{"id":33574,"date":"2025-11-04T15:41:03","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T12:41:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=33574"},"modified":"2025-11-04T15:41:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T12:41:03","slug":"centos-7-sunucusunda-kullanici-ekleme-ve-silme-kapsamli-bir-rehber","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/centos-7-sunucusunda-kullanici-ekleme-ve-silme-kapsamli-bir-rehber\/","title":{"rendered":"CentOS 7 Sunucusunda Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme ve Silme: Kapsaml\u0131 Bir Rehber"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><body><\/p>\n<h2>CentOS 7 Sunucusunda Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme ve Silme: Kapsaml\u0131 Bir Rehber<\/h2>\n<p>CentOS 7 gibi bir Linux sunucusunu y\u00f6netirken, kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 etkin bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmek, hem g\u00fcvenlik hem de operasyonel verimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Sunucu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan her hizmet veya her insan kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun yetkilere sahip hesaplar olu\u015fturmak, sistemin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korurken, farkl\u0131 g\u00f6revlerin d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flar. Bu kapsaml\u0131 rehberde, CentOS 7 sunucunuzda kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l ekleyece\u011finizi, \u015fifrelerini y\u00f6netece\u011finizi, bilgilerini de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011finizi ve g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde silece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<h3>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Y\u00f6netiminin Temelleri<\/h3>\n<p>Linux sistemlerinde her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendine ait bir kimli\u011fi (UID &#8211; User ID) ve birincil bir grubu (GID &#8211; Group ID) bulunur. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131, sistem kaynaklar\u0131na (dosyalar, dizinler, uygulamalar) eri\u015fimi kontrol etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n genellikle kendi ev dizini (<code>\/home\/kullanici_adi<\/code>) ve varsay\u0131lan bir kabu\u011fu (shell) bulunur. Bu bilgiler, <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code> ve <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> gibi kritik sistem dosyalar\u0131nda saklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n temel bilgilerini (kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131, UID, GID, ev dizini, kabuk) i\u00e7erir. \u015eifreler bu dosyada saklanmaz.<br \/>\n*   <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015fifrelerinin \u015fifrelenmi\u015f hallerini ve \u015fifre politikas\u0131 bilgilerini (son de\u011fi\u015ftirme tarihi, ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi vb.) i\u00e7erir. Bu dosya sadece root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <code>\/etc\/group<\/code>: Sistemdeki gruplar\u0131n ve bu gruplara ait \u00fcyelerin listesini i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu rehberdeki t\u00fcm komutlar <code>root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak veya <code>sudo<\/code> yetkisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme<\/h3>\n<p>CentOS 7&#8217;de yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 eklemek i\u00e7in en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan komut <code>useradd<\/code>&#8216;dir. Bu komut, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ev dizinini, birincil grubunu ve di\u011fer temel ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<h4>useradd Komutu ile Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme<\/h4>\n<p>Temel bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 eklemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd yeni_kullanici<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, <code>yeni_kullanici<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturur, otomatik olarak ayn\u0131 isimde birincil bir grup (<code>yeni_kullanici<\/code>) olu\u015fturur, <code>\/home\/yeni_kullanici<\/code> dizinini olu\u015fturur ve varsay\u0131lan kabu\u011fu (<code>\/bin\/bash<\/code> veya sistemin varsay\u0131lan\u0131) atar. Ancak bu kullan\u0131c\u0131 hen\u00fcz bir \u015fifreye sahip de\u011fildir ve oturum a\u00e7amaz.<\/p>\n<h5>useradd Komutunun Yayg\u0131n Se\u00e7enekleri<\/h5>\n<p><code>useradd<\/code> komutu, kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015ftururken daha fazla kontrol sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli se\u00e7eneklere sahiptir:<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>-m<\/code> veya <code>--create-home<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ev dizinini olu\u015fturur. (\u00c7o\u011fu sistemde varsay\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmek iyi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131kt\u0131r.)<br \/>\n*   <code>-s<\/code> veya <code>--shell<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya atanacak kabu\u011fu belirtir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code>bash<\/code> yerine <code>zsh<\/code> veya <code>nologin<\/code> (kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oturum a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in) atayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd -s \/bin\/bash yeni_kullanici2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-d<\/code> veya <code>--home-dir<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ev dizini i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir yol belirler.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd -d \/var\/www\/yeni_kullanici3 yeni_kullanici3<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-g<\/code> veya <code>--gid<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n birincil grubunu (GID) belirler. Belirtilen grup zaten mevcut olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo groupadd webadmins\n    sudo useradd -g webadmins yeni_kullanici4<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-G<\/code> veya <code>--groups<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131, birincil grubuna ek olarak, virg\u00fclle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ikincil gruplara ekler.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo groupadd developers\n    sudo groupadd testers\n    sudo useradd -G developers,testers yeni_kullanici5<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-c<\/code> veya <code>--comment<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir yorum ekler (genellikle kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tam ad\u0131 veya g\u00f6revi).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd -c \"John Doe, Proje Y\u00f6neticisi\" johndoe<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-u<\/code> veya <code>--uid<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya \u00f6zel bir UID atar. Genellikle sistem taraf\u0131ndan otomatik olarak atan\u0131r, ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlarda manuel atama gerekebilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n UID&#8217;sinin ba\u015fka bir sistemdeki UID ile e\u015fle\u015fmesi gerekti\u011finde).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd -u 1005 ozel_kullanici<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-e<\/code> veya <code>--expiredate<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresini YYYY-MM-DD format\u0131nda belirler. Bu tarihten sonra hesap devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd -e 2024-12-31 gecici_kullanici<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-f<\/code> veya <code>--inactive<\/code>: \u015eifre s\u00fcresi dolduktan sonra hesab\u0131n ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. <code>0<\/code> hemen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r, <code>-1<\/code> ise bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo useradd -f 30 sonrasi_devredisi_kullanici<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek:<\/strong> Yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m, ev dizinini olu\u015ftural\u0131m, kabu\u011funu <code>\/bin\/bash<\/code> olarak ayarlayal\u0131m, onu <code>developers<\/code> ve <code>webadmins<\/code> gruplar\u0131na ekleyelim ve bir a\u00e7\u0131klama ekleyelim:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo groupadd developers # E\u011fer yoksa\nsudo groupadd webadmins  # E\u011fer yoksa\nsudo useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash -G developers,webadmins -c \"Alice Smith, Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131\" alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u015eifre Belirleme: passwd Komutu<\/h4>\n<p>Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131 olu\u015fturulduktan sonra, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oturum a\u00e7abilmesi i\u00e7in bir \u015fifre atanmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu i\u015flem <code>passwd<\/code> komutu ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo passwd alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, sizden <code>alicesmith<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir \u015fifre girmeniz ve ard\u0131ndan onaylamak i\u00e7in tekrar girmeniz istenecektir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifreler kullanmaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterin.<\/p>\n<h4>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Bilgilerini G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme<\/h4>\n<p>Olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz veya mevcut bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bilgilerini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli komutlar kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>id <kullanici_adi><\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n UID&#8217;sini, birincil GID&#8217;sini ve ait oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm gruplar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">id alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>cat \/etc\/passwd | grep <kullanici_adi><\/code>: <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">cat \/etc\/passwd | grep alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>    \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi: <code>alicesmith:x:1001:1001:Alice Smith, Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131:\/home\/alicesmith:\/bin\/bash<\/code><br \/>\n*   <code>groups <kullanici_adi><\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm gruplar\u0131 listeler.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">groups alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Grup Y\u00f6netimi<\/h3>\n<p>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 da grup y\u00f6netimidir. Gruplar, birden fazla kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ayn\u0131 anda dosya ve dizin eri\u015fim izinleri ataman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131yarak yetkilendirme y\u00f6netimini basitle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n<h4>Grup Ekleme: groupadd<\/h4>\n<p>Yeni bir grup olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo groupadd yeni_grup<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Gruba Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme\/\u00c7\u0131karma: usermod<\/h4>\n<p>Mevcut bir kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 bir gruba eklemek veya bir gruptan \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in <code>usermod<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 ikincil bir gruba ekleme:<\/strong> <code>-aG<\/code> (append to group) se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullan\u0131n. <code>-a<\/code> (append) se\u00e7ene\u011fi \u00f6nemlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu olmadan kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 yaln\u0131zca belirtilen gruplara atar ve mevcut ikincil gruplar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -aG yeni_grup alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 bir gruptan \u00e7\u0131karma:<\/strong> <code>gpasswd<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo gpasswd -d alicesmith yeni_grup<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n birincil grubunu de\u011fi\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>-g<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -g yeni_birincil_grup alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Grup Silme: groupdel<\/h4>\n<p>Bir grubu silmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo groupdel silinecek_grup<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Dikkat:<\/strong> Bir grup silindi\u011finde, bu grubun birincil grubu oldu\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Genellikle, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birincil grubunu silmeden \u00f6nce de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 silmek daha g\u00fcvenlidir. E\u011fer bir grubun birincil grubu oldu\u011fu bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 varsa, o kullan\u0131c\u0131 birincil grubu olmadan kal\u0131r ve bu durum baz\u0131 uygulamalarda beklenmedik davran\u0131\u015flara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n<h3>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015eifrelerini Y\u00f6netme<\/h3>\n<p><code>passwd<\/code> komutu sadece \u015fifre atamakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fifre politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ve hesap durumlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>\u015eifre De\u011fi\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n<p>*   <strong>Kendi \u015fifrenizi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Ba\u015fka bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u015fifresini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek (root yetkisiyle):<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo passwd <kullanici_adi><\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u015eifre Politikalar\u0131 ve Hesap Durumu Y\u00f6netimi<\/h4>\n<p><code>passwd<\/code> komutunun baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli se\u00e7enekleri:<\/p>\n<p>*   <code>-l<\/code> veya <code>--lock<\/code>: Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n hesab\u0131n\u0131 kilitler, b\u00f6ylece \u015fifreyle oturum a\u00e7amaz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo passwd -l alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-u<\/code> veya <code>--unlock<\/code>: Kilitli bir hesab\u0131n kilidini a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo passwd -u alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-e<\/code> veya <code>--expire<\/code>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u015fifresinin hemen s\u00fcresinin dolmas\u0131na neden olur. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 bir sonraki oturum a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeni bir \u015fifre belirlemesi istenir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo passwd -e alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>-S<\/code> veya <code>--status<\/code>: Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u015fifre durumu hakk\u0131nda bilgi g\u00f6sterir (kilitli mi, son de\u011fi\u015ftirme tarihi, minimum\/maksimum \u015fifre ya\u015f\u0131 vb.).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo passwd -S alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u015eifre politikalar\u0131 (minimum uzunluk, karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k vb.) genellikle PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) ayarlar\u0131 (<code>\/etc\/pam.d\/system-auth<\/code>, <code>\/etc\/pam.d\/password-auth<\/code>) ve <code>\/etc\/login.defs<\/code> dosyas\u0131 \u00fczerinden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code>\/etc\/login.defs<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki <code>PASS_MAX_DAYS<\/code>, <code>PASS_MIN_DAYS<\/code>, <code>PASS_WARN_AGE<\/code> gibi parametreler \u015fifrelerin ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcrelerini belirler.<\/p>\n<h3>Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 Silme<\/h3>\n<p>Bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k sunucuya eri\u015fmesine gerek kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00fcvenlik ve d\u00fczen a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hesab\u0131n\u0131 silmek \u00f6nemlidir. <code>userdel<\/code> komutu bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>userdel Komutu ile Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Silme<\/h4>\n<p>Temel bir kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 silmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo userdel silinecek_kullanici<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komut, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n hesap giri\u015fini <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code> ve <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> dosyalar\u0131ndan siler. Ancak, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ev dizinini ve e-posta kuyru\u011funu (varsa) silmez. Bu dosyalar sistemde kal\u0131r ve manuel olarak temizlenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n<h5>Ev Dizinini ve E-posta Kuyru\u011funu Silme: -r Se\u00e7ene\u011fi<\/h5>\n<p>Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 silerken ev dizinini ve e-posta kuyru\u011funu da otomatik olarak silmek i\u00e7in <code>-r<\/code> veya <code>--remove<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo userdel -r silinecek_kullanici<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu, genellikle tercih edilen y\u00f6ntemdir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sistemden temizler.<\/p>\n<h5>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Silmeden \u00d6nce Dikkat Edilmesi Gerekenler<\/h5>\n<p>*   <strong>A\u00e7\u0131k Oturumlar:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 silmeden \u00f6nce, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n aktif bir oturumu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. <code>who<\/code> veya <code>w<\/code> komutlar\u0131 ile aktif oturumlar\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Aktif bir oturumu olan bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 silindi\u011finde, oturumu sonlanana kadar baz\u0131 i\u015flemleri hala yapabilir. G\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oturumunu kapatmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek veya oturumunu manuel olarak sonland\u0131rmak (<code>pkill -KILL -u <kullanici_adi><\/code>) daha g\u00fcvenli olabilir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Dosya Sahipli\u011fi:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131 silindikten sonra, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131n ve dizinlerin sahibi art\u0131k ge\u00e7erli bir UID&#8217;ye sahip olmayan &#8220;numaraland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f&#8221; bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code>1001<\/code> yerine <code>kullanici_adi<\/code> g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez) olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu dosyalar\u0131n sahipli\u011fini ba\u015fka bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya (<code>chown -R yeni_sahip:yeni_grup \/yol\/dosya<\/code>) veya root&#8217;a aktarmak genellikle iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle bu dosyalar hala \u00f6nemliyse.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Hizmet Hesaplar\u0131:<\/strong> E\u011fer silmek istedi\u011finiz kullan\u0131c\u0131 bir hizmet hesab\u0131ysa (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir web sunucusu veya veritaban\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir hesap), bu hizmetin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilir. Silmeden \u00f6nce hizmetin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/p>\n<h3>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Bilgilerini De\u011fi\u015ftirme: usermod<\/h3>\n<p>Mevcut bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in <code>usermod<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu komut <code>useradd<\/code> komutuna benzer bir\u00e7ok se\u00e7ene\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ad\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>-l<\/code> veya <code>--login<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -l yeni_ad eski_ad<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>    <strong>Dikkat:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ev dizininin ad\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmez. Ev dizinini de ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in <code>-d<\/code> ve <code>-m<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerini birlikte kullanman\u0131z gerekir.<br \/>\n*   <strong>UID De\u011fi\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>-u<\/code> veya <code>--uid<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n UID&#8217;sini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -u 1006 alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>    <strong>Dikkat:<\/strong> UID&#8217;yi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131n sahipli\u011fini de g\u00fcncellemenizi gerektirebilir. <code>find \/ -uid <eski_uid> -exec chown <yeni_uid> {} \\;<\/code> gibi bir komutla bu yap\u0131labilir, ancak bu riskli bir i\u015flemdir ve dikkatli olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n*   <strong>Ev Dizinini De\u011fi\u015ftirme ve Ta\u015f\u0131ma:<\/strong> <code>-d<\/code> (yeni ev dizini) ve <code>-m<\/code> (eski ev dizinini yeniye ta\u015f\u0131) se\u00e7eneklerini birlikte kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -d \/var\/www\/alicesmith -m alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Kabuk De\u011fi\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>-s<\/code> veya <code>--shell<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kabu\u011funu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -s \/bin\/zsh alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Yorum De\u011fi\u015ftirme:<\/strong> <code>-c<\/code> veya <code>--comment<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -c \"Alice Smith, K\u0131demli Yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131\" alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Hesab\u0131 Kilitleme\/Kilidini A\u00e7ma:<\/strong> <code>-L<\/code> (lock) ve <code>-U<\/code> (unlock) se\u00e7enekleri <code>passwd -l<\/code> ve <code>passwd -u<\/code> ile ayn\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -L alicesmith # Hesab\u0131 kilitler\n    sudo usermod -U alicesmith # Hesab\u0131n kilidini a\u00e7ar<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Son Kullanma Tarihi Belirleme:<\/strong> <code>-e<\/code> veya <code>--expiredate<\/code> se\u00e7ene\u011fi ile hesab\u0131n son kullanma tarihini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -e 2025-01-01 alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>sudo Yetkilendirmesi<\/h3>\n<p><code>root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, sistem \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetkiye sahiptir ve do\u011frudan <code>root<\/code> olarak oturum a\u00e7mak veya s\u00fcrekli <code>su<\/code> komutunu kullanmak g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan riskli olabilir. Bunun yerine, standart kullan\u0131c\u0131lara belirli komutlar\u0131 <code>root<\/code> yetkisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma izni veren <code>sudo<\/code> (superuser do) mekanizmas\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>sudo Yetkisi Verme<\/h4>\n<p>CentOS 7&#8217;de, bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya <code>sudo<\/code> yetkisi vermenin en yayg\u0131n ve \u00f6nerilen yolu, kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 <code>wheel<\/code> grubuna eklemektir. <code>wheel<\/code> grubu, varsay\u0131lan olarak <code>sudoers<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda <code>sudo<\/code> yetkisine sahip olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo usermod -aG wheel alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komuttan sonra, <code>alicesmith<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oturumunu kapat\u0131p tekrar a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda <code>sudo<\/code> komutunu kullanabilir. \u0130lk <code>sudo<\/code> kullan\u0131m\u0131nda kendi \u015fifresi sorulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h4>sudoers Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme<\/h4>\n<p>Baz\u0131 durumlarda, <code>wheel<\/code> grubuna eklemek yerine daha \u00f6zel <code>sudo<\/code> yetkileri tan\u0131mlaman\u0131z gerekebilir. Bu, <code>\/etc\/sudoers<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek yap\u0131l\u0131r. <strong>Bu dosyay\u0131 her zaman <code>visudo<\/code> komutu ile d\u00fczenlemelisiniz.<\/strong> <code>visudo<\/code> komutu, dosyay\u0131 kaydetmeden \u00f6nce s\u00f6zdizimi hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder ve hatal\u0131 bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma nedeniyle sisteminizin kilitlenmesini \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo visudo<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>visudo<\/code> ile a\u00e7\u0131lan dosyada, <code>wheel<\/code> grubu i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir sat\u0131r g\u00f6receksiniz (genellikle yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 olarak):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands\n<h2>%wheel        ALL=(ALL)       ALL<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n<p>Bu sat\u0131rdaki <code>#<\/code> i\u015faretini kald\u0131rarak <code>wheel<\/code> grubuna <code>sudo<\/code> yetkisi verebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">%wheel        ALL=(ALL)       ALL<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya \u00f6zel yetki vermek i\u00e7in, dosyan\u0131n sonuna a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir sat\u0131r ekleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">alicesmith    ALL=\/usr\/bin\/yum update, \/usr\/bin\/systemctl restart httpd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnek, <code>alicesmith<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca <code>yum update<\/code> ve <code>systemctl restart httpd<\/code> komutlar\u0131n\u0131 <code>sudo<\/code> ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na izin verir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>G\u00fcvenlik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><br \/>\n*   Sadece ger\u00e7ekten ihtiyac\u0131 olan kullan\u0131c\u0131lara <code>sudo<\/code> yetkisi verin.<br \/>\n*   M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara tam <code>ALL=(ALL) ALL<\/code> yetkisi yerine, yaln\u0131zca ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 belirli komutlar i\u00e7in yetki verin.<br \/>\n*   <code>sudo<\/code> loglar\u0131n\u0131 (<code>\/var\/log\/secure<\/code>) d\u00fczenli olarak kontrol edin.<\/p>\n<h3>Geli\u015fmi\u015f Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi Konular\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde baz\u0131 daha geli\u015fmi\u015f senaryolar da mevcuttur:<\/p>\n<h4>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Kotalar\u0131<\/h4>\n<p>Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n disk alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kotalar tan\u0131mlayabilirsiniz. Bunun i\u00e7in <code>quota<\/code> paketini kurman\u0131z ve dosya sistemlerinizde kotalar\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirmeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo yum install quota<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan, <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek ilgili dosya sistemi i\u00e7in <code>usrquota<\/code> ve\/veya <code>grpquota<\/code> se\u00e7eneklerini eklemeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-\">\/dev\/sda1 \/home ext4 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri uygulad\u0131ktan sonra dosya sistemini yeniden ba\u011flay\u0131n ve <code>quotacheck<\/code> ile veritaban\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mount -o remount \/home\nsudo quotacheck -cum \/home\nsudo quotaon \/home<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u015eimdi <code>edquota<\/code> ile kullan\u0131c\u0131lara kota atayabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo edquota -u alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Hesap S\u00fcresinin Dolmas\u0131 (Expiration)<\/h4>\n<p><code>chage<\/code> komutu, \u015fifrelerin ve hesaplar\u0131n son kullanma tarihlerini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>*   <strong>Hesap son kullanma tarihi belirleme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chage -E 2025-01-01 alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>\u015eifrenin hemen s\u00fcresinin dolmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chage -d 0 alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>\u015eifre i\u00e7in minimum\/maksimum g\u00fcn belirleme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chage -M 90 -m 7 alicesmith # \u015eifre 90 g\u00fcnde bir de\u011fi\u015fmeli, 7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde tekrar de\u011fi\u015femez<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015fifre bilgilerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chage -l alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>Hesap Bilgisi Denetimi<\/h4>\n<p>*   <code>lastlog<\/code>: Her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n son oturum a\u00e7ma zaman\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">lastlog<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>faillog<\/code>: Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oturum a\u00e7ma denemelerini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo faillog -u alicesmith<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>*   <code>last<\/code>: Sistemdeki t\u00fcm oturum a\u00e7ma\/kapatma ge\u00e7mi\u015fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">last<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu komutlar, sistemdeki kullan\u0131c\u0131 aktivitelerini izlemek ve olas\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik ihlallerini tespit etmek i\u00e7in faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>G\u00fcvenlik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h3>\n<p>Etkili kullan\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, sa\u011flam bir sunucu g\u00fcvenli\u011finin temelidir. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli g\u00fcvenlik ipu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015eifre Politikalar\u0131 Uygulay\u0131n:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k (b\u00fcy\u00fck\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harf, rakam, \u00f6zel karakter i\u00e7eren) ve yeterince uzun \u015fifreler kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131n. \u015eifrelerin d\u00fczenli olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flay\u0131n. PAM mod\u00fcllerini (<code>pam_cracklib<\/code> veya <code>pam_pwquality<\/code>) kullanarak \u015fifre karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilirsiniz.<br \/>\n2.  <strong>Minimum Yetki Prensibini Uygulay\u0131n:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131lara ve hizmet hesaplar\u0131na yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in kesinlikle ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yetkiyi verin. Tam <code>root<\/code> yetkisi yerine <code>sudo<\/code> ile belirli komutlara izin verin.<br \/>\n3.  <strong>Kullan\u0131lmayan Hesaplar\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rak\u0131n veya Silin:<\/strong> Art\u0131k ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmayan veya uzun s\u00fcredir kullan\u0131lmayan kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n (<code>usermod -L<\/code>) veya silin (<code>userdel -r<\/code>). Bu, potansiyel g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<br \/>\n4.  <strong>Root Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011frudan Kullanmaktan Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n:<\/strong> G\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00f6netim g\u00f6revleri i\u00e7in do\u011frudan <code>root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak oturum a\u00e7mak yerine, <code>sudo<\/code> yetkisine sahip standart bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesab\u0131 kullan\u0131n. Bu, yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla yap\u0131lan hatalar\u0131n veya sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n etkisini s\u0131n\u0131rlar.<br \/>\n5.  <strong>SSH Anahtar Tabanl\u0131 Kimlik Do\u011frulama Kullan\u0131n:<\/strong> \u015eifre tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulama yerine SSH anahtar tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 tercih edin. Bu, daha g\u00fcvenlidir ve parola denemesi sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruma sa\u011flar. \u015eifreyle oturum a\u00e7may\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n (<code>\/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda <code>PasswordAuthentication no<\/code>).<br \/>\n6.  <strong>Loglar\u0131 D\u00fczenli Kontrol Edin:<\/strong> <code>\/var\/log\/secure<\/code>, <code>\/var\/log\/audit\/audit.log<\/code> ve <code>auth.log<\/code> gibi kimlik do\u011frulama ve yetkilendirme loglar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak inceleyin. Anormal oturum a\u00e7ma denemeleri, yetkilendirme hatalar\u0131 veya di\u011fer \u015f\u00fcpheli aktiviteler i\u00e7in dikkatli olun.<br \/>\n7.  <strong>Sistem G\u00fcncellemelerini Yap\u0131n:<\/strong> \u0130\u015fletim sisteminizi ve t\u00fcm y\u00fckl\u00fc paketleri d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncelleyerek bilinen g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131n.<br \/>\n8.  <strong>Hesap Kilitlenme Politikalar\u0131:<\/strong> Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oturum a\u00e7ma denemelerinin belirli bir say\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra hesaplar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak kilitleyen politikalar (<code>pam_faillock<\/code> veya <code>pam_tally2<\/code>) uygulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n<h3>Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n<p>CentOS 7 sunucusunda kullan\u0131c\u0131 ekleme, silme ve y\u00f6netme, g\u00fcvenli ve istikrarl\u0131 bir sunucu ortam\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur. <code>useradd<\/code>, <code>passwd<\/code>, <code>usermod<\/code> ve <code>userdel<\/code> gibi temel komutlar\u0131 anlamak ve do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kullanmak, sistem y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir beceridir. Grup y\u00f6netimini ve <code>sudo<\/code> yetkilendirmesini etkin bir \u015fekilde kullanarak, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131za gerekli eri\u015fimi sa\u011flarken ayn\u0131 zamanda sisteminizin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde tutabilirsiniz. Bu rehberde a\u00e7\u0131klanan ad\u0131mlar\u0131 ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 takip ederek, CentOS 7 sunucunuzda kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli ve verimli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netebilirsiniz. Unutmay\u0131n, iyi bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6netimi stratejisi, sunucunuzun genel g\u00fcvenli\u011finin ve performans\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"CentOS 7 Sunucusunda Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme ve Silme: Kapsaml\u0131 Bir Rehber\nCentOS 7 gibi bir Linux sunucusunu y\u00f6netirken, kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 etki","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-33574","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CentOS 7 Sunucusunda Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ekleme ve Silme: Kapsaml\u0131 Bir Rehber - 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