{"id":33756,"date":"2025-11-06T16:41:01","date_gmt":"2025-11-06T13:41:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=33756"},"modified":"2025-11-06T16:41:01","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T13:41:01","slug":"virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu’da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu’da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

\u0130nternet d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan Alan Ad\u0131 Sistemi (DNS), web sitelerinin ve di\u011fer internet hizmetlerinin IP adreslerine \u00e7evrilmesini sa\u011flayarak kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n alan adlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bu hizmetlere eri\u015fmesine olanak tan\u0131r. DNS altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kesintisiz ve g\u00fcvenilir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, herhangi bir \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i varl\u0131k i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bu ba\u011flamda, tek bir DNS sunucusuna ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kalmak, olas\u0131 ar\u0131zalar, performans sorunlar\u0131 veya g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 durumunda hizmet kesintilerine yol a\u00e7abilir. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada ikincil (slave) DNS sunucular\u0131 devreye girer.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincil DNS sunucular\u0131, birincil (master) DNS sunucusunun y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletmek, y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik sa\u011flamak, performans\u0131 art\u0131rmak ve olas\u0131 birincil sunucu ar\u0131zalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yedeklilik sunmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu makalede, pop\u00fcler bir web tabanl\u0131 sunucu y\u00f6netim paneli olan Virtualmin\/Webmin kullanarak Ubuntu i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde DNS slave sunucusunun nas\u0131l otomatik olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve birincil sunucu ile nas\u0131l senkronize edilece\u011fini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz. Bu rehber, hem DNS temellerini anlamak hem de pratik bir uygulama ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir DNS altyap\u0131s\u0131 kurmak isteyen sistem y\u00f6neticileri ve geli\u015ftiriciler i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

DNS Temelleri ve \u0130kincil DNS Sunucusu \u0130htiyac\u0131<\/h3>\n

Alan Ad\u0131 Sistemi (DNS), internetin telefon rehberi gibidir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n hat\u0131rlamas\u0131 kolay alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ornek.com<\/code>) bilgisayarlar\u0131n anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131sal IP adreslerine (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 192.0.2.1<\/code>) \u00e7evirir. Bu \u00e7eviri i\u015flemi, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n web sitelerine eri\u015fmesini, e-posta g\u00f6ndermesini ve di\u011fer internet tabanl\u0131 hizmetleri kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

DNS Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h4>\n

Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 bir web sitesine eri\u015fmek istedi\u011finde, taray\u0131c\u0131 DNS \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyicisine alan ad\u0131n\u0131 sorar. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyici, bu iste\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131yla k\u00f6k sunuculara, \u00fcst d\u00fczey alan ad\u0131 (TLD) sunucular\u0131na ve yetkili (authoritative) DNS sunucular\u0131na ileterek ilgili alan ad\u0131n\u0131n IP adresini bulur. Yetkili DNS sunucusu, o alan ad\u0131na ait t\u00fcm kay\u0131tlar\u0131 (A kayd\u0131, MX kayd\u0131, NS kayd\u0131 vb.) bar\u0131nd\u0131ran sunucudur.<\/p>\n

* A Kayd\u0131 (Address Record):<\/strong> Bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131 bir IPv4 adresine e\u015fler.
\n* AAAA Kayd\u0131 (IPv6 Address Record):<\/strong> Bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131 bir IPv6 adresine e\u015fler.
\n* MX Kayd\u0131 (Mail Exchange Record):<\/strong> Bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131n e-posta sunucular\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.
\n* NS Kayd\u0131 (Name Server Record):<\/strong> Bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131n yetkili DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.
\n* SOA Kayd\u0131 (Start of Authority Record):<\/strong> Bir DNS b\u00f6lgesinin temel yetki bilgilerini (birincil sunucu, y\u00f6netici e-postas\u0131, seri numaras\u0131, yenileme s\u00fcreleri vb.) i\u00e7erir. \u00d6zellikle seri numaras\u0131, b\u00f6lge transferlerinin tetiklenmesinde kritik rol oynar.<\/p>\n

Master\/Slave DNS Mimarisi<\/h4>\n

Geleneksel bir DNS kurulumunda, bir veya daha fazla DNS sunucusu bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. “Master” (birincil) DNS sunucusu, bir alan ad\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n orijinal ve yetkili kopyas\u0131n\u0131 tutar. T\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fiklikler (yeni bir alt alan ad\u0131 ekleme, IP adresi g\u00fcncelleme vb.) master sunucu \u00fczerinde yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

“Slave” (ikincil) DNS sunucusu ise master sunucudan DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kopyalar. Bu kopyalama i\u015flemine “b\u00f6lge transferi” (zone transfer) denir. B\u00f6lge transferleri iki ana mekanizma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir:<\/p>\n

* AXFR (Full Zone Transfer):<\/strong> T\u00fcm b\u00f6lge verisinin tek seferde kopyalanmas\u0131.
\n* IXFR (Incremental Zone Transfer):<\/strong> Sadece de\u011fi\u015fen kay\u0131tlar\u0131n kopyalanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Slave sunucular, master sunucunun SOA kayd\u0131ndaki seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 periyodik olarak kontrol eder. E\u011fer slave sunucudaki seri numaras\u0131 master’dakinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse, bu master’da de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir ve slave yeni verileri talep etmek i\u00e7in bir b\u00f6lge transferi ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Neden \u0130kincil DNS Sunucusuna \u0130htiya\u00e7 Duyar\u0131z?<\/h4>\n

\u0130kincil DNS sunucular\u0131 kullanman\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli avantaj\u0131 vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

* Y\u00fcksek Eri\u015filebilirlik ve Yedeklilik:<\/strong> Birincil DNS sunucusu \u00e7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131rsa (donan\u0131m ar\u0131zas\u0131, a\u011f kesintisi, siber sald\u0131r\u0131 vb.), ikincil sunucu devreye girerek hizmetin kesintisiz devam etmesini sa\u011flar. Bu, web sitenizin veya e-posta hizmetinizin s\u00fcrekli eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.
\n* Performans \u0130yile\u015ftirmesi:<\/strong> \u0130kincil sunucular, co\u011frafi olarak farkl\u0131 konumlarda konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131larak kullan\u0131c\u0131lara daha yak\u0131n DNS yan\u0131tlar\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir, bu da sorgu s\u00fcrelerini azalt\u0131r ve genel performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n* Y\u00fck Dengeleme:<\/strong> Gelen DNS sorgular\u0131 master ve slave sunucular aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak birincil sunucunun \u00fczerindeki y\u00fck azalt\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek trafikli alan adlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.
\n* G\u00fcvenlik:<\/strong> Birincil sunucuya y\u00f6nelik bir DDoS sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 veya ba\u015fka bir g\u00fcvenlik ihlali durumunda, ikincil sunucular yedek bir savunma katman\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, DNS \u00f6nbellek zehirlenmesi gibi sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 da ek bir koruma sa\u011flayabilirler.
\n* Daha H\u0131zl\u0131 Yan\u0131t S\u00fcreleri:<\/strong> Slave sunucular, master’dan d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncel verileri \u00e7ekti\u011fi i\u00e7in her zaman en g\u00fcncel bilgilere sahip olur ve sorgulara h\u0131zl\u0131 yan\u0131t verebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenlerle, ciddi bir internet varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip her kurulu\u015fun en az bir ikincil DNS sunucusu bulundurmas\u0131 \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir. Virtualmin\/Webmin gibi ara\u00e7lar, bu karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131land\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini basitle\u015ftirerek DNS altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ortam\u0131n Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/h3>\n

Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00fczerinden DNS slave otomatik yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 kurmadan \u00f6nce, gerekli ortam\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, master ve slave sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kurulum \u00f6ncesi durumunu ve temel gereksinimleri ele alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nko\u015fullar<\/h4>\n

1. \u0130ki Adet Ubuntu Sunucusu:<\/strong>
\n * Birincil (Master) DNS sunucusu olarak g\u00f6rev yapacak bir Ubuntu sunucusu.
\n * \u0130kincil (Slave) DNS sunucusu olarak g\u00f6rev yapacak ayr\u0131 bir Ubuntu sunucusu.
\n * Her iki sunucunun da sabit genel IP adresleri olmal\u0131d\u0131r. (\u00d6rn: Master IP: 192.168.1.10<\/code>, Slave IP: 192.168.1.11<\/code>). Bu makalede \u00f6zel IP’ler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada genel IP’ler kullanman\u0131z gerekecektir.
\n2. Webmin\/Virtualmin Kurulumu:<\/strong> Her iki Ubuntu sunucusu \u00fczerinde de Webmin ve Virtualmin’in kurulu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Kurulum ad\u0131mlar\u0131 bu makalenin kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olsa da, Virtualmin’in resmi web sitesindeki kurulum beti\u011fini (install.sh) kullanarak kolayca kurabilirsiniz.
\n3. Kay\u0131tl\u0131 Bir Alan Ad\u0131:<\/strong> Yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in kendi kontrol\u00fcn\u00fczde olan bir alan ad\u0131na (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ornek.com<\/code>) ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. Bu alan ad\u0131n\u0131n NS kay\u0131tlar\u0131, daha sonra hem master hem de slave sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n IP adreslerini g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde g\u00fcncellenmelidir.
\n4. Temel A\u011f Bilgisi:<\/strong> IP adresleri, a\u011f ge\u00e7itleri, g\u00fcvenlik duvarlar\u0131 ve DNS kavramlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda temel bilgiye sahip olmak faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.
\n5. SSH Eri\u015fimi:<\/strong> Her iki sunucuya da SSH \u00fczerinden eri\u015fiminizin olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ubuntu Sunucular\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcncellenmesi<\/h4>\n

Herhangi bir kurulum veya yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u015flemine ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, sunucular\u0131n\u0131zdaki paket listelerini ve kurulu paketleri g\u00fcncellemek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. Bu, g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmaya ve en g\u00fcncel yaz\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerini kullanmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

Her iki sunucuda da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n

sudo apt update\nsudo apt upgrade -y\nsudo apt dist-upgrade -y\nsudo reboot # Gerekirse sunucuyu yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n<\/code><\/pre>\n
G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 (UFW)<\/h4>\n
DNS hizmetinin d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in, hem master hem de slave sunucularda 53 numaral\u0131 TCP ve UDP portlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ubuntu’da yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 (firewall) arac\u0131 UFW’dir (Uncomplicated Firewall).<\/p>\n
Her iki sunucuda da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak DNS portlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo ufw allow 53\/tcp\nsudo ufw allow 53\/udp\nsudo ufw allow ssh # SSH eri\u015fimi i\u00e7in 22\/tcp portunu da a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun\nsudo ufw enable # G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirin (e\u011fer zaten etkin de\u011filse)\nsudo ufw status # G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 durumunu kontrol edin<\/code><\/pre>\n
ufw status<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131nda 53\/tcp ve 53\/udp portlar\u0131n\u0131n ALLOW Anywhere<\/code> olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden emin olun. E\u011fer Virtualmin\/Webmin web aray\u00fcz\u00fcne eri\u015fim i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bir port kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z (varsay\u0131lan 10000), o portu da a\u00e7man\u0131z gerekebilir:<\/p>\n
sudo ufw allow 10000\/tcp # Webmin\/Virtualmin aray\u00fcz\u00fc i\u00e7in<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, master ve slave sunucular\u0131n\u0131z DNS hizmeti i\u00e7in temel olarak haz\u0131r hale gelmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Art\u0131k Virtualmin\/Webmin aray\u00fcz\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek yap\u0131land\u0131rma ad\u0131mlar\u0131na devam edebiliriz.<\/p>\n
Birincil (Master) DNS Sunucusunun Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (Virtualmin \u00dczerinden)<\/h3>\n
Master DNS sunucusu, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm yetkili DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran ve t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezdir. Virtualmin, bu s\u00fcreci olduk\u00e7a basitle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
Virtualmin’e Giri\u015f ve Sanal Sunucu Se\u00e7imi<\/h4>\n
1.  Web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan master sunucunuzun IP adresi ve Webmin\/Virtualmin portunu kullanarak giri\u015f yap\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin, https:\/\/master_ip:10000<\/code>).
\n2.  Sol men\u00fcden Virtualmin<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne t\u0131klay\u0131n.
\n3.  DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netece\u011finiz mevcut bir sanal sunucuyu se\u00e7in veya yeni bir sanal sunucu olu\u015fturun. Genellikle, alan ad\u0131n\u0131zla ayn\u0131 isimde bir sanal sunucu zaten olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ornek.com<\/code> sanal sunucusunu se\u00e7in.<\/p>\n
DNS Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131n Kontrol\u00fc ve D\u00fczenlenmesi<\/h4>\n
Se\u00e7ti\u011finiz sanal sunucu alt\u0131nda, sol men\u00fcde Server Configuration<\/code> -> DNS Options<\/code> veya Services<\/code> -> BIND DNS Server<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerini bulun.<\/p>\n
1.  BIND DNS Server (Services -> BIND DNS Server):<\/strong>
\n    *   Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, alan ad\u0131n\u0131za ait mevcut DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 (A, MX, NS, SOA vb.) g\u00f6receksiniz.
\n    *   ornek.com<\/code> gibi alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in bir NS<\/code> kayd\u0131 olmal\u0131 ve bu kay\u0131t master sunucunuzun ana bilgisayar ad\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ns1.ornek.com<\/code>) ve IP adresini g\u00f6stermelidir. Genellikle Virtualmin bunu otomatik olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r.
\n    *   SOA kayd\u0131ndaki seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru formatta oldu\u011fundan emin olun (genellikle YYYYMMDDNN<\/code> format\u0131ndad\u0131r, \u00f6rn: 2023102701<\/code>). Virtualmin de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bu numaray\u0131 otomatik olarak art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n    *   Slave Sunucuyu Yetkilendirme:<\/strong> Bu k\u0131s\u0131m kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Slave sunucunuzun master’dan b\u00f6lge transferi yapmas\u0131na izin vermeniz gerekir.
\n        *   Allow transfers to<\/code> veya Only allow transfers to IP addresses<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bulun.
\n        *   Slave sunucunuzun IP adresini (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 192.168.1.11<\/code>) bu listeye ekleyin. Birden fazla slave sunucu varsa, her birinin IP adresini virg\u00fclle ay\u0131rarak veya ayr\u0131 sat\u0131rlara ekleyin.
\n        *   Notify slave servers<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bulun ve slave sunucunuzun IP adresini buraya da ekleyin. Bu, master sunucunun bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik oldu\u011funda slave sunucular\u0131na otomatik olarak bildirim g\u00f6ndermesini sa\u011flar.
\n        *   De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydetmek i\u00e7in Apply Changes<\/code> veya Save and Apply<\/code> d\u00fc\u011fmesine t\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
2.  DNS Records (Server Configuration -> DNS Records):<\/strong>
\n    *   Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, alan ad\u0131n\u0131za ait DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rsel bir aray\u00fczde y\u00f6netmenizi sa\u011flar.
\n    *   Burada, ornek.com<\/code> ve ns1.ornek.com<\/code> (veya sunucunuzun hostname’i) i\u00e7in A kay\u0131tlar\u0131, MX kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve NS kay\u0131tlar\u0131 gibi temel kay\u0131tlar\u0131 kontrol edebilirsiniz.
\n    *   \u00d6nemli:<\/strong> Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in en az iki NS kayd\u0131 tan\u0131mlaman\u0131z gerekmektedir. Biri master sunucunuzu (\u00f6rn: ns1.ornek.com<\/code>), di\u011feri ise slave sunucunuzu (\u00f6rn: ns2.ornek.com<\/code>) g\u00f6stermelidir.
\n        *   E\u011fer ns2.ornek.com<\/code> kayd\u0131 yoksa, Add record of type<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011finden Name Server<\/code>\u0131 se\u00e7in.
\n        *   Name<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131na ornek.com<\/code> yaz\u0131n (veya bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131n, Virtualmin otomatik tamamlar).
\n        *   Value<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131na ns2.ornek.com<\/code> yaz\u0131n.
\n        *   Ard\u0131ndan, ns2.ornek.com<\/code> i\u00e7in slave sunucunuzun IP adresini g\u00f6steren bir Address<\/code> (A) kayd\u0131 eklemeniz gerekecektir.
\n            *   Add record of type<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011finden Address<\/code>\u0131 se\u00e7in.
\n            *   Name<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131na ns2.ornek.com<\/code> yaz\u0131n.
\n            *   Value<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131na slave sunucunuzun IP adresini (\u00f6rn: 192.168.1.11<\/code>) yaz\u0131n.
\n        *   Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri kaydettikten sonra, Virtualmin BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyecek ve seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Secure Zone Transfers (rndc.key)<\/h4>\n
B\u00f6lge transferlerini daha g\u00fcvenli hale getirmek i\u00e7in TSIG (Transaction Signature) anahtarlar\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir. Virtualmin\/Webmin genellikle bunu otomatik olarak y\u00f6netir. Ancak, manuel olarak kontrol etmek veya yap\u0131land\u0131rmak isterseniz:<\/p>\n
1.  Webmin aray\u00fcz\u00fcnde, Servers<\/code> -> BIND DNS Server<\/code> -> Module Config<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne gidin.
\n2.  rndc key file<\/code> ve rndc config file<\/code> yollar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin. Genellikle \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code> ve \/etc\/bind\/rndc.conf<\/code> olacakt\u0131r.
\n3.  \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyin (SSH \u00fczerinden sudo cat \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code>). Bu dosya, key \"rndc-key\"<\/code> blo\u011funu ve i\u00e7inde bir secret<\/code> de\u011feri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bu secret de\u011feri, slave sunucusu ile g\u00fcvenli ileti\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu anahtar\u0131 kopyalay\u0131n, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc slave sunucuda da ayn\u0131 anahtar\u0131 kullanman\u0131z gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
Virtualmin, birincil sunucunuz i\u00e7in bu anahtar\u0131 otomatik olarak olu\u015fturur ve BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131na ekler. Slave sunucusunu yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131rken bu anahtar\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Zone Transferlerinin Test Edilmesi (Master Taraf\u0131nda)<\/h4>\n
Master sunucunuzun b\u00f6lge transferlerine izin verip vermedi\u011fini test etmek i\u00e7in slave sunucunuzun IP adresinden dig<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. Ancak, hen\u00fcz slave sunucuyu yap\u0131land\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in bu testi \u015fimdilik master sunucu \u00fczerinden yapabiliriz.<\/p>\n
SSH \u00fczerinden master sunucuya ba\u011flan\u0131n ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n (slave sunucunuzun IP adresini kullanarak):<\/p>\n
dig @master_ip ornek.com AXFR<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, master sunucudan ornek.com<\/code> alan ad\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n tam bir transferini (AXFR) talep eder. Normalde, bu komutu sadece yetkili slave sunucular\u0131n yapmas\u0131na izin verilir. E\u011fer yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z do\u011fruysa, bir hata yerine DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n bir listesini g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Ancak daha g\u00fcvenli bir test, slave sunucu kurulduktan sonra yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, master DNS sunucunuz birincil rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenmeye ve slave sunucusuna b\u00f6lge transferi yapmaya haz\u0131r olacakt\u0131r. \u015eimdi s\u0131ra ikincil DNS sunucusunun yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda.<\/p>\n
\u0130kincil (Slave) DNS Sunucusunun Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (Virtualmin \u00dczerinden)<\/h3>\n
Slave DNS sunucusu, master sunucudan DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 alacak ve master’\u0131n bir yede\u011fi olarak hizmet verecektir. Virtualmin, bu s\u00fcreci de olduk\u00e7a basit hale getirir.<\/p>\n
Virtualmin’e Giri\u015f ve \u0130kincil DNS B\u00f6lgesi Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
1.  Web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan slave sunucunuzun IP adresi ve Webmin\/Virtualmin portunu kullanarak giri\u015f yap\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin, https:\/\/slave_ip:10000<\/code>).
\n2.  Sol men\u00fcden Virtualmin<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne t\u0131klay\u0131n.
\n3.  Create virtual server<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi yerine, Add a secondary DNS domain<\/code> veya Create secondary DNS zone<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini aray\u0131n. Bu se\u00e7enek genellikle Virtualmin<\/code> -> Add Servers<\/code> alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
    *   E\u011fer b\u00f6yle bir do\u011frudan se\u00e7enek bulamazsan\u0131z, Create virtual server<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullan\u0131n ve “Domain name” alan\u0131na ornek.com<\/code> yaz\u0131n. Ard\u0131ndan, “Setup DNS zone” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde “Secondary DNS server” veya “Slave DNS server” se\u00e7ene\u011fini i\u015faretleyin. Bu, Virtualmin’in otomatik olarak bir ikincil b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
\u0130kincil B\u00f6lge Ayarlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
\u0130kincil DNS b\u00f6lgesi olu\u015fturma ekran\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bilgileri girmeniz gerekecektir:<\/p>\n
1.  Domain Name:<\/strong> Master sunucuda y\u00f6netti\u011finiz alan ad\u0131n\u0131 girin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ornek.com<\/code>).
\n2.  Master Servers:<\/strong> Master DNS sunucunuzun IP adresini girin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 192.168.1.10<\/code>). Birden fazla master sunucunuz varsa, her birinin IP adresini virg\u00fclle ay\u0131rarak veya ayr\u0131 sat\u0131rlara ekleyebilirsiniz.
\n3.  Create server:<\/strong> Bu se\u00e7ene\u011fi i\u015faretleyin. Virtualmin, belirtilen alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 otomatik olarak olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, Virtualmin BIND’i yap\u0131land\u0131racak ve slave sunucunun master’dan b\u00f6lge transferi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Virtualmin, named.conf.local<\/code> dosyas\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir giri\u015f ekleyecektir:<\/p>\n
zone \"ornek.com\" {\n    type slave;\n    file \"\/var\/lib\/bind\/ornek.com.zone\";\n    masters { 192.168.1.10; };\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n
Secure Zone Transfers (rndc.key) Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 (Slave Taraf\u0131nda)<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer master sunucunuzda g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lge transferleri i\u00e7in rndc.key<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, ayn\u0131 anahtar\u0131 slave sunucunuzda da yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
1.  SSH \u00fczerinden slave sunucuya ba\u011flan\u0131n.
\n2.  Master sunucudan kopyalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z rndc.key<\/code> i\u00e7eri\u011fini \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code> dosyas\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Bu dosya zaten mevcut olabilir veya Virtualmin taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olabilir. Gerekirse d\u00fczenleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0130\u00e7erik master sunucudaki ile ayn\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
key \"rndc-key\" {\n        algorithm hmac-md5;\n        secret \"YOUR_SECRET_KEY_FROM_MASTER\"; # Master'dan kopyalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gizli anahtar\n    };<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Dosyay\u0131 kaydedin ve kapat\u0131n (Ctrl+O, Enter, Ctrl+X).
\n3.  rndc.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131n da bu anahtar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun (genellikle Virtualmin bunu otomatik yapar).<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/bind\/rndc.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u0130\u00e7eri\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
options {\n        default-key \"rndc-key\";\n        default-server 127.0.0.1;\n        default-port 953;\n    };<\/code><\/pre>\n
4.  BIND servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl restart bind9<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan slave sunucunuz, master sunucudan b\u00f6lge transferini otomatik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. \u0130lk transfer genellikle hemen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve Senkronizasyonun Sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/h3>\n
Virtualmin’in DNS slave y\u00f6netimindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj\u0131, master sunucuda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin slave sunuculara otomatik olarak yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, manuel m\u00fcdahaleyi en aza indirerek y\u00f6netim y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131r ve tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Virtualmin’in Slave DNS Y\u00f6netimi \u00d6zelli\u011fi<\/h4>\n
Virtualmin, birincil sunucunuzda bir alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda (\u00f6rne\u011fin, yeni bir A kayd\u0131 eklemek, mevcut bir kayd\u0131 g\u00fcncellemek veya silmek) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 otomatik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir:<\/p>\n
1.  SOA Seri Numaras\u0131 Art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> Master sunucudaki alan ad\u0131n\u0131n SOA (Start of Authority) kayd\u0131ndaki seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu, YYYYMMDDNN<\/code> format\u0131nda (Y\u0131lAyG\u00fcnS\u0131raNumaras\u0131) bir say\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2023102701<\/code> bir sonraki de\u011fi\u015fiklikte 2023102702<\/code> olabilir.
\n2.  rndc notify<\/code> Komutu:<\/strong> Virtualmin, BIND DNS sunucusuna rndc notify ornek.com<\/code> gibi bir komut g\u00f6nderir. Bu komut, master sunucunun yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda belirtilen t\u00fcm slave sunuculara (yani Notify slave servers<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ekledi\u011finiz IP adreslerine) bir bildirim paketi (NOTIFY mesaj\u0131) g\u00f6nderir. Bu bildirim, SOA seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini ve slave sunucular\u0131n g\u00fcncel verileri \u00e7ekmesi gerekti\u011fini bildirir.
\n3.  Slave Sunucu Kontrol\u00fc:<\/strong> Slave sunucular, bu bildirimi ald\u0131klar\u0131nda veya kendi yenileme aral\u0131klar\u0131nda (SOA kayd\u0131nda belirtilen refresh<\/code> s\u00fcresi) master sunucunun SOA kayd\u0131ndaki seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ederler.
\n4.  B\u00f6lge Transferi (Zone Transfer):<\/strong> E\u011fer slave sunucudaki SOA seri numaras\u0131 master’dakinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse, slave sunucu master’dan bir b\u00f6lge transferi (genellikle IXFR \u2013 Incremental Zone Transfer) talep eder. Bu sayede sadece de\u011fi\u015fen kay\u0131tlar slave sunucuya aktar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n5.  BIND Yeniden Y\u00fckleme:<\/strong> Slave sunucu, g\u00fcncel b\u00f6lge verilerini ald\u0131ktan sonra BIND servisini yeniden y\u00fckler (rndc reload ornek.com<\/code>) ve yeni kay\u0131tlar\u0131 sunmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
Bu otomatik s\u00fcre\u00e7 sayesinde, master sunucuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z her de\u011fi\u015fiklik an\u0131nda veya \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm slave sunuculara yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Troubleshooting: Log Kontrol\u00fc<\/h4>\n
Otomatik senkronizasyonun d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek veya olas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in sunucu log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
*   Master Sunucu Loglar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog\n    sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/daemon.log<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Master sunucuda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, loglarda SOA seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve slave sunuculara bildirim g\u00f6nderildi\u011fine dair mesajlar g\u00f6rmelisiniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, notifying slaves of zone 'ornek.com'<\/code>).<\/p>\n
*   Slave Sunucu Loglar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog\n    sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/daemon.log<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Slave sunucuda, master’dan bir bildirim al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na, SOA seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n kontrol edildi\u011fine ve bir b\u00f6lge transferi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair mesajlar g\u00f6rmelisiniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, zone 'ornek.com\/IN': Transfer started.<\/code>, zone 'ornek.com\/IN': Transfer completed: 1 messages, 1 records, 133 bytes, 0.001 secs (133000 bytes\/sec)<\/code>).<\/p>\n
Loglardaki hatalar veya uyar\u0131lar, genellikle g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f IP adresleri veya rndc.key<\/code> uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 gibi yayg\u0131n sorunlara i\u015faret edebilir.<\/p>\n
SOA Seri Numaras\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nemi<\/h4>\n
SOA kayd\u0131ndaki seri numaras\u0131, DNS b\u00f6lge transferlerinin tetiklenmesinde merkezi bir rol oynar. Herhangi bir DNS kayd\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu numaran\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. Virtualmin bu i\u015flemi otomatik olarak yapsa da, manuel bir BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda bu numaran\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmesi unutuldu\u011funda slave sunucular eski verileri sunmaya devam edebilir.<\/p>\n
Seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n YYYYMMDDNN<\/code> format\u0131nda olmas\u0131 yayg\u0131n ve y\u00f6netimi kolay bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. NN<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131 o g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin s\u0131ra numaras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde anlat\u0131lan otomatik senkronizasyon mekanizmas\u0131, Virtualmin’in DNS y\u00f6netimini ne kadar kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, DNS altyap\u0131n\u0131z y\u00fcksek oranda yedekli ve kendi kendini g\u00fcncelleyebilir hale gelecektir.<\/p>\n
Test ve Do\u011frulama<\/h3>\n
Kurulum ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, DNS slave sunucunuzun d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve master sunucu ile senkronize oldu\u011fundan emin olmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli testler yapmak hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bu testler, olas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 erken a\u015famada tespit etmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
dig<\/code> Komutu ile Testler<\/h4>\n
dig<\/code> (domain information groper) komutu, DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Hem master hem de slave sunucudan sorgular yaparak do\u011frulamalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliriz. Bu testleri, slave sunucudan veya ba\u015fka bir harici bilgisayardan yapman\u0131z en do\u011frusudur.<\/p>\n
1.  Master Sunucudan Alan Ad\u0131 Sorgulama:<\/strong>
\n    Master sunucunuzun hala yetkili yan\u0131tlar verdi\u011finden emin olun.<\/p>\n
dig @MASTER_IP ornek.com A<\/code><\/pre>\n
    ANSWER SECTION<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ornek.com<\/code> i\u00e7in beklenen A kayd\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
2.  Slave Sunucudan Alan Ad\u0131 Sorgulama:<\/strong>
\n    Slave sunucunuzun master’dan b\u00f6lge transferini ba\u015far\u0131yla yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yetkili yan\u0131tlar verip vermedi\u011fini kontrol edin.<\/p>\n
dig @SLAVE_IP ornek.com A<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Yine, ANSWER SECTION<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde master’dan gelenle ayn\u0131 A kayd\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu, slave’in verileri ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7ekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
3.  NS Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n NS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n hem master hem de slave sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 do\u011fru \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterdi\u011finden emin olun.<\/p>\n
dig ornek.com NS<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bu komut, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in yetkili DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131 listeler. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da ns1.ornek.com<\/code> (master) ve ns2.ornek.com<\/code> (slave) gibi kay\u0131tlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Ayr\u0131ca, bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n do\u011fru IP adreslerine (glue records) sahip oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
4.  SOA Kayd\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    Master ve slave sunuculardaki SOA kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n seri numaralar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Slave’deki seri numaras\u0131n\u0131n master’daki ile ayn\u0131 veya \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
dig @MASTER_IP ornek.com SOA\n    dig @SLAVE_IP ornek.com SOA<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Her iki \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131da da serial<\/code> de\u011feri ayn\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer farkl\u0131ysa, slave hen\u00fcz g\u00fcncel veriyi \u00e7ekmemi\u015ftir veya bir sorun vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.  B\u00f6lge Transferini Test Etme (AXFR):<\/strong>
\n    Bu, slave sunucunun master’dan t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge verisini \u00e7ekip \u00e7ekemedi\u011fini test etmenin en do\u011frudan yoludur. Bu testi slave sunucudan yapman\u0131z daha anlaml\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sadece yetkili slave’lerin bu transferi yapmas\u0131na izin verilmelidir.<\/p>\n
    SSH \u00fczerinden slave sunucuya ba\u011flan\u0131n ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
dig @MASTER_IP ornek.com AXFR<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursa, ornek.com<\/code> alan ad\u0131na ait t\u00fcm DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 listeleyen uzun bir \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. E\u011fer ;; connection timed out; no servers could be reached<\/code> veya ;; XFR size (0) != (something else)<\/code> gibi hatalar al\u0131rsan\u0131z, master sunucunuzda slave’in IP adresine b\u00f6lge transfer izni vermemi\u015f olabilirsiniz veya g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 engeli vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Nslookup Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\n
nslookup<\/code> komutu da DNS sorgulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir, ancak dig<\/code> kadar esnek de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
nslookup ornek.com MASTER_IP\nnslookup ornek.com SLAVE_IP<\/code><\/pre>\n
Her iki komut da ayn\u0131 IP adresini d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7e\u015fitli DNS Sorgu Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Online DNS denetleyicileri (\u00f6rne\u011fin, dnschecker.org<\/code>, whatsmydns.net<\/code>) kullanarak alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fcnya genelindeki DNS sunucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol edebilirsiniz. Bu ara\u00e7lar, DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n k\u00fcresel olarak yay\u0131l\u0131p yay\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in faydal\u0131d\u0131r. Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n NS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 bu ara\u00e7lara girerek hem master hem de slave sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fru yan\u0131tlar verdi\u011fini do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Master Sunucuda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131p Slave’i Kontrol Etme<\/h4>\n
Ger\u00e7ek otomatik senkronizasyonu test etmek i\u00e7in master sunucunuzda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131n:<\/p>\n
1.  Master Virtualmin aray\u00fcz\u00fcne giri\u015f yap\u0131n.
\n2.  ornek.com<\/code> sanal sunucusunu se\u00e7in.
\n3.  Server Configuration<\/code> -> DNS Records<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne gidin.
\n4.  Yeni bir alt alan ad\u0131 i\u00e7in A kayd\u0131 ekleyin (\u00f6rne\u011fin, test.ornek.com<\/code> i\u00e7in 192.0.2.100<\/code> gibi bir IP adresi). Kayd\u0131 kaydedin.
\n5.  Birka\u00e7 dakika bekleyin (Virtualmin’in bildirim g\u00f6ndermesi ve slave’in transferi tamamlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in).
\n6.  Slave sunucudan veya ba\u015fka bir d\u0131\u015f kaynaktan yeni ekledi\u011finiz kayd\u0131 sorgulay\u0131n:<\/p>\n
dig @SLAVE_IP test.ornek.com A<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer ANSWER SECTION<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde test.ornek.com<\/code> i\u00e7in ekledi\u011finiz IP adresini g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsan\u0131z, otomatik senkronizasyon ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor demektir.<\/p>\n
Bu testler, DNS altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yedeklili\u011fini do\u011frulaman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Herhangi bir tutars\u0131zl\u0131k veya hata durumunda, log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek ve yayg\u0131n sorun giderme ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
Yayg\u0131n Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/h3>\n
DNS kurulumlar\u0131 bazen karma\u015f\u0131k olabilir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak olas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte Virtualmin\/Webmin ile DNS slave yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlar ve olas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
1. G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 Engelleri<\/h4>\n
Sorun:<\/strong> Slave sunucu master’dan b\u00f6lge transferi yapam\u0131yor veya d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan DNS sorgular\u0131na yan\u0131t veremiyor.
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong> Hem master hem de slave sunucularda 53 numaral\u0131 TCP ve UDP portlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fundan emin olun. Ayr\u0131ca, master sunucuda slave sunucunun IP adresinden gelen 53 numaral\u0131 port trafi\u011fine izin verildi\u011finden emin olun.<\/p>\n
sudo ufw status verbose # UFW durumunu kontrol edin\nsudo ufw allow from SLAVE_IP to any port 53 # Master'da slave'e izin verin\nsudo ufw allow from MASTER_IP to any port 53 # Slave'de master'a izin verin<\/code><\/pre>\n
G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdikten sonra BIND servisini yeniden ba\u015flatmak faydal\u0131 olabilir, ancak genellikle gerekli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
2. Yanl\u0131\u015f IP Adresleri veya Domain Adlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Sorun:<\/strong> Virtualmin yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda veya BIND dosyalar\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f IP adresleri veya alan adlar\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f.
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n*   Virtualmin master sunucu yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda Allow transfers to<\/code> ve Notify slave servers<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde slave sunucunun do\u011fru IP adresinin listelendi\u011finden emin olun.
\n*   Virtualmin slave sunucu yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda Master Servers<\/code> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde master sunucunun do\u011fru IP adresinin listelendi\u011finden emin olun.
\n*   dig<\/code> komutlar\u0131 ile sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z IP adreslerinin do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n*   Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n NS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n master ve slave sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n IP adreslerini g\u00f6sterdi\u011finden emin olun.<\/p>\n
3. SOA Seri Numaras\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Sorun:<\/strong> Master sunucuda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen slave sunucu g\u00fcncel verileri \u00e7ekmiyor.
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n*   Master sunucuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklikten sonra Virtualmin’in SOA seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun. dig @MASTER_IP ornek.com SOA<\/code> komutu ile kontrol edin.
\n*   Slave sunucunun loglar\u0131nda (\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code> veya \/var\/log\/daemon.log<\/code>) b\u00f6lge transferi giri\u015fimlerini aray\u0131n. E\u011fer slave sunucu master’\u0131n SOA seri numaras\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmiyor veya transfer ba\u015flatm\u0131yorsa, refresh<\/code> (yenileme) ve retry<\/code> (yeniden deneme) s\u00fcrelerini kontrol edin.
\n*   Master sunucuda sudo rndc notify ornek.com<\/code> komutunu manuel olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak slave sunucular\u0131 bildirim g\u00f6ndermeye zorlayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
4. rndc.key<\/code> Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 (Secure Zone Transfers Kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa)<\/h4>\n
Sorun:<\/strong> G\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lge transferleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan rndc.key<\/code> master ve slave sunucular aras\u0131nda uyu\u015fmuyor.
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n*   Master sunucudaki \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini (\u00f6zellikle secret<\/code> de\u011ferini) kopyalay\u0131n.
\n*   Slave sunucudaki \/etc\/bind\/rndc.key<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini master’daki ile tamamen ayn\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde g\u00fcncelleyin.
\n*   Her iki sunucuda da BIND servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n: sudo systemctl restart bind9<\/code>.
\n*   Log dosyalar\u0131nda TSIG anahtar\u0131 ile ilgili hatalar\u0131 aray\u0131n.<\/p>\n
5. BIND Servisinin \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131<\/h4>\n
Sorun:<\/strong> Master veya slave sunucuda BIND DNS servisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor.
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n*   Servisin durumunu kontrol edin: sudo systemctl status bind9<\/code>.
\n*   E\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa, ba\u015flatmay\u0131 deneyin: sudo systemctl start bind9<\/code>.
\n   Hata veriyorsa, log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyin (\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code>, \/var\/log\/daemon.log<\/code>) ve BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131nda (\/etc\/bind\/named.conf<\/em><\/code>) s\u00f6zdizimi hatalar\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.
\n*   Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in sudo named-checkconf<\/code> ve sudo named-checkzone ornek.com \/var\/lib\/bind\/ornek.com.zone<\/code> (slave i\u00e7in) komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
6. Virtualmin\/Webmin Mod\u00fcl Sorunlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
Sorun:<\/strong> Virtualmin aray\u00fcz\u00fcnde DNS ayarlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor veya de\u011fi\u015fiklikler uygulanm\u0131yor.
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong>
\n*   Webmin’de Servers<\/code> -> BIND DNS Server<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn kurulu ve etkin oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n*   Webmin’i yeniden ba\u015flatmay\u0131 deneyin: sudo systemctl restart webmin<\/code>.
\n*   Virtualmin’in BIND yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131na yazma izinleri oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
Bu sorun giderme ad\u0131mlar\u0131, DNS slave otomatik yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz \u00e7o\u011fu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Her zaman log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek ve ad\u0131m ad\u0131m sorunlar\u0131 izole etmek en iyi yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu makalede, Virtualmin\/Webmin y\u00f6netim paneli kullanarak Ubuntu \u00fczerinde DNS slave sunucusunun nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve otomatik olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceledik. DNS’in temel prensiplerinden ba\u015flayarak, ikincil DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131n neden kritik \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011funu, master ve slave sunucular\u0131n Virtualmin \u00fczerinden nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, otomatik senkronizasyon mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve son olarak da kurulumu do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in test y\u00f6ntemlerini ve yayg\u0131n sorun giderme ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131k.<\/p>\n
G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve yedekli bir DNS altyap\u0131s\u0131 kurmak, herhangi bir \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i hizmetin kesintisiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmezdir. Birincil sunucunun olas\u0131 ar\u0131zalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yedeklilik sa\u011flamak, y\u00fck\u00fc dengelemek ve performans\u0131 art\u0131rmak, ikincil DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca faydalar\u0131d\u0131r. Virtualmin\/Webmin gibi kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu paneller, bu karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131land\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini basitle\u015ftirerek sistem y\u00f6neticilerinin i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Art\u0131k, master DNS sunucunuzda yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin (yeni bir kay\u0131t ekleme, mevcut bir kayd\u0131 g\u00fcncelleme veya silme gibi) Virtualmin’in otomatik bildirim ve b\u00f6lge transferi mekanizmalar\u0131 sayesinde slave sunucunuza sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde yans\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorsunuz. Bu otomasyon, DNS y\u00f6netimini daha verimli hale getirir ve insan hatas\u0131 riskini azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kurulumun ard\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan kapsaml\u0131 testler ve d\u00fczenli log takibi, DNS altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olman\u0131z i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Herhangi bir tutars\u0131zl\u0131k veya hata durumunda, g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ayarlar\u0131ndan rndc.key<\/code> uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131na kadar bir\u00e7ok potansiyel sorunu giderme y\u00f6ntemlerini de \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f oldunuz.<\/p>\n
Gelecekte, DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions) gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini uygulamak, daha fazla co\u011frafi konumda slave sunucular ekleyerek performans\u0131 ve eri\u015filebilirli\u011fi art\u0131rmak veya geli\u015fmi\u015f DNS izleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 entegre etmek gibi ad\u0131mlarla DNS altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilirsiniz. Bu rehber, sa\u011flam ve g\u00fcvenilir bir DNS temeli olu\u015fturman\u0131z i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm bilgileri sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu’da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131\n\u0130nternet d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan Alan Ad\u0131 Sistemi (","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-33756","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nVirtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu'da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu'da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu'da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 \u0130nternet d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan Alan Ad\u0131 Sistemi (\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-06T13:41:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"27 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fatih Soysal\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"headline\":\"Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu’da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-06T13:41:01+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/\"},\"wordCount\":4813,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Ubuntu\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2025\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/virtualmin-webmin-uzerinden-ubuntuda-dns-slave-otomatik-yapilandirmasi\/\",\"name\":\"Virtualmin\/Webmin \u00dczerinden Ubuntu'da DNS Slave Otomatik Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 - 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