, FreeBSD’de genelde gerekmez) yerine, temel sistemin g\u00fcncel oldu\u011fundan emin olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
3. Mevcut \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Yedekleme<\/h4>\n
Herhangi bir sorun ya\u015faman\u0131z durumunda geri d\u00f6nebilece\u011finiz bir yol olmas\u0131 kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. FreeBSD, yeni bir \u00e7ekirdek kurdu\u011funuzda otomatik olarak eski \u00e7ekirde\u011fi yedekler, ancak manuel bir yedekleme yapmak her zaman iyi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r:<\/p>\n
cp -R \/boot\/kernel \/boot\/kernel.bak<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu, mevcut \u00e7ekirdek dizininizi \/boot\/kernel.bak<\/code> olarak yedekler. E\u011fer yeni \u00e7ekirde\u011finiz \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapmazsa, \u00f6ny\u00fckleyici (boot loader) \u00fczerinden bu yedek \u00e7ekirde\u011fe geri d\u00f6nebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ekirdek Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmesi<\/h3>\n
\u00c7ekirdek derlemenin kalbi, yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu dosya, \u00e7ekirde\u011finizin hangi \u00f6zellikleri, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri ve se\u00e7enekleri i\u00e7erece\u011fini belirler.<\/p>\n
1. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 Bulma ve Kopyalama<\/h4>\n
Varsay\u0131lan GENERIC \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131, sistem mimarinize (\u00f6rne\u011fin amd64<\/code> veya i386<\/code>) ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \/usr\/src\/sys\/ARCH\/conf\/GENERIC<\/code> yolunda bulunur.<\/p>\n
# \u00d6rnek olarak AMD64 mimarisi i\u00e7in:\ncd \/usr\/src\/sys\/amd64\/conf\nls\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da GENERIC dosyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
\u015eimdi bu dosyay\u0131 kopyalayarak kendi \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturun. Bu dosyaya anlaml\u0131 bir isim verin, \u00f6rne\u011fin MYKERNEL<\/code>:<\/p>\n
cp GENERIC MYKERNEL<\/code><\/pre>\n
2. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme<\/h4>\n
\u015eimdi MYKERNEL<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 favori metin d\u00fczenleyicinizle (\u00f6rne\u011fin vi<\/code> veya ee<\/code>) a\u00e7\u0131n:<\/p>\n
vi MYKERNEL<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u0130\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok device<\/code>, options<\/code> ve ident<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n d\u00fczenleme \u00f6rnekleri:<\/p>\n
*   ident<\/code> Sat\u0131r\u0131:<\/strong> Bu, \u00e7ekirde\u011finizin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Varsay\u0131lan olarak GENERIC<\/code> yazar. Kendi \u00e7ekirde\u011finiz oldu\u011funu belirtmek i\u00e7in bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
ident           MYKERNEL<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   CPU Deste\u011fi:<\/strong> Sadece kendi i\u015flemcinizin deste\u011fini dahil ederek \u00e7ekirdek boyutunu azaltabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sadece AMD K8<\/code> veya Intel Core 2<\/code> i\u015flemci deste\u011fi i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
cpu             AMD\n    #cpu            INTEL_PPRO\n    #cpu            INTEL_CORE2<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Veya daha spesifik i\u015flemci t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
#cpu            I486_CPU\n    #cpu            I586_CPU\n    #cpu            I686_CPU\n    cpu             HAMMER # AMD Opteron\/Athlon64\n    #cpu            K8 # AMD K8 family\n    #cpu            CORE2 # Intel Core 2 family<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer hangi CPU’ya sahip oldu\u011funuzdan emin de\u011filseniz, sysctl hw.model<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. Genel olarak, GENERIC<\/code> b\u0131rakmak en g\u00fcvenlisidir.<\/p>\n
*   Cihaz S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerini Ekleme\/Kald\u0131rma (device<\/code>, nodevice<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n    *   Kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z eski donan\u0131m s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerini kald\u0131rabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, eski paralel port veya IDE denetleyicileri:<\/p>\n
#device         ppc             # Parallel port\n        #device         atp             # ATAPI tape (old, rarely used)\n        #device         ata             # ATA\/ATAPI disk and CDROM drivers<\/code><\/pre>\n
        nodevice<\/code> kullanarak da bir cihaz\u0131 kesin olarak d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
nodevice        ata             # ATA\/ATAPI disk ve CDROM s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   \u00d6zel bir donan\u0131m i\u00e7in destek eklemek isteyebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli bir Ethernet kart\u0131 (em<\/code> veya igb<\/code> gibi):<\/p>\n
device          em              # Intel PRO\/1000 Gigabit Ethernet\n        #device         re              # Realtek 8169\/8168\/8101E\/8111\/8168\/8411\/8118<\/code><\/pre>\n
        Hangi a\u011f kart\u0131n\u0131z oldu\u011funu pciconf -lv<\/code> komutu ile g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
*   Se\u00e7enekleri Ekleme\/Kald\u0131rma (options<\/code>, nooptions<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n    *   Hata Ay\u0131klama:<\/strong> Geli\u015ftirme veya sorun giderme i\u00e7in \u00e7ekirdek hata ay\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 (DDB) etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
options         DDB             # Kernel debugger<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   G\u00fcvenlik:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik se\u00e7eneklerini etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
options         MAC             # Mandatory Access Control framework<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   Performans\/\u00d6zellikler:<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin, ALTQ (geli\u015fmi\u015f kuyruk y\u00f6netimi) deste\u011fi:<\/p>\n
options         ALTQ            # Alternative Queueing for bandwidth management\n        options         ALTQ_CBQ        # Class Based Queueing\n        options         ALTQ_RED        # Random Early Detection\n        options         ALTQ_RIO        # RED In\/Out\n        options         ALTQ_HFSC       # Hierarchical Fair Service Curve\n        options         ALTQ_CDNR       # Diffserv Compliant Differentiated Services\n        options         ALTQ_PRIQ       # Priority Queueing<\/code><\/pre>\n
    *   Gereksiz Se\u00e7enekleri Kapatma:<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin, eski SCSI ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 veya disket s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri i\u00e7in se\u00e7enekleri kapatabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
#options        SCSI_DELAY      # Delay for SCSI devices to come ready\n        #options        FD_DEBUG        # Floppy drive debugging<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken dikkatli olun. Neyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizden emin de\u011filseniz, o sat\u0131r\u0131 yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n (#<\/code> ile ba\u015flat\u0131n) veya oldu\u011fu gibi b\u0131rak\u0131n. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sadece ident<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ve birka\u00e7 belirgin, kullan\u0131lmayan s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcy\u00fc yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yapmak iyi bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olabilir.<\/p>\n
Yeni \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Derleme ve Kurma<\/h3>\n
Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyan\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirdikten sonra, yeni \u00e7ekirde\u011fi derleme ve sisteminize kurma zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1. \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Derleme<\/h4>\n
root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak \/usr\/src<\/code> dizinine gidin ve derleme i\u015flemini ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
cd \/usr\/src\nmake buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL<\/code><\/pre>\n
*   make buildkernel<\/code>: \u00c7ekirde\u011fi ve mod\u00fcllerini derler.
\n*   KERNCONF=MYKERNEL<\/code>: Hangi yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 belirtir. Kendi dosyan\u0131z\u0131n ad\u0131 ne ise onu yaz\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Bu i\u015flem, sisteminizin donan\u0131m\u0131na ve i\u015flemcinizin g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak biraz zaman alabilir (genellikle birka\u00e7 dakikadan bir saate kadar). \u0130\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok derleme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz. E\u011fer bir hata olu\u015fursa, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 size nerede bir sorun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n
2. \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Kurma<\/h4>\n
Derleme i\u015flemi ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, yeni \u00e7ekirde\u011fi sisteminize kurabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut:
\n*   Mevcut \/boot\/kernel<\/code> dizinini \/boot\/kernel.old<\/code> olarak yedekler.
\n*   Yeni derlenmi\u015f \u00e7ekirde\u011fi ve mod\u00fcllerini \/boot\/kernel<\/code> dizinine kopyalar.<\/p>\n
Kurulum i\u015flemi genellikle h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. Sistemi Yeniden Ba\u015flatma<\/h4>\n
Yeni \u00e7ekirde\u011finizin etkinle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in sisteminizi yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n
reboot<\/code><\/pre>\n
Sistem yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra, uname -a<\/code> komutunu kullanarak yeni \u00e7ekirde\u011finizin y\u00fcklendi\u011finden emin olabilirsiniz. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da MYKERNEL<\/code> ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz:<\/p>\n
uname -a\n
\u00d6rnek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: FreeBSD myhost.example.org 10.1-RELEASE-pXX FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE-pXX #0: Mon Jan 1 12:00:00 EST 2024 root@myhost.example.org:\/usr\/src\/sys\/amd64\/compile\/MYKERNEL  amd64<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Sorun Giderme ve \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n
\u00c7ekirdek derleme i\u015flemi bazen sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilir. \u0130\u015fte kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 durumlar ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
1. Derleme Hatalar\u0131<\/h4>\n
*   Eksik Kaynak Kodlar\u0131:<\/strong> \/usr\/src<\/code> dizininin eksik veya bozuk olmas\u0131. Kaynak kodlar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar indirmeyi veya g\u00fcncellemeyi deneyin.
\n*   Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131 Hatalar\u0131:<\/strong> MYKERNEL<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda yaz\u0131m hatalar\u0131 veya ge\u00e7ersiz device<\/code>\/options<\/code> sat\u0131rlar\u0131. Hata mesaj\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice okuyun, genellikle hangi sat\u0131rda sorun oldu\u011funu belirtir.
\n*   Temiz Bir Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7:<\/strong> Bazen \u00f6nceki derleme art\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlara neden olabilir. Temiz bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
cd \/usr\/src\n    make clean\n    make cleandepend\n    # Sonra tekrar make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL<\/code><\/pre>\n
2. Sistem \u00d6ny\u00fckleme Yapm\u0131yor<\/h4>\n
Bu, en korkulan senaryodur. Ancak endi\u015felenmeyin, bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu var:<\/p>\n
*   \u00d6ny\u00fckleyici Men\u00fcs\u00fc:<\/strong> Sisteminiz a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken, genellikle 1-2 saniye s\u00fcren bir geri say\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Bu s\u0131rada herhangi bir tu\u015fa (genellikle bo\u015fluk tu\u015fu) basarak \u00f6ny\u00fckleyici men\u00fcs\u00fcne girebilirsiniz.
\n*   Eski \u00c7ekirde\u011fi Y\u00fckleme:<\/strong> \u00d6ny\u00fckleyici men\u00fcs\u00fcnde, genellikle “Escape to loader prompt” veya “Boot [K]ernel” gibi bir se\u00e7enek bulunur. Buradan komut sat\u0131r\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferek eski \u00e7ekirde\u011fi y\u00fckleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
# loader> komut istemindeyken\n    unload\n    set kernel=\"kernel.old\"\n    boot<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komutlar, sistemin \/boot\/kernel.old<\/code> dizinindeki yedek \u00e7ekirde\u011fi kullanarak \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Sistem a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, MYKERNEL<\/code> dosyan\u0131z\u0131 tekrar kontrol edebilir ve sorunlar\u0131 giderebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
*   Tek Kullan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 Mod (Single-User Mode):<\/strong> \u00d6ny\u00fckleyici men\u00fcs\u00fcnde “Boot Single User” se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7erek tek kullan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 moda ge\u00e7ebilirsiniz. Burada dosya sistemleri genellikle salt okunur olarak ba\u011flan\u0131r. mount -u \/<\/code> ve mount -a -t ufs<\/code> komutlar\u0131yla yaz\u0131labilir hale getirip MYKERNEL<\/code> dosyan\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
3. Hangi S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri Kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 Nas\u0131l Bilirim?<\/h4>\n
*   pciconf -lv<\/code>: PCI ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n listesini ve kulland\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri g\u00f6sterir.
\n*   dmesg<\/code>: \u00d6ny\u00fckleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdek taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 ve y\u00fcklenen mod\u00fclleri listeler.
\n*   kenv<\/code>: \u00c7ekirdek ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerini g\u00f6sterir.
\n*   man <\/code>: Bir s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn manuel sayfas\u0131n\u0131 okuyarak ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, emin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi kald\u0131rmay\u0131n. Yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yaparak test edin.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 ve S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS)<\/h3>\n
Kendi FreeBSD \u00e7ekirde\u011finizi derlemek, sisteminiz \u00fczerinde tam kontrol sa\u011flaman\u0131n ve onu \u00f6zel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za g\u00f6re optimize etmenin en etkili yollar\u0131ndan biridir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, ilk ba\u015fta karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerledi\u011finizde olduk\u00e7a y\u00f6netilebilir oldu\u011funu g\u00f6receksiniz. Unutmay\u0131n, her zaman bir yedekleme bulundurmak ve de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla yapmak, olas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 minimize etmenin anahtar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS)<\/h4>\n
1. Neden freebsd-update<\/code> ile \u00e7ekirde\u011fi g\u00fcncellemiyorum?<\/strong>
\nfreebsd-update<\/code> arac\u0131, sisteminize resmi FreeBSD \u00e7ekirde\u011fini (genellikle GENERIC) kurar ve sizin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7ekirde\u011finizin \u00fczerine yazar. E\u011fer \u00f6zel bir \u00e7ekirdek kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, freebsd-update<\/code> sonras\u0131 \u00e7ekirde\u011finizi yeniden derlemeniz ve kurman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
2. \u00c7ekirdek derleme ne kadar s\u00fcrer?<\/strong>
\nBu, sisteminizin CPU g\u00fcc\u00fcne, bellek miktar\u0131na ve depolama h\u0131z\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Modern bir sistemde birka\u00e7 dakika s\u00fcrebilirken, eski veya zay\u0131f bir sistemde bir saatten fazla s\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n
3. Hangi CPU se\u00e7eneklerini se\u00e7meliyim?<\/strong>
\nsysctl hw.model<\/code> komutu size i\u015flemcinizin modelini verecektir. Genellikle cpu AMD<\/code> veya cpu INTEL<\/code> gibi daha genel se\u00e7enekler yeterlidir. Emin de\u011filseniz, GENERIC<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki varsay\u0131lan ayarlar\u0131 b\u0131rakmak en g\u00fcvenlisidir.<\/p>\n
4. T\u00fcm gereksiz s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri kald\u0131rsam ne olur?<\/strong>
\nE\u011fer sisteminizin \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan bir s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcy\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131rsan\u0131z, sisteminiz \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapmayabilir. Bu y\u00fczden, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sadece emin oldu\u011funuz ve kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bildi\u011finiz (\u00f6rne\u011fin eski IDE veya disket s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc) s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri kald\u0131rman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n
5. \u00c7ekirde\u011fimi ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla yeniden derlemeliyim?<\/strong>
\nGenellikle, \u00f6nemli bir freebsd-update<\/code> sonras\u0131 veya \/usr\/src<\/code> dizinini g\u00fcncelledikten sonra, ya da yeni bir donan\u0131m ekledi\u011finizde veya belirli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi etkinle\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finizde \u00e7ekirde\u011fi yeniden derlemeniz \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n
6. Yeni \u00e7ekirdek \u00f6ny\u00fckleme yapmazsa ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong>
\n\u00d6ny\u00fckleyici men\u00fcs\u00fcnden unload<\/code>, set kernel=\"kernel.old\"<\/code>, boot<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak eski \u00e7ekirde\u011finize geri d\u00f6nebilirsiniz. Sistem a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra MYKERNEL<\/code> dosyan\u0131z\u0131 kontrol edip hatalar\u0131 d\u00fczeltebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"FreeBSD 10.1’de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi\nFreeBSD, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek bir i\u015fletim sistemi olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra,","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-34255","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-genel","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nFreeBSD 10.1'de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FreeBSD 10.1'de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"FreeBSD 10.1'de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi FreeBSD, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek bir i\u015fletim sistemi olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra,\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-13T21:41:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fatih Soysal\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"headline\":\"FreeBSD 10.1’de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-13T21:41:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/\"},\"wordCount\":1915,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2025\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/freebsd-10-1de-cekirdeginizi-ozellestirme-ve-yeniden-derleme-rehberi\/\",\"name\":\"FreeBSD 10.1'de \u00c7ekirde\u011finizi \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve Yeniden Derleme Rehberi - 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