Modern web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan sunucu altyap\u0131lar\u0131, bir sitenin ba\u015far\u0131yla yay\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131nda kritik rol oynar. Bu makalede, yeni bir Ubuntu 14.04 sunucusu \u00fczerinde pop\u00fcler LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 kurmay\u0131, g\u00fcvenli dosya transferi i\u00e7in SFTP’yi yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 ve alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sunucunuza y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in DNS ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yapmay\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyece\u011fiz. Ubuntu 14.04’\u00fcn uzun s\u00fcreli destek (LTS) s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olmas\u0131, belirli projeler veya eski sistemlerle uyumluluk gerektiren durumlar i\u00e7in hala ge\u00e7erli bir se\u00e7enek olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu rehber, web sitenizi g\u00fcvenli ve verimli bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131na almak i\u00e7in ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olan t\u00fcm temel ad\u0131mlar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sunucunuzu kullanmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, temel sistem ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yapmal\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini almal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Yeni sunucunuza eri\u015fim genellikle SSH (Secure Shell) protokol\u00fc \u00fczerinden sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bir terminal veya SSH istemcisi kullanarak sunucunuza ba\u011flanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
ssh kullan\u0131c\u0131ad\u0131@sunucu_ip_adresi<\/code><\/pre>\nBurada kullan\u0131c\u0131ad\u0131<\/code> genellikle root<\/code> veya sunucu sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n size verdi\u011fi varsay\u0131lan kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131d\u0131r. sunucu_ip_adresi<\/code> ise sunucunuzun genel IP adresidir. \u0130lk ba\u011flant\u0131da parolan\u0131z\u0131 girmeniz istenecektir.<\/p>\n1.2. Sistemi G\u00fcncelleme<\/h4>\n
Sisteminizi g\u00fcncel tutmak, hem g\u00fcvenlik hem de performans a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Ba\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra ilk yapman\u0131z gereken \u015fey budur.<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get update\nsudo apt-get upgrade -y<\/code><\/pre>\napt-get update<\/code> komutu, paket listelerini g\u00fcncellerken, apt-get upgrade<\/code> komutu kurulu paketleri en son s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerine y\u00fckseltir. -y<\/code> parametresi, t\u00fcm sorulara otomatik olarak “evet” yan\u0131t\u0131 vermenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n1.3. Yeni Bir Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Olu\u015fturma ve Yetkilendirme<\/h4>\n
root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile do\u011frudan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak g\u00fcvenlik riskleri ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle, sudo<\/code> yetkilerine sahip yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak en iyi uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\nsudo adduser siteniz_kullanicisi<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut, yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131z\u0131 ve parolas\u0131n\u0131 belirlemenizi isteyecektir. Ard\u0131ndan, bu kullan\u0131c\u0131ya sudo<\/code> yetkisi vererek y\u00f6netici g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirebilmesini sa\u011flay\u0131n:<\/p>\nsudo usermod -aG sudo siteniz_kullanicisi<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi root<\/code> hesab\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yap\u0131p yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zla tekrar ba\u011flanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nexit\nssh siteniz_kullanicisi@sunucu_ip_adresi<\/code><\/pre>\n1.4. G\u00fcvenlik Duvar\u0131 (UFW) Kurulumu ve Ayarlar\u0131<\/h4>\n
G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131, sunucunuza gelen ve giden trafi\u011fi kontrol ederek yetkisiz eri\u015fimi engeller. Ubuntu’da UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve etkilidir.<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get install ufw -y<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulumdan sonra, gerekli portlar\u0131 a\u00e7mal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. SSH (22), HTTP (80) ve HTTPS (443) temel olarak a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken portlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo ufw allow OpenSSH\nsudo ufw allow 'Apache Full' # Bu, hem 80 hem de 443 portlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar\nsudo ufw enable<\/code><\/pre>\nsudo ufw enable<\/code> komutu g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftirir. Bu komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra bir uyar\u0131 alabilirsiniz, onaylamak i\u00e7in y<\/code> yaz\u0131p Enter tu\u015funa bas\u0131n. G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131n durumunu kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\nsudo ufw status<\/code><\/pre>\n2. LAMP Y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kurulumu (Apache, MySQL, PHP)<\/h3>\n
LAMP, dinamik web siteleri ve uygulamalar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m paketidir.<\/p>\n
2.1. Apache Web Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
Apache, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en pop\u00fcler web sunucular\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get install apache2 -y<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra Apache otomatik olarak ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo service apache2 status<\/code><\/pre>\nTaray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan sunucunuzun IP adresini ziyaret etti\u011finizde, “It works!” yazan varsay\u0131lan Apache sayfas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n
2.2. MySQL Veritaban\u0131 Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
MySQL, web uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ili\u015fkisel veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemidir.<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client -y<\/code><\/pre>\nKurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda MySQL root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in bir parola belirlemeniz istenecektir. Bu parolay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in gereklidir.<\/p>\nKurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, MySQL kurulumunuzu g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in mysql_secure_installation<\/code> komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir:<\/p>\nsudo mysql_secure_installation<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komut size bir dizi soru soracakt\u0131r:
\n* VALIDATE PASSWORD PLUGIN:<\/strong> Parola politikas\u0131 belirlemenizi sa\u011flar. Genellikle “Hay\u0131r” se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7ip g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir parola belirlemek yeterlidir.
\n* Change the root password?<\/strong>: Daha \u00f6nce belirledi\u011finiz parolay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek isterseniz “Evet”.
\n* Remove anonymous users?<\/strong>: Anonim kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 kald\u0131rmak g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir, “Evet”.
\n* Disallow root login remotely?<\/strong>: root<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n uzaktan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 engellemek g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir, “Evet”.
\n* Remove test database and access to it?<\/strong>: Test veritaban\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak da iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r, “Evet”.
\n* Reload privilege tables now?<\/strong>: De\u011fi\u015fikliklerin hemen etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in “Evet”.<\/p>\n2.3. PHP Kurulumu<\/h4>\n
PHP, dinamik web i\u00e7eri\u011fi olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan sunucu taraf\u0131 bir betik dilidir. Ubuntu 14.04, PHP 5.x s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerini kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get install php5 libapache2-mod-php5 php5-mysql php5-cli php5-gd -y<\/code><\/pre>\n* php5<\/code>: PHP motorunun kendisi.
\n* libapache2-mod-php5<\/code>: PHP’nin Apache ile entegrasyonunu sa\u011flar.
\n* php5-mysql<\/code>: PHP’nin MySQL veritabanlar\u0131yla ileti\u015fim kurmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan mod\u00fcl.
\n* php5-cli<\/code>: Komut sat\u0131r\u0131ndan PHP betiklerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in.
\n* php5-gd<\/code>: G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc i\u015fleme fonksiyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin, CAPTCHA olu\u015fturma, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck resimler).<\/p>\nPHP mod\u00fcllerini kurduktan sonra, Apache’nin PHP’yi tan\u0131mas\u0131 i\u00e7in web sunucusunu yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z gerekir:<\/p>\n
sudo service apache2 restart<\/code><\/pre>\nPHP’nin do\u011fru \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in, web k\u00f6k dizininde (varsay\u0131lan olarak \/var\/www\/html\/<\/code>) bir info.php<\/code> dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nsudo nano \/var\/www\/html\/info.php<\/code><\/pre>\nDosyan\u0131n i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kodu ekleyin:<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\nKaydedip kapat\u0131n (Ctrl+O, Enter, Ctrl+X). \u015eimdi taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan http:\/\/sunucu_ip_adresi\/info.php<\/code> adresini ziyaret etti\u011finizde, PHP kurulumunuzla ilgili detayl\u0131 bir bilgi sayfas\u0131 g\u00f6rmelisiniz. G\u00fcvenlik nedeniyle, bu dosyay\u0131 testten sonra silmeyi unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\nsudo rm \/var\/www\/html\/info.php<\/code><\/pre>\n3. Sanal Host (Virtual Host) Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n
Sanal hostlar, tek bir sunucu \u00fczerinde birden fazla web sitesini bar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r. Her web sitesi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
3.1. Web Sitesi Dizini Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Web sitenizin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131racak bir dizin yap\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturun. Genellikle \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\/public_html<\/code> \u015feklinde bir yap\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\nsudo mkdir -p \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\/public_html<\/code><\/pre>\npublic_html<\/code> dizini, sitenizin genel eri\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131k dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erecektir.<\/p>\n3.2. Dizin \u0130zinlerini Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
Apache web sunucusunun (genellikle www-data<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r) web sitesi dosyalar\u0131na eri\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in do\u011fru izinleri ayarlaman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\nsudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\nsudo chmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com<\/code><\/pre>\nBu komutlar, t\u00fcm dizin ve dosya sahipli\u011fini www-data<\/code> kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na ve grubuna atar ve 755<\/code> izinlerini ayarlar (755<\/code> genellikle web dizinleri i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli bir varsay\u0131lan izindir: sahibine tam okuma\/yazma\/\u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, di\u011ferlerine sadece okuma\/\u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma).<\/p>\n3.3. Sanal Host Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Yeni bir sanal host yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in Apache’nin sites-available<\/code> dizinini kullanaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\nsudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/alanadiniz.com.conf<\/code><\/pre>\nDosyan\u0131n i\u00e7ine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki i\u00e7eri\u011fi ekleyin. alanadiniz.com<\/code> ve www.alanadiniz.com<\/code> yerine kendi alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 yazmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost\n ServerName alanadiniz.com\n ServerAlias www.alanadiniz.com\n DocumentRoot \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\/public_html\n\n ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}\/error.log\n CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}\/access.log combined\n\n \n Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews\n AllowOverride All\n Order allow,deny\n allow from all\n <\/Directory>\n<\/VirtualHost><\/code><\/pre>\n* ServerAdmin<\/code><\/strong>: Sunucu y\u00f6neticisinin e-posta adresi.
\n* ServerName<\/code><\/strong>: Sitenizin birincil alan ad\u0131.
\n* ServerAlias<\/code><\/strong>: Sitenizin alternatif alan adlar\u0131 (\u00f6rn. www<\/code> \u00f6neki ile).
\n* DocumentRoot<\/code><\/strong>: Web sitesi dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu dizin.
\n* ErrorLog<\/code> ve CustomLog<\/code><\/strong>: Hata ve eri\u015fim kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n tutuldu\u011fu dosyalar.
\n* <\/code><\/strong>: Belirli bir dizin i\u00e7in \u00f6zel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar. AllowOverride All<\/code> \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc .htaccess<\/code> dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nKaydedip kapat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
3.4. Sanal Hostu Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h4>\n
Yeni olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz sanal hostu etkinle\u015ftirmek ve Apache’ye bildirmek i\u00e7in a2ensite<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\nsudo a2ensite alanadiniz.com.conf<\/code><\/pre>\nVarsay\u0131lan Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 (000-default.conf) devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece sunucu IP adresine do\u011frudan eri\u015fimde sizin siteniz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf<\/code><\/pre>\nApache yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131nda herhangi bir hata olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
sudo apache2ctl configtest<\/code><\/pre>\nE\u011fer Syntax OK<\/code> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rsan\u0131z, Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flatabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nsudo service apache2 restart<\/code><\/pre>\n4. SFTP Eri\u015fimi Kurulumu<\/h3>\n
SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol), dosyalar\u0131 sunucuya g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcklemenin ve indirmelerin en iyi yoludur. SFTP, SSH’nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir kurulum gerektirmez, ancak g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in belirli bir dizinle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 (chroot) bir SFTP kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmak iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4.1. SFTP Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Web siteniz i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir SFTP kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturun. Bu kullan\u0131c\u0131, sadece belirli bir dizine eri\u015febilecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sudo adduser sftpuser<\/code><\/pre>\nParola belirledikten sonra, bu kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6zel bir SFTP grubuna ekleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
sudo groupadd sftpusers\nsudo usermod -aG sftpusers sftpuser<\/code><\/pre>\n4.2. Chroot Jail ile SFTP Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/h4>\n
SFTP kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sunucunun t\u00fcm dosya sistemine eri\u015fmesini engellemek i\u00e7in chroot jail kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu, kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sadece belirli bir dizin i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
SSH yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin:<\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/code><\/pre>\nDosyada a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131r\u0131 bulun ve yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131n (ba\u015f\u0131na #<\/code> ekleyin):<\/p>\n#Subsystem sftp \/usr\/lib\/openssh\/sftp-server<\/code><\/pre>\nHemen alt\u0131na yeni bir sat\u0131r ekleyin:<\/p>\n
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp<\/code><\/pre>\nDosyan\u0131n en alt\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki blo\u011fu ekleyin:<\/p>\n
Match Group sftpusers\n ChrootDirectory \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\n ForceCommand internal-sftp\n AllowTcpForwarding no\n X11Forwarding no\n PasswordAuthentication yes<\/code><\/pre>\n* Match Group sftpusers<\/code><\/strong>: Bu kurallar\u0131n sadece sftpusers<\/code> grubundaki kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n* ChrootDirectory \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu dizinle s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00d6NEML\u0130:<\/strong> Bu dizinin ve \u00fcst dizinlerinin sahibi root<\/code> olmal\u0131 ve sadece root<\/code> yazma iznine sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n* ForceCommand internal-sftp<\/code><\/strong>: Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sadece SFTP yapabilmesini sa\u011flar, SSH kabuk eri\u015fimini engeller.
\n* AllowTcpForwarding no<\/code><\/strong>, X11Forwarding no<\/code><\/strong>: G\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in bu \u00f6zellikleri devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r.
\n* PasswordAuthentication yes<\/code><\/strong>: Parola ile giri\u015f yap\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\nKaydedip kapat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
4.3. Chroot Dizin \u0130zinlerini Ayarlama<\/h4>\n
Chroot dizin kurallar\u0131 gere\u011fi, \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com<\/code> dizininin sahibi root<\/code> olmal\u0131 ve di\u011fer kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu dizine yazma izni olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak SFTP kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sitenin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckleyebilmesi i\u00e7in public_html<\/code> dizinine yazma izni olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\nsudo chown root:root \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\nsudo chmod 755 \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\nsudo chown sftpuser:sftpusers \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\/public_html\nsudo chmod 775 \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com\/public_html<\/code><\/pre>\nBu ayarlarla, sftpuser<\/code> \/var\/www\/alanadiniz.com<\/code> dizinine chroot edilecek ve public_html<\/code> dizinine dosya y\u00fckleyebilecektir.<\/p>\nDe\u011fi\u015fikliklerin etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in SSH servisini yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n:<\/p>\n
sudo service ssh restart<\/code><\/pre>\n\u015eimdi bir SFTP istemcisi (FileZilla, WinSCP vb.) kullanarak sftpuser<\/code> ad\u0131 ve parolas\u0131yla sunucunuza ba\u011flanmay\u0131 deneyin. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, sadece \/public_html<\/code> dizinini g\u00f6rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n5. DNS Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3>\n
Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin alanadiniz.com<\/code>) sunucunuzun IP adresine i\u015faret etmesi i\u00e7in DNS (Domain Name System) ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yapman\u0131z gerekir. Bu i\u015flem, alan ad\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n (domain registrar) veya DNS hizmeti sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kontrol panelinden yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n5.1. A Kayd\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h4>\n
Alan ad\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kontrol paneline giri\u015f yap\u0131n ve DNS y\u00f6netimi veya “Manage DNS” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bulun. Burada, sunucunuzun genel IP adresine i\u015faret eden bir A kayd\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
* Tip (Type):<\/strong> A
\n* Ad (Name\/Host):<\/strong> @<\/code> (Bu, do\u011frudan alanadiniz.com<\/code> i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir)
\n* De\u011fer (Value\/Points To):<\/strong> Sunucunuzun IP adresi (\u00f6rn. 192.0.2.1<\/code>)
\n* TTL (Time To Live):<\/strong> Genellikle varsay\u0131lan olarak b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r (\u00f6rn. 3600 saniye veya 1 saat).<\/p>\nwww.alanadiniz.com<\/code> i\u00e7in de bir kay\u0131t olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekebilir. Bunu iki \u015fekilde yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n1. A Kayd\u0131:<\/strong>
\n * Tip (Type):<\/strong> A
\n * Ad (Name\/Host):<\/strong> www<\/code>
\n * De\u011fer (Value\/Points To):<\/strong> Sunucunuzun IP adresi
\n2. CNAME Kayd\u0131 (Tavsiye Edilen):<\/strong>
\n * Tip (Type):<\/strong> CNAME
\n * Ad (Name\/Host):<\/strong> www<\/code>
\n * De\u011fer (Value\/Points To):<\/strong> alanadiniz.com<\/code> (veya @<\/code>)<\/p>\nCNAME kayd\u0131, www<\/code> alt alan ad\u0131n\u0131n alanadiniz.com<\/code> ile ayn\u0131 IP adresini kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. E\u011fer sunucunuzun IP adresi de\u011fi\u015firse, sadece A kayd\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncellemeniz yeterli olur.<\/p>\n5.2. DNS Yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 (Propagation)<\/h4>\n
DNS de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, d\u00fcnya genelindeki DNS sunucular\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131 biraz zaman alabilir. Bu s\u00fcreye DNS yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 (propagation) denir ve birka\u00e7 dakika ile 48 saat aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir (TTL de\u011ferine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak). De\u011fi\u015fikliklerinizi kontrol etmek i\u00e7in dnschecker.org<\/code> gibi siteleri kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n6. Sitenizi Y\u00fckleme ve Son Kontroller<\/h3>\n
Art\u0131k sunucunuz haz\u0131r, SFTP eri\u015fiminiz var ve DNS ayarlar\u0131n\u0131z yap\u0131ld\u0131. Sitenizi yay\u0131na almaya haz\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
6.1. Web Sitesi Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Y\u00fckleme<\/h4>\n
SFTP istemcinizi kullanarak sftpuser<\/code> ile sunucunuza ba\u011flan\u0131n ve web sitenizin t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 \/public_html<\/code> dizinine y\u00fckleyin. E\u011fer bir HTML sitesi ise, index.html<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 bu dizine koyun. E\u011fer bir PHP uygulamas\u0131 (WordPress, Joomla vb.) ise, uygulaman\u0131n dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 buraya kopyalay\u0131n.<\/p>\n6.2. Veritaban\u0131 Olu\u015fturma ve \u0130\u00e7e Aktarma (Gerekirse)<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer siteniz bir veritaban\u0131 kullan\u0131yorsa, MySQL’de bir veritaban\u0131 ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n
sudo mysql -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\nMySQL root<\/code> parolan\u0131z\u0131 girin. Ard\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak bir veritaban\u0131 ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\nCREATE DATABASE sitenizin_veritabani;\nCREATE USER 'siteniz_kullanici'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'guclu_parola';\nGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON sitenizin_veritabani.* TO 'siteniz_kullanicisi'@'localhost';\nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;\nEXIT;<\/code><\/pre>\n* sitenizin_veritabani<\/code>: Web sitenizin kullanaca\u011f\u0131 veritaban\u0131 ad\u0131.
\n* siteniz_kullanicisi<\/code>: Bu veritaban\u0131na eri\u015fecek kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131.
\n* guclu_parola<\/code>: Bu kullan\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir parola.<\/p>\nE\u011fer mevcut bir veritaban\u0131 yede\u011finiz varsa (\u00f6rn. .sql<\/code> dosyas\u0131), bunu yeni olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz veritaban\u0131na aktarabilirsiniz:<\/p>\nmysql -u siteniz_kullanicisi -p sitenizin_veritabani < \/yol\/to\/veritabani_yedegi.sql<\/code><\/pre>\nParola istendi\u011finde siteniz_kullanicisi<\/code> i\u00e7in belirledi\u011finiz parolay\u0131 girin.<\/p>\n6.3. Site Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcncelleme<\/h4>\n
E\u011fer siteniz bir PHP uygulamas\u0131ysa (WordPress gibi), uygulaman\u0131n yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rn. wp-config.php<\/code>) d\u00fczenleyerek yeni veritaban\u0131 ad\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve parolay\u0131 girmeniz gerekebilir. Ayr\u0131ca, sitenin URL'sini (alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131) do\u011fru \u015fekilde ayarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/p>\n6.4. Taray\u0131c\u0131dan Siteyi Kontrol Etme<\/h4>\n
DNS yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan http:\/\/alanadiniz.com<\/code> adresini ziyaret ederek sitenizin do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin. Her \u015fey yolundaysa, siteniz yay\u0131nda demektir!<\/p>\n7. Ek G\u00fcvenlik ve Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Sitenizi yay\u0131na ald\u0131ktan sonra, g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve performans\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ek ad\u0131mlar atabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
* HTTPS (SSL\/TLS) Kurulumu:<\/strong> Let's Encrypt gibi \u00fccretsiz sertifikalarla sitenizi HTTPS \u00fczerinden yay\u0131nlayarak g\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131n. Bu, ziyaret\u00e7ilerinizin taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nda \"g\u00fcvenli\" ibaresini g\u00f6rmelerini sa\u011flar.
\n* Otomatik G\u00fcncellemeler:<\/strong> G\u00fcvenlik yamalar\u0131n\u0131n otomatik olarak uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in otomatik g\u00fcncellemeleri yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131n.
\n* Yedeklemeler:<\/strong> D\u00fczenli olarak sitenizin dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 ve veritaban\u0131n\u0131 yedekleyin.
\n* G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Parolalar:<\/strong> T\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131 ve veritaban\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, karma\u015f\u0131k parolalar kullan\u0131n.
\n* Log Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130zleme:<\/strong> Apache ve sistem loglar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak kontrol ederek olas\u0131 hatalar\u0131 veya g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 erken tespit edin.
\n* PHP Bellek S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131:<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck uygulamalar i\u00e7in \/etc\/php5\/apache2\/php.ini<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda memory_limit<\/code> gibi PHP ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 optimize edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\nSonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu kapsaml\u0131 rehberde, yeni bir Ubuntu 14.04 sunucusu \u00fczerinde LAMP y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 kurmay\u0131, g\u00fcvenli SFTP eri\u015fimini yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 ve alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sunucunuza y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in DNS ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yapmay\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011frendiniz. Art\u0131k web sitenizi g\u00fcvenli ve verimli bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131na alabilecek bilgi ve ara\u00e7lara sahipsiniz. Unutmay\u0131n ki sunucu y\u00f6netimi s\u00fcrekli bir \u00f6\u011frenme ve bak\u0131m s\u00fcrecidir. G\u00fcvenlik ve performans i\u00e7in d\u00fczenli g\u00fcncellemeler ve izlemeler yapmaya devam edin. Ba\u015far\u0131lar dileriz!<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yeni Bir Ubuntu 14.04 Sunucusunda LAMP, SFTP ve DNS ile Sitenizi Nas\u0131l Ba\u015flat\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z?\nModern web uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan sunucu al","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-33398","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\n
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