{"id":33440,"date":"2025-11-02T23:41:03","date_gmt":"2025-11-02T20:41:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=33440"},"modified":"2025-11-02T23:41:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-02T20:41:03","slug":"mariadb-ve-galera-cluster-ile-debian-10-sunucularinda-yuksek-erisilebilirlige-sahip-veritabani-yapilandirmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/mariadb-ve-galera-cluster-ile-debian-10-sunucularinda-yuksek-erisilebilirlige-sahip-veritabani-yapilandirmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"MariaDB ve Galera Cluster ile Debian 10 Sunucular\u0131nda Y\u00fcksek Eri\u015filebilirli\u011fe Sahip Veritaban\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

MariaDB ve Galera Cluster ile Debian 10 Sunucular\u0131nda Y\u00fcksek Eri\u015filebilirli\u011fe Sahip Veritaban\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

MariaDB Galera Cluster, y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik (High Availability) ve felaket kurtarma (Disaster Recovery) yetenekleri sunan, \u00e7oklu ana (multi-master) mimariye sahip bir senkron replikasyon \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu makalede, Debian 10 i\u015fletim sistemi \u00fczerinde \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcml\u00fc (node) bir MariaDB Galera Cluster’\u0131n ad\u0131m ad\u0131m nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleyece\u011fiz. Ama\u00e7, herhangi bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6kmesi durumunda dahi veritaban\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin kesintisiz bir \u015fekilde devam etmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

MariaDB Galera Cluster Nedir ve Neden Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3>\n

Galera Cluster, standart MySQL\/MariaDB replikasyonundan farkl\u0131 olarak senkron replikasyon sunar. Bu, bir i\u015flem (transaction) bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde commit edildi\u011finde, t\u00fcm di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde de commit edilmesini garanti eder. Asenkron replikasyonda olas\u0131 veri kayb\u0131 riskini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Galera Cluster’\u0131n Temel \u00d6zellikleri:<\/h4>\n

* Senkron Replikasyon:<\/strong> T\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin verileri her zaman g\u00fcnceldir. Veri kayb\u0131 riski minimumdur.
\n* \u00c7oklu Ana (Multi-Master) Mimarisi:<\/strong> Herhangi bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcme yazma i\u015flemi yap\u0131labilir. Bu, uygulaman\u0131n herhangi bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcme ba\u011flanabilmesini ve i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc da\u011f\u0131tabilmesini sa\u011flar.
\n* Otomatik D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm Sa\u011flama (Automatic Node Provisioning):<\/strong> Yeni bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm k\u00fcmeye kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, mevcut d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerden birinden otomatik olarak tam bir veri kopyas\u0131 (State Snapshot Transfer – SST) al\u0131r ve senkronize olur.
\n* Y\u00fcksek Eri\u015filebilirlik:<\/strong> Bir veya daha fazla d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn ar\u0131zalanmas\u0131 durumunda, kalan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler veritaban\u0131 hizmetini kesintisiz bir \u015fekilde sunmaya devam eder.
\n* Otomatik \u00dcyelik Y\u00f6netimi:<\/strong> K\u00fcmeye kat\u0131lan veya ayr\u0131lan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler otomatik olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131r ve k\u00fcme \u00fcyeli\u011fi buna g\u00f6re g\u00fcncellenir.
\n* \u00c7ak\u0131\u015fma Tespiti ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc (Conflict Detection and Resolution):<\/strong> Ayn\u0131 anda farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde ayn\u0131 verilere yap\u0131lan yazma i\u015flemleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 tespit eder ve belirledi\u011fi kurallara g\u00f6re \u00e7\u00f6zer.<\/p>\n

Neden MariaDB ile Galera?<\/h4>\n

MariaDB, MySQL’in topluluk destekli bir \u00e7atal\u0131d\u0131r ve bir\u00e7ok geli\u015ftirme ve optimizasyon i\u00e7erir. Galera Cluster teknolojisi, MariaDB ile m\u00fckemmel bir uyum i\u00e7indedir ve MariaDB’nin performans\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik ba\u011flam\u0131nda daha da art\u0131r\u0131r. Debian 10, kararl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilir bir i\u015fletim sistemi oldu\u011fundan, bu t\u00fcr bir \u00fcretim ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in ideal bir temel sunar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6n Gereksinimler ve Kurulum Ortam\u0131<\/h3>\n

Bu kurulum i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 adet Debian 10 sunucusuna ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olacak. Her sunucunun kendine ait bir IP adresi ve birbiriyle a\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00d6rnek olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki IP adreslerini ve host adlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z:<\/p>\n

* Node 1:<\/strong> IP: 192.168.1.101<\/code>, Hostname: db-node1<\/code>
\n* Node 2:<\/strong> IP: 192.168.1.102<\/code>, Hostname: db-node2<\/code>
\n* Node 3:<\/strong> IP: 192.168.1.103<\/code>, Hostname: db-node3<\/code><\/p>\n

Her sunucuda sudo<\/code> yetkisine sahip bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ve internet eri\u015fimine ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Her Sunucuda Temel Sistem Ayarlar\u0131<\/h4>\n

Her bir sunucuda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 uygulay\u0131n:<\/p>\n

1. Sistemi G\u00fcncelleme:<\/strong><\/p>\n

sudo apt update\n    sudo apt upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  Hostname Ayarlar\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    Her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde kendi hostname’ini ayarlay\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, db-node1<\/code> i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo hostnamectl set-hostname db-node1<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler i\u00e7in db-node2<\/code> ve db-node3<\/code> olarak ayarlay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
3.  \/etc\/hosts<\/code> Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme:<\/strong>
\n    Her sunucuda \/etc\/hosts<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin IP adreslerini ve hostname’lerini ekleyin. Bu, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin birbirini isimle bulabilmesi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/hosts<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Dosyaya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ekleyin (kendi IP adreslerinize g\u00f6re g\u00fcncelleyin):<\/p>\n
127.0.0.1       localhost\n    192.168.1.101   db-node1\n    192.168.1.102   db-node2\n    192.168.1.103   db-node3<\/code><\/pre>\n
4.  G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 (Firewall) Ayarlar\u0131:<\/strong>
\n    Galera Cluster, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in belirli portlar\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu portlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekir. Debian’da ufw<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z:<\/p>\n
sudo apt install ufw -y\n    sudo ufw allow 3306\/tcp    # MariaDB istemci ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131\n    sudo ufw allow 4444\/tcp    # SST (State Snapshot Transfer)\n    sudo ufw allow 4567\/tcp    # Galera replikasyon trafi\u011fi\n    sudo ufw allow 4568\/tcp    # IST (Incremental State Transfer)\n    sudo ufw allow ssh         # SSH ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 (iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131, zaten a\u00e7\u0131ksa)\n    sudo ufw enable\n    sudo ufw status<\/code><\/pre>\n
    E\u011fer ba\u015fka bir g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, ilgili portlar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/p>\n
MariaDB ve Galera Cluster Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
MariaDB’nin Galera \u00f6zellikli s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurmak i\u00e7in MariaDB’nin resmi deposunu kullanmak en iyisidir. Debian 10 varsay\u0131lan depolar\u0131nda genellikle daha eski s\u00fcr\u00fcmler bulunur.<\/p>\n
MariaDB Deposu Ekleme (Her Sunucuda)<\/h4>\n
1.  Depo Anahtar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ndirme:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo apt install software-properties-common dirmngr ca-certificates apt-transport-https -y\n    sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys 'https:\/\/mariadb.org\/mariadb_release_signing_key.asc'<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  MariaDB Deposunu Ekleme:<\/strong>
\n    Debian 10 i\u00e7in MariaDB 10.3 veya 10.4 genellikle tercih edilir. Burada 10.4 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kullanaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
echo \"deb [arch=amd64,arm64,ppc64el] https:\/\/mirrors.evowise.com\/mariadb\/repo\/10.4\/debian buster main\" | sudo tee \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/mariadb.list<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Not: mirrors.evowise.com<\/code> adresi zamanla de\u011fi\u015febilir veya b\u00f6lgenize \u00f6zel bir yans\u0131tma sunucusu kullanmak isteyebilirsiniz. En g\u00fcncel depo adresini MariaDB’nin resmi web sitesinden kontrol edebilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n
3.  Paket Listesini G\u00fcncelleme:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo apt update<\/code><\/pre>\n
MariaDB ve Galera Paketlerini Kurma (Her Sunucuda)<\/h4>\n
MariaDB sunucusunu ve Galera Cluster eklentisini kurun.<\/p>\n
sudo apt install mariadb-server galera-4 -y<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda MariaDB root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fifre belirlemeniz istenebilir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fifre belirledi\u011finizden emin olun.<\/p>\n
\u00d6NEML\u0130:<\/strong> Kurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, MariaDB servisi otomatik olarak ba\u015flayabilir. \u0130lk d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm hari\u00e7 di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde servisi hemen durdurun. \u0130lk d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde de yap\u0131land\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce durdurmak daha iyi olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl stop mariadb\nsudo systemctl disable mariadb<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komutlar MariaDB servisini durdurur ve sistem ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda otomatik olarak ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma tamamland\u0131ktan sonra tekrar etkinle\u015ftirece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Galera Cluster Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n
MariaDB Galera Cluster’\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmdeki MariaDB yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlememiz gerekecek. Genellikle \/etc\/mysql\/mariadb.conf.d\/50-server.cnf<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyebilir veya \u00f6zel bir Galera yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \/etc\/mysql\/conf.d\/<\/code> dizini alt\u0131nda yeni bir .cnf<\/code> dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, galera.cnf<\/code>). \u0130kinci yakla\u015f\u0131m daha d\u00fczenli bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Her sunucuda \/etc\/mysql\/conf.d\/galera.cnf<\/code> ad\u0131nda yeni bir dosya olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/mysql\/conf.d\/galera.cnf<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu dosyaya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 ekleyece\u011fiz. Her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm i\u00e7in wsrep_node_name<\/code> ve wsrep_node_address<\/code> parametrelerini kendi de\u011ferleriyle g\u00fcncellemeyi unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n
[mariadb]\nbinlog_format=ROW\ndefault_storage_engine=InnoDB\ninnodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2\ninnodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0 # Performans i\u00e7in, veri kayb\u0131 riski \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. \u00dcretimde 1 olabilir.\nquery_cache_size=0\nquery_cache_type=0\nbind-address=0.0.0.0 # T\u00fcm a\u011f aray\u00fczlerinden ba\u011flant\u0131lara izin verir. G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ile kontrol edilmelidir.\n\n
Galera Cluster Ayarlar\u0131<\/h2>\nwsrep_on=ON\nwsrep_provider=\/usr\/lib\/galera\/libgalera_smm.so # Galera k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin yolu\n\nwsrep_cluster_address=\"gcomm:\/\/192.168.1.101,192.168.1.102,192.168.1.103\"\nwsrep_cluster_name=\"my_galera_cluster\"\n\n
SST (State Snapshot Transfer) Ayarlar\u0131<\/h2>\nwsrep_sst_method=rsync # Basit bir SST y\u00f6ntemi, mariabackup daha iyidir ancak daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.\n
wsrep_sst_auth=\"sstuser:SST_PASSWORD\" # E\u011fer mariabackup kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa gereklidir.<\/h2>\n\n
D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u00d6zel Ayarlar\u0131 (Her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm i\u00e7in farkl\u0131)<\/h2>\n
db-node1 i\u00e7in:<\/h2>\nwsrep_node_name=\"db-node1\"\nwsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.101\"\n\n
db-node2 i\u00e7in:<\/h2>\n
wsrep_node_name=\"db-node2\"<\/h2>\n
wsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.102\"<\/h2>\n\n
db-node3 i\u00e7in:<\/h2>\n
wsrep_node_name=\"db-node3\"<\/h2>\n
wsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.103\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Her D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6zel Ayarlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n
*   db-node1<\/code> i\u00e7in:<\/strong> wsrep_node_name=\"db-node1\"<\/code> ve wsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.101\"<\/code> sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n yorumsuz oldu\u011fundan emin olun, di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n (#<\/code> ile).
\n*   db-node2<\/code> i\u00e7in:<\/strong> wsrep_node_name=\"db-node2\"<\/code> ve wsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.102\"<\/code> sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n yorumsuz oldu\u011fundan emin olun, di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n.
\n*   db-node3<\/code> i\u00e7in:<\/strong> wsrep_node_name=\"db-node3\"<\/code> ve wsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.103\"<\/code> sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n yorumsuz oldu\u011fundan emin olun, di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin sat\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Parametrelerinin A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n
*   binlog_format=ROW<\/code><\/strong>: Galera Cluster i\u00e7in zorunludur. Sat\u0131r tabanl\u0131 ikili log format\u0131, replikasyonun g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n*   default_storage_engine=InnoDB<\/code><\/strong>: InnoDB, Galera Cluster ile tam uyumlu tek depolama motorudur.
\n*   innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2<\/code><\/strong>: E\u015f zamanl\u0131 i\u015flemler i\u00e7in otomatik artan (auto-increment) kilit mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 ayarlar. Galera i\u00e7in 2 (interleaved) \u00f6nerilir.
\n*   innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0<\/code><\/strong>: Performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ancak g\u00fc\u00e7 kesintisi durumunda son saniyelerdeki i\u015flemlerin kayb\u0131na neden olabilir. \u00dcretim ortam\u0131nda 1<\/code> olarak ayarlanmas\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenlidir, ancak performans d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne neden olabilir.
\n*   query_cache_size=0<\/code> ve query_cache_type=0<\/code><\/strong>: MariaDB 10.1’den itibaren sorgu \u00f6nbelle\u011fi (query cache) kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Galera ile iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.
\n*   bind-address=0.0.0.0<\/code><\/strong>: MariaDB’nin t\u00fcm a\u011f aray\u00fczlerinden ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 dinlemesini sa\u011flar. G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 ile birlikte kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   wsrep_on=ON<\/code><\/strong>: Galera replikasyonunu etkinle\u015ftirir.
\n*   wsrep_provider=\/usr\/lib\/galera\/libgalera_smm.so<\/code><\/strong>: Galera sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin yolunu belirtir. Bu yol sisteminize g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir, kontrol etmek i\u00e7in find \/usr -name libgalera_smm.so<\/code> komutunu kullanabilirsiniz.
\n*   wsrep_cluster_address=\"gcomm:\/\/IP1,IP2,IP3\"<\/code><\/strong>: K\u00fcmedeki t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin IP adreslerini veya hostname’lerini virg\u00fclle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak listeler. Yeni bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm k\u00fcmeye kat\u0131l\u0131rken bu listedeki bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmle ileti\u015fim kurarak k\u00fcmenin geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeder.
\n*   wsrep_cluster_name=\"my_galera_cluster\"<\/code><\/strong>: K\u00fcmenin benzersiz ad\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler ayn\u0131 k\u00fcme ad\u0131na sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   wsrep_sst_method=rsync<\/code><\/strong>: Yeni bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn k\u00fcmeden ilk veri kopyas\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak y\u00f6ntemi belirtir (State Snapshot Transfer). rsync<\/code> basit bir y\u00f6ntemdir, ancak mariabackup<\/code> daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve daha az kilitlenme s\u00fcresi (downtime) gerektiren bir \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi olarak \u00f6nerilir. mariabackup<\/code> kullanmak i\u00e7in mariadb-backup<\/code> paketinin kurulu olmas\u0131 ve sstuser<\/code> gibi bir kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n MariaDB’de olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir.
\n*   wsrep_node_name=\"db-nodeX\"<\/code><\/strong>: Her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm i\u00e7in benzersiz bir isim.
\n*   wsrep_node_address=\"192.168.1.X\"<\/code><\/strong>: Her d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn kendi IP adresi.<\/p>\n
Galera Cluster’\u0131 Ba\u015flatma ve D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri Ekleme<\/h3>\n
Galera Cluster’\u0131 ba\u015flatma s\u0131ras\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. \u0130lk d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u00f6zel bir komutla ba\u015flat\u0131lmal\u0131, di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler ise normal \u015fekilde ba\u015flat\u0131larak k\u00fcmeye kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1. \u0130lk D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc Ba\u015flatma (db-node1<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
Sadece db-node1<\/code> \u00fczerinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak Galera Cluster’\u0131n ilk d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015flat\u0131n. Bu, yeni bir k\u00fcme olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
sudo galera_new_cluster<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, MariaDB servisini Galera modunda ba\u015flatacakt\u0131r. Servisin durumunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status mariadb<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da herhangi bir hata olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan MariaDB’ye ba\u011flan\u0131n ve k\u00fcme durumunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u015eifrenizi girin ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorguyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n
SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';\nSHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_status';\nSHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_ready';<\/code><\/pre>\n
wsrep_cluster_size<\/code> de\u011feri 1<\/code> olmal\u0131, wsrep_cluster_status<\/code> de\u011feri Primary<\/code>, ve wsrep_ready<\/code> de\u011feri ON<\/code> olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, ilk d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
2. Di\u011fer D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri K\u00fcmeye Ekleme (db-node2<\/code> ve db-node3<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
\u015eimdi di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri (db-node2<\/code> ve db-node3<\/code>) k\u00fcmeye ekleyebilirsiniz. Bu d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde, MariaDB servisini normal \u015fekilde ba\u015flat\u0131n. Galera yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131ndaki wsrep_cluster_address<\/code> sayesinde, bu d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler mevcut k\u00fcme \u00fcyelerini bulacak ve onlardan veri kopyas\u0131 alarak k\u00fcmeye kat\u0131lacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
db-node2<\/code> \u00fczerinde:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl start mariadb\nsudo systemctl enable mariadb # Sistem ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda otomatik ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar\nsudo systemctl status mariadb<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bir s\u00fcre bekleyin (SST s\u00fcresi veri boyutuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r). Ard\u0131ndan MariaDB’ye ba\u011flan\u0131n ve durumu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';\nSHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_status';\nSHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_ready';<\/code><\/pre>\n
wsrep_cluster_size<\/code> de\u011feri art\u0131k 2<\/code> olmal\u0131, wsrep_cluster_status<\/code> de\u011feri Primary<\/code>, ve wsrep_ready<\/code> de\u011feri ON<\/code> olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131 db-node3<\/code> i\u00e7in de tekrarlay\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl start mariadb\nsudo systemctl enable mariadb\nsudo systemctl status mariadb<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yine bir s\u00fcre bekleyin ve durumu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';\nSHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_status';\nSHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_ready';<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u015eimdi wsrep_cluster_size<\/code> de\u011feri 3<\/code> olmal\u0131, t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde wsrep_cluster_status<\/code> de\u011feri Primary<\/code>, ve wsrep_ready<\/code> de\u011feri ON<\/code> olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tebrikler, Galera Cluster’\u0131n\u0131z ba\u015far\u0131yla yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor!<\/p>\n
Cluster’\u0131 Test Etme<\/h3>\n
Cluster’\u0131n do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in basit bir test yapal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
1.  Bir D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde Veritaban\u0131 ve Tablo Olu\u015fturma:<\/strong>
\n    db-node1<\/code>‘e ba\u011flan\u0131n ve bir veritaban\u0131 ile tablo olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
CREATE DATABASE test_galera;\n    USE test_galera;\n    CREATE TABLE messages (\n        id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n        message VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,\n        created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n    );\n    INSERT INTO messages (message) VALUES ('Hello from db-node1!');<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.  Di\u011fer D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde Verilerin Replikasyonunu Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    \u015eimdi db-node2<\/code> veya db-node3<\/code>‘e ba\u011flan\u0131n ve olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz veritaban\u0131 ile tablonun orada olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve verinin replike edilip edilmedi\u011fini kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
USE test_galera;\n    SELECT * FROM messages;<\/code><\/pre>\n
    'Hello from db-node1!'<\/code> mesaj\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
3.  Ba\u015fka Bir D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmden Veri Ekleme:<\/strong>
\n    db-node2<\/code>‘ye ba\u011flan\u0131n ve yeni bir mesaj ekleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
USE test_galera;\n    INSERT INTO messages (message) VALUES ('Hello from db-node2!');<\/code><\/pre>\n
4.  T\u00fcm D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerde Verilerin G\u00fcncelli\u011fini Kontrol Etme:<\/strong>
\n    db-node1<\/code> veya db-node3<\/code>‘e ba\u011flanarak her iki mesaj\u0131n da orada olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
sudo mariadb -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n
USE test_galera;\n    SELECT * FROM messages;<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Her iki mesaj\u0131 da g\u00f6rmelisiniz. Bu, \u00e7oklu ana (multi-master) replikasyonun ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
5.  D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm Ar\u0131zas\u0131 Testi:<\/strong>
\n    Bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc durdurarak k\u00fcmenin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 test edin. \u00d6rne\u011fin, db-node2<\/code>‘yi durdurun:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl stop mariadb<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerden birine (db-node1<\/code> veya db-node3<\/code>) ba\u011flan\u0131n ve k\u00fcme boyutunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n
SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Boyutun 2<\/code>‘ye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmelisiniz. K\u00fcme hala \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r durumda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. db-node2<\/code>‘yi tekrar ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl start mariadb<\/code><\/pre>\n
    Bir s\u00fcre sonra db-node2<\/code> k\u00fcmeye tekrar kat\u0131lacak ve k\u00fcme boyutu tekrar 3<\/code> olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Geli\u015fmi\u015f Konular ve En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h3>\n
Bu makalede temel bir Galera Cluster kurulumunu ele ald\u0131k. \u00dcretim ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken baz\u0131 ek konular bulunmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Y\u00fck Dengeleme (Load Balancing)<\/h4>\n
Uygulamalar\u0131n Galera Cluster’a ba\u011flan\u0131rken tek bir IP adresi \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlere eri\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in bir y\u00fck dengeleyici (load balancer) kullanmak \u00f6nemlidir. Pop\u00fcler se\u00e7enekler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
*   MaxScale:<\/strong> MariaDB taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen, MariaDB ve MySQL i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir veritaban\u0131 proxy’si ve y\u00fck dengeleyicidir. Okuma\/yazma ay\u0131rma (read\/write splitting) gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zellikler sunar.
\n*   HAProxy:<\/strong> Genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 bir TCP\/HTTP y\u00fck dengeleyicidir. MariaDB ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.
\n*   Keepalived:<\/strong> Sanal IP (VIP) adresi sa\u011flayarak y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik sunar. HAProxy veya do\u011frudan MariaDB d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleriyle birlikte kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
SST Y\u00f6ntemleri (mariabackup<\/code> vs. rsync<\/code>)<\/h4>\n
wsrep_sst_method<\/code> parametresi, yeni bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn k\u00fcmeye kat\u0131l\u0131rken nas\u0131l senkronize olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n
*   rsync<\/code><\/strong>: Basit ve kolay kurulur, ancak SST i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda veritaban\u0131 kilitlenir (downtime). B\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildir.
\n*   mariabackup<\/code><\/strong>: MariaDB’nin kendi yedekleme arac\u0131d\u0131r. SST i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha az kilitlenme s\u00fcresi (near zero downtime) ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00dcretim ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir. Kullanmak i\u00e7in mariadb-backup<\/code> paketini kurman\u0131z ve wsrep_sst_auth<\/code> ile \u00f6zel bir SST kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
Quorum ve Split-Brain<\/h4>\n
Galera Cluster’da quorum (\u00e7o\u011funluk), k\u00fcmenin do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn k\u00fcmeden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda, kalan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmler quorum’a sahip olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131na bakar. \u00c7o\u011funluk (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 3 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcml\u00fc bir k\u00fcmede 2 veya 3 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm) varsa, k\u00fcme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder. E\u011fer \u00e7o\u011funluk kaybedilirse (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 3 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcml\u00fc bir k\u00fcmede 2 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u00e7\u00f6kerse ve sadece 1 d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm kal\u0131rsa), kalan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm kendisini “non-primary” olarak i\u015faretler ve yazma i\u015flemlerini durdurur.<\/p>\n
Split-Brain:<\/strong> A\u011f b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi (network partition) durumunda, k\u00fcme iki veya daha fazla ayr\u0131 k\u00fcmeye b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir. Her bir k\u00fcme par\u00e7as\u0131 kendisinin birincil (primary) oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir ve bu durum veri tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Galera Cluster, bu senaryoyu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in quorum mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130zleme (Monitoring)<\/h4>\n
Galera Cluster’\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve performans\u0131n\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in ara\u00e7lar kullanmak \u00f6nemlidir. wsrep_<\/code> ile ba\u015flayan MariaDB durum de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, k\u00fcme hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler sa\u011flar. Prometheus, Grafana, Percona Monitoring and Management (PMM) gibi ara\u00e7lar, bu verileri g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirmek ve uyar\u0131lar ayarlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Yedekleme Stratejileri<\/h4>\n
Y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirlik, yedeklemenin yerini tutmaz. D\u00fczenli yedeklemeler, veri bozulmas\u0131 veya yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla veri silinmesi gibi durumlarda verilerinizi kurtarmak i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir. mariabackup<\/code> veya mysqldump<\/code> gibi ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Sorun Giderme (Troubleshooting)<\/h3>\n
Galera Cluster kurulumunda veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak olas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131 yayg\u0131n sorunlar ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri:<\/p>\n
1.  D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm K\u00fcmeye Kat\u0131lam\u0131yor:<\/strong>
\n    *   G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131:<\/strong> Gerekli portlar\u0131n (3306, 4444, 4567, 4568) a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n    *   \/etc\/hosts<\/code>:<\/strong> T\u00fcm d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin birbirini isim ve IP ile do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden emin olun.
\n    *   Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131:<\/strong> \/etc\/mysql\/conf.d\/galera.cnf<\/code> dosyas\u0131ndaki wsrep_cluster_address<\/code>, wsrep_node_name<\/code>, wsrep_node_address<\/code> ve wsrep_provider<\/code> parametrelerinin do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan emin olun. \u00d6zellikle wsrep_cluster_address<\/code> i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm aktif d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerin IP adresleri olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n    *   MariaDB Loglar\u0131:<\/strong> \/var\/log\/mysql\/error.log<\/code> veya journalctl -u mariadb<\/code> komutuyla MariaDB loglar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin. Hata mesajlar\u0131 sorunun k\u00f6kenini g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p>\n
2.  SST Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Oluyor:<\/strong>
\n    *   SST Y\u00f6ntemi:<\/strong> wsrep_sst_method<\/code> olarak rsync<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, rsync<\/code> paketinin kurulu oldu\u011fundan emin olun. mariabackup<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, mariadb-backup<\/code> paketinin kurulu oldu\u011fundan ve wsrep_sst_auth<\/code> ile belirtilen kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru yetkilere sahip oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n    *   Disk Alan\u0131:<\/strong> Hedef d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde yeterli disk alan\u0131 oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
\n    *   SST Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Yetkileri:<\/strong> E\u011fer mariabackup<\/code> kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, wsrep_sst_auth<\/code> ile belirtilen kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n RELOAD<\/code>, PROCESS<\/code>, LOCK TABLES<\/code>, REPLICATION CLIENT<\/code> ve SUPER<\/code> (veya BINLOG MONITOR<\/code>) gibi gerekli yetkilere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
3.  K\u00fcme Boyutu (wsrep_cluster_size) Beklenenden D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck:<\/strong>
\n    *   Bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin (systemctl status mariadb<\/code>).
\n    *   \u00c7evrimd\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcn loglar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.
\n    *   A\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/p>\n
4.  Yazma \u0130\u015flemleri \u00c7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor (D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm Primary Olmayabilir):<\/strong>
\n    *   SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_status';<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Primary<\/code> oldu\u011fundan emin olun. E\u011fer Non-Primary<\/code> ise, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm quorum’u kaybetmi\u015f olabilir veya bir a\u011f b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olabilir.
\n    *   SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_ready';<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ON<\/code> oldu\u011fundan emin olun.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu makalede, Debian 10 sunucular\u0131 \u00fczerinde MariaDB Galera Cluster’\u0131n kurulumu ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ad\u0131m ad\u0131m bir rehber sunduk. Galera Cluster, senkron replikasyon, \u00e7oklu ana mimari ve otomatik d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm sa\u011flama gibi \u00f6zellikleriyle y\u00fcksek eri\u015filebilirli\u011fe sahip veritaban\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir temel sa\u011flar. Do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve izleme ile, bu t\u00fcr bir k\u00fcme, uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in kesintisiz bir veritaban\u0131 hizmeti sunabilir.<\/p>\n
Unutmay\u0131n ki her \u00fcretim ortam\u0131n\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc gereksinimleri vard\u0131r. Bu rehber bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fck dengeleme, geli\u015fmi\u015f SST y\u00f6ntemleri, kapsaml\u0131 izleme ve yedekleme stratejileri gibi konular, canl\u0131ya ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce dikkatlice planlanmal\u0131 ve uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Cluster’\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak test etmek ve olas\u0131 ar\u0131za senaryolar\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmak, sisteminizin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"MariaDB ve Galera Cluster ile Debian 10 Sunucular\u0131nda Y\u00fcksek Eri\u015filebilirli\u011fe Sahip Veritaban\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131\nMariaDB Galera Cluster, y\u00fcksek","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-33440","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-linux","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nMariaDB ve Galera Cluster ile Debian 10 Sunucular\u0131nda Y\u00fcksek Eri\u015filebilirli\u011fe Sahip Veritaban\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 - 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