{"id":32574,"date":"2025-10-23T11:40:59","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T08:40:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=32574"},"modified":"2025-10-23T11:40:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T08:40:59","slug":"python-requests-ile-baslangic-get-istekleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/python-requests-ile-baslangic-get-istekleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Requests ile Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 – GET \u0130stekleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Python Requests ile Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 – GET \u0130stekleri<\/h2>\n

Python programlama dili, web tabanl\u0131 uygulamalarla etkile\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u00e7lar sunar. Bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, HTTP isteklerini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi gelir. Web’den veri \u00e7ekmek, API’lerle ileti\u015fim kurmak veya web sitelerinin i\u015fleyi\u015fini otomatikle\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finizde, requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi vazge\u00e7ilmez bir yard\u0131mc\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makalede, requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin temel \u00f6zelliklerini ve \u00f6zellikle “GET” isteklerini nas\u0131l kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Amac\u0131m\u0131z, okuyucuyu Python requests<\/code> ile ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde web’den veri \u00e7ekebilecek seviyeye getirmektir.<\/p>\n

requests K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Neden \u00d6nemli?<\/h3>\n

\u0130nternet, milyarlarca bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran devasa bir a\u011fd\u0131r. Bu kaynaklara programatik olarak eri\u015fmek, verileri i\u015flemek ve otomatikle\u015ftirmek, modern yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirmenin temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), web \u00fczerinde veri al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini sa\u011flayan protokold\u00fcr. Bir web sitesini ziyaret etti\u011finizde, asl\u0131nda taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z o siteye bir HTTP iste\u011fi g\u00f6nderir ve site de size bir HTTP yan\u0131t\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Python requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, bu HTTP isteklerini Python kodu i\u00e7inden kolayca yapman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Python’\u0131n standart k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinde urllib<\/code> ad\u0131nda benzer bir mod\u00fcl bulunsa da, requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi \u00e7ok daha kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu, okunabilir ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. requests<\/code> ile karma\u015f\u0131k HTTP isteklerini bile birka\u00e7 sat\u0131r kodla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Geli\u015ftiriciler aras\u0131nda “HTTP for Humans” (\u0130nsanlar i\u00e7in HTTP) slogan\u0131yla an\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00fct\u00fcphanenin ne kadar sezgisel oldu\u011funun bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

GET iste\u011fi, HTTP protokol\u00fcn\u00fcn en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerinden biridir. Bir web sunucusundan belirli bir kayna\u011f\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir HTML sayfas\u0131, bir resim, bir JSON verisi) talep etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. GET istekleri, sunucuda herhangi bir veri de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapmamal\u0131d\u0131r; sadece veri almal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, onlar\u0131 veri okuma i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in ideal k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Kurulum ve \u0130lk Ad\u0131mlar<\/h3>\n

requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kullanmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, Python ortam\u0131n\u0131zda kurulu olmas\u0131 gerekir. E\u011fer kurulu de\u011filse, Python’\u0131n paket y\u00f6neticisi pip<\/code> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kolayca kurabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n

pip install requests<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneyi Python beti\u011finizde import<\/code> ederek kullanmaya ba\u015flayabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
import requests<\/code><\/pre>\n
Art\u0131k requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kullanarak ilk GET iste\u011fimizi yapmaya haz\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Temel Bir GET \u0130ste\u011fi Yapmak<\/h3>\n
Bir GET iste\u011fi yapmak, requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ile olduk\u00e7a basittir. Tek yapman\u0131z gereken, requests.get()<\/code> fonksiyonuna hedef URL’yi iletmektir. \u00d6rnek olarak, herkese a\u00e7\u0131k bir API olan JSONPlaceholder’dan sahte g\u00f6nderi verilerini \u00e7ekelim:<\/p>\n
import requests\n\n
Hedef URL<\/h2>\nurl = \"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts\/1\"\n\n
GET iste\u011fi yapma<\/h2>\nresponse = requests.get(url)\n\n
Yan\u0131t\u0131 kontrol etme<\/h2>\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    print(\"\u0130stek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131!\")\n    print(response.json()) # JSON yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 Python s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\nelse:\n    print(f\"\u0130stek ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z! Durum Kodu: {response.status_code}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yukar\u0131daki kodda, requests.get(url)<\/code> \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 belirtilen URL’ye bir GET iste\u011fi g\u00f6nderir ve bize bir Response<\/code> objesi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu obje, sunucudan gelen yan\u0131tla ilgili t\u00fcm bilgileri i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
Yan\u0131t Objelerini Anlamak (Response Object)<\/h3>\n
requests.get()<\/code> fonksiyonunun d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Response<\/code> objesi, bir HTTP yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc temsil eder. Bu objenin farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini inceleyerek, iste\u011fimizin sonucunu ve sunucudan gelen verileri anlayabiliriz.<\/p>\n
Durum Kodu (Status Code)<\/h4>\n
response.status_code<\/code> \u00f6zelli\u011fi, HTTP durum kodunu i\u00e7erir. Bu kodlar, iste\u011fin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya bir hata olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00fc\u00e7 haneli say\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
*   200 OK<\/strong>: \u0130stek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu.
\n*   201 Created<\/strong>: \u0130stek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ve yeni bir kaynak olu\u015fturuldu (genellikle POST istekleri i\u00e7in).
\n*   204 No Content<\/strong>: \u0130stek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ancak d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclecek i\u00e7erik yok.
\n*   301 Moved Permanently<\/strong>: Kaynak kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak ba\u015fka bir yere ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.
\n*   302 Found<\/strong>: Kaynak ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir yere ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.
\n*   400 Bad Request<\/strong>: \u0130stek yanl\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlendirilmi\u015f.
\n*   401 Unauthorized<\/strong>: Kimlik do\u011frulama gerekli.
\n*   403 Forbidden<\/strong>: Sunucu iste\u011fi anlam\u0131\u015f ancak yetkilendirme reddedilmi\u015f.
\n*   404 Not Found<\/strong>: Kaynak bulunamad\u0131.
\n*   500 Internal Server Error<\/strong>: Sunucu taraf\u0131nda beklenmeyen bir hata olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
response.raise_for_status()<\/code> y\u00f6ntemi, durum kodu 4xx veya 5xx ise bir HTTPError<\/code> istisnas\u0131 y\u00fckseltir. Bu, hata kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc otomatikle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts\/9999\" # Olmayan bir g\u00f6nderi\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(url)\n    response.raise_for_status()  # 4xx veya 5xx durum kodlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hata f\u0131rlat\u0131r\n    print(response.json())\nexcept requests.exceptions.HTTPError as err:\n    print(f\"HTTP Hatas\u0131: {err}\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:\n    print(f\"Di\u011fer bir hata olu\u015ftu: {err}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Yan\u0131t \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi (Content)<\/h4>\n
Yan\u0131t\u0131n ana i\u00e7eri\u011fine farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde eri\u015febilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
*   response.text<\/code>: Yan\u0131t\u0131n metin i\u00e7eri\u011fini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Genellikle HTML veya d\u00fcz metin yan\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, metin kodlamas\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak alg\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n*   response.json()<\/code>: E\u011fer yan\u0131t i\u00e7eri\u011fi ge\u00e7erli bir JSON format\u0131ndaysa, bu metot i\u00e7eri\u011fi bir Python s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya listesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. API’lerden veri \u00e7ekerken en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemdir.
\n*   response.content<\/code>: Yan\u0131t\u0131n ham bayt i\u00e7eri\u011fini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Resimler, ses dosyalar\u0131 veya di\u011fer ikili verileri indirirken kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\n
JSON yan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in<\/h2>\njson_url = \"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts\/1\"\njson_response = requests.get(json_url)\nprint(\"JSON \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi (Python S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc):\", json_response.json())\n\n
D\u00fcz metin\/HTML yan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir web sitesi)<\/h2>\nhtml_url = \"https:\/\/www.google.com\"\nhtml_response = requests.get(html_url)\nprint(\"HTML \u0130\u00e7eri\u011finin ilk 200 karakteri:\", html_response.text[:200])\n\n
\u0130kili veri (resim) i\u00e7in (\u00f6rnek olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir resim URL'si)<\/h2>\n
\u00d6NEML\u0130: Ger\u00e7ek bir resim URL'si kullanmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Bu sadece bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/h2>\n
image_url = \"https:\/\/www.python.org\/static\/img\/python-logo.png\"<\/h2>\n
image_response = requests.get(image_url)<\/h2>\n
with open(\"python_logo.png\", \"wb\") as f:<\/h2>\n
f.write(image_response.content)<\/h2>\n
print(\"Resim indirildi.\")<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Yan\u0131t Ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 (Headers)<\/h4>\n
response.headers<\/code> \u00f6zelli\u011fi, sunucudan gelen HTTP ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck olarak i\u00e7erir. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar, yan\u0131t hakk\u0131nda ek bilgiler sa\u011flar (\u00f6rne\u011fin i\u00e7erik t\u00fcr\u00fc, sunucu bilgisi, \u00e7erezler, \u00f6nbellekleme talimatlar\u0131).<\/p>\n
import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts\/1\"\nresponse = requests.get(url)\n\nprint(\"Yan\u0131t Ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131:\")\nfor header, value in response.headers.items():\n    print(f\"{header}: {value}\")\n\nprint(\"Content-Type:\", response.headers.get(\"Content-Type\"))<\/code><\/pre>\n
Di\u011fer Yararl\u0131 \u00d6zellikler<\/h4>\n
*   response.url<\/code>: \u0130ste\u011fin g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi nihai URL’yi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr (y\u00f6nlendirmelerden sonraki URL).
\n*   response.request<\/code>: \u0130ste\u011fi olu\u015fturan PreparedRequest<\/code> objesine eri\u015fim sa\u011flar. \u0130ste\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131, g\u00f6vdesi gibi detaylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyebilirsiniz.
\n*   response.elapsed<\/code>: \u0130ste\u011fin g\u00f6nderilmesinden yan\u0131t\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreyi g\u00f6steren bir timedelta<\/code> objesidir. Performans analizi i\u00e7in faydal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n*   response.cookies<\/code>: Yan\u0131tta gelen \u00e7erezleri i\u00e7eren bir RequestsCookieJar<\/code> objesidir.<\/p>\n
GET \u0130steklerinde Parametre Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
\u00c7o\u011fu API, verileri filtrelemek, s\u0131ralamak veya aramak i\u00e7in URL’ye eklenen sorgu parametreleri (query parameters) kullan\u0131r. requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, bu parametreleri bir Python s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak params<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla iletmenizi sa\u011flar. K\u00fct\u00fcphane, bu s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc otomatik olarak URL’ye do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kodlar.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek olarak, JSONPlaceholder API’sinden belirli bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya ait t\u00fcm g\u00f6nderileri \u00e7ekelim:<\/p>\n
import requests\n\nbase_url = \"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts\"\nparams = {\n    \"userId\": 1  # userId'si 1 olan t\u00fcm g\u00f6nderileri getir\n}\n\nresponse = requests.get(base_url, params=params)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    posts = response.json()\n    for post in posts:\n        print(f\"ID: {post['id']}, Ba\u015fl\u0131k: {post['title']}\")\nelse:\n    print(f\"Hata: {response.status_code}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu \u00f6rnekte, requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi base_url<\/code> ve params<\/code> s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc birle\u015ftirerek \u015fu URL’yi olu\u015fturur: https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts?userId=1<\/code>. Birden fazla parametre eklemek i\u00e7in s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011fe yeni anahtar-de\u011fer \u00e7iftleri eklemeniz yeterlidir.<\/p>\n
params_multiple = {\n    \"userId\": 2,\n    \"_limit\": 5 # userId'si 2 olan ilk 5 g\u00f6nderiyi getir\n}\n\nresponse_multiple = requests.get(base_url, params=params_multiple)\nif response_multiple.status_code == 200:\n    print(\"\\nuserId 2 ve limit 5 olan g\u00f6nderiler:\")\n    for post in response_multiple.json():\n        print(f\"ID: {post['id']}, Ba\u015fl\u0131k: {post['title']}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
GET \u0130steklerinde \u00d6zel Ba\u015fl\u0131klar (Headers) Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
Bazen bir API’ye istek g\u00f6nderirken \u00f6zel HTTP ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 eklemeniz gerekebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, API anahtarlar\u0131 (Authorization ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131), i\u00e7eri\u011fin hangi formatta kabul edilece\u011fini belirtmek (Accept ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131) veya iste\u011fi yapan istemci hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermek (User-Agent ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131) i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131klar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, headers<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir Python s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak \u00f6zel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 iletmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\/\/api.github.com\/users\/octocat\" # GitHub API \u00f6rne\u011fi\nheaders = {\n    \"User-Agent\": \"MyPythonApp\/1.0\", # Kendi uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 belirtin\n    \"Accept\": \"application\/vnd.github.v3+json\" # GitHub API i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir ba\u015fl\u0131k\n    # \"Authorization\": \"token YOUR_GITHUB_TOKEN\" # E\u011fer kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131 gerekiyorsa\n}\n\nresponse = requests.get(url, headers=headers)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    user_data = response.json()\n    print(f\"GitHub Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ad\u0131: {user_data['login']}\")\n    print(f\"Ad\u0131: {user_data['name']}\")\n    print(f\"Konum: {user_data['location']}\")\nelse:\n    print(f\"Hata: {response.status_code}, Mesaj: {response.json().get('message', 'Bilinmeyen Hata')}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
User-Agent<\/code> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sunucuya iste\u011fi kimin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. Baz\u0131 sunucular, belirli User-Agent<\/code> de\u011ferlerine sahip isteklere farkl\u0131 davranabilir veya botlar\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in bu bilgiyi kullanabilir. Accept<\/code> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise istemcinin hangi medya t\u00fcrlerini kabul edebilece\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n
Zaman A\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (Timeouts)<\/h3>\n
Bir HTTP iste\u011fi g\u00f6nderdi\u011finizde, yan\u0131t\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcrede gelece\u011fi her zaman belli de\u011fildir. A\u011f sorunlar\u0131, sunucu yo\u011funlu\u011fu veya di\u011fer nedenlerden dolay\u0131 bir istek sonsuza kadar bekleyebilir. Bu durumu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in timeout<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak bir zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi belirleyebilirsiniz. E\u011fer belirtilen s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yan\u0131t gelmezse, requests.exceptions.Timeout<\/code> istisnas\u0131 y\u00fckseltilir.<\/p>\n
timeout<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131, iste\u011fin sunucuya ba\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in maksimum s\u00fcreyi (saniye cinsinden) ve sunucudan yan\u0131t\u0131n ilk bayt\u0131n\u0131 alma s\u00fcresini tan\u0131mlayan bir float<\/code> veya tuple<\/code> olabilir.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\nurl = \"http:\/\/httpbin.org\/delay\/5\" # 5 saniye gecikmeli yan\u0131t veren bir test URL'si\n\ntry:\n    # 3 saniye zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 belirle\n    response = requests.get(url, timeout=3)\n    print(\"Yan\u0131t al\u0131nd\u0131:\", response.text)\nexcept requests.exceptions.Timeout:\n    print(\"\u0130stek zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131!\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n    print(f\"Bir hata olu\u015ftu: {e}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu \u00f6rnekte, sunucu 5 saniye gecikmeli yan\u0131t verirken, biz 3 saniyelik bir zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 belirledik. Bu durumda, Timeout<\/code> istisnas\u0131 f\u0131rlat\u0131lacak ve program\u0131n donmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecektir.<\/p>\n
Hata Y\u00f6netimi<\/h3>\n
Sa\u011flam uygulamalar geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in HTTP isteklerinde meydana gelebilecek hatalar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, farkl\u0131 hata t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in \u00f6zel istisnalar sunar:<\/p>\n
*   requests.exceptions.ConnectionError<\/code>: A\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, sunucuya ula\u015f\u0131lam\u0131yor, DNS hatas\u0131).
\n*   requests.exceptions.Timeout<\/code>: \u0130stek zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.
\n*   requests.exceptions.HTTPError<\/code>: 4xx veya 5xx durum koduna sahip bir yan\u0131t al\u0131nd\u0131 ( response.raise_for_status()<\/code> ile f\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131r).
\n*   requests.exceptions.RequestException<\/code>: Yukar\u0131daki t\u00fcm istisnalar\u0131n temel s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131. Genel hata yakalama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Her zaman try-except<\/code> bloklar\u0131 kullanarak bu istisnalar\u0131 yakalamal\u0131 ve uygun \u015fekilde i\u015flemelisiniz.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\ninvalid_url = \"http:\/\/nonexistent-domain-12345.com\"\nbad_api_url = \"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/nonexistent-path\"\n\ntry:\n    # Ba\u011flant\u0131 hatas\u0131 denemesi\n    response = requests.get(invalid_url, timeout=5)\n    response.raise_for_status()\n    print(response.text)\nexcept requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as e:\n    print(f\"Ba\u011flant\u0131 Hatas\u0131: {e}\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.Timeout:\n    print(\"\u0130stek zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:\n    print(f\"HTTP Hatas\u0131 (4xx\/5xx): {e}\")\n    print(f\"Yan\u0131t metni: {e.response.text}\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n    print(f\"Genel \u0130stek Hatas\u0131: {e}\")\n\nprint(\"\\n--- \u0130kinci Deneme (Bad API Path) ---\")\ntry:\n    # HTTP hatas\u0131 denemesi (404 Not Found)\n    response = requests.get(bad_api_url, timeout=5)\n    response.raise_for_status()\n    print(response.text)\nexcept requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as e:\n    print(f\"Ba\u011flant\u0131 Hatas\u0131: {e}\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.Timeout:\n    print(\"\u0130stek zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:\n    print(f\"HTTP Hatas\u0131 (4xx\/5xx): {e}\")\n    print(f\"Yan\u0131t metni: {e.response.text}\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n    print(f\"Genel \u0130stek Hatas\u0131: {e}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu kapsaml\u0131 try-except<\/code> yap\u0131s\u0131, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n farkl\u0131 hata senaryolar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6kmeden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Oturum Objeleri (Session Objects)<\/h3>\n
Birden fazla istek yaparken (\u00f6zellikle ayn\u0131 ana bilgisayara), her seferinde yeni bir ba\u011flant\u0131 a\u00e7mak ve kapatmak verimsiz olabilir. requests.Session<\/code> objesi, bu durumu ele almak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir Session<\/code> objesi, ayn\u0131 ana bilgisayara yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm istekler i\u00e7in \u00e7erezleri, varsay\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve TCP ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirir. Bu, hem performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r hem de karma\u015f\u0131k etkile\u015fimleri (\u00f6rne\u011fin, oturum a\u00e7ma ve sonra kimli\u011fi do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f istekler yapma) basitle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\n
Bir Session objesi olu\u015ftur<\/h2>\nsession = requests.Session()\n\n
Varsay\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131k ekle (t\u00fcm istekler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olacak)<\/h2>\nsession.headers.update({\n    \"User-Agent\": \"MySessionApp\/1.0\",\n    \"Accept\": \"application\/json\"\n})\n\n
\u0130lk iste\u011fi yap<\/h2>\nresponse1 = session.get(\"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/posts\/1\")\nprint(f\"\u0130lk istek URL: {response1.url}, Status: {response1.status_code}\")\nprint(f\"\u0130lk istekten gelen \u00e7erezler: {session.cookies.get_dict()}\")\n\n
\u0130kinci iste\u011fi yap (ayn\u0131 oturum \u00fczerinden, \u00e7erezler ve ba\u015fl\u0131klar korunur)<\/h2>\nresponse2 = session.get(\"https:\/\/jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\/comments?postId=1\")\nprint(f\"\u0130kinci istek URL: {response2.url}, Status: {response2.status_code}\")\nprint(f\"\u0130kinci istekten gelen \u00e7erezler: {session.cookies.get_dict()}\")\n\n
Oturumu kapat (iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131, genellikle Python program\u0131 bitti\u011finde otomatik kapan\u0131r)<\/h2>\nsession.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu \u00f6rnekte, session<\/code> objesi \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan her iki istek de ayn\u0131 User-Agent<\/code> ve Accept<\/code> ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r ve sunucudan gelen \u00e7erezleri otomatik olarak y\u00f6netir.<\/p>\n
Proxy Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n
Bazen, HTTP isteklerinizi bir proxy sunucusu \u00fczerinden y\u00f6nlendirmeniz gerekebilir. Bu, IP adresinizi gizlemek, co\u011frafi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 a\u015fmak veya \u015firket a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131labilir. requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, proxies<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131 ile proxy ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca yapman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
import requests\n\nproxies = {\n    \"http\": \"http:\/\/user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128\", # HTTP proxy\n    \"https\": \"http:\/\/user:pass@10.10.1.10:1080\", # HTTPS proxy\n}\n\n
veya kimlik do\u011frulamas\u0131 olmayan basit bir proxy<\/h2>\n
proxies = {<\/h2>\n
\"http\": \"http:\/\/10.10.1.10:3128\",<\/h2>\n
\"https\": \"http:\/\/10.10.1.10:1080\",<\/h2>\n
}<\/h2>\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(\"http:\/\/httpbin.org\/ip\", proxies=proxies, timeout=5)\n    print(\"Proxy \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan IP:\", response.json()['origin'])\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n    print(f\"Proxy iste\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda hata olu\u015ftu: {e}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Unutmay\u0131n ki proxy sunucusu adresleri ve kimlik bilgileri ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnek sadece bir \u015fablon niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n
SSL\/TLS Sertifika Do\u011frulamas\u0131<\/h3>\n
G\u00fcvenli web ileti\u015fiminin temelini SSL\/TLS sertifikalar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, varsay\u0131lan olarak t\u00fcm HTTPS istekleri i\u00e7in SSL sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frular. Bu, ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z sunucunun ger\u00e7ekten iddia etti\u011fi sunucu oldu\u011fundan emin olman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar ve “ortadaki adam” (man-in-the-middle) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n
Ancak, baz\u0131 durumlarda (\u00f6rne\u011fin, yerel geli\u015ftirme ortamlar\u0131 veya kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikalarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sunucular) bu do\u011frulamay\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakman\u0131z gerekebilir. verify<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 False<\/code> olarak ayarlayarak bunu yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
import requests\n\n
Kendi imzal\u0131 sertifikas\u0131 olan bir sunucuya istek (\u00d6rnek: test ama\u00e7l\u0131)<\/h2>\n
Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada bu genellikle \u00f6nerilmez!<\/h2>\ninsecure_url = \"https:\/\/self-signed.badssl.com\/\"\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(insecure_url, verify=False, timeout=10)\n    print(\"G\u00fcvenli olmayan URL'den yan\u0131t al\u0131nd\u0131:\", response.status_code)\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n    print(f\"Hata: {e}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
verify=False<\/code> kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda InsecureRequestWarning<\/code> uyar\u0131s\u0131 alabilirsiniz. Bu uyar\u0131, potansiyel g\u00fcvenlik riskini hat\u0131rlatmak i\u00e7indir ve genellikle production ortamlar\u0131nda bu ayar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 tavsiye edilir. G\u00fcvenlik nedenleriyle, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca verify=True<\/code> (varsay\u0131lan de\u011fer) kullanmaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterin.<\/p>\n
GET \u0130stekleri i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h3>\n
requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kullan\u0131rken uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011flam, verimli ve g\u00fcvenli olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 takip etmek \u00f6nemlidir:<\/p>\n
1.  Hata Y\u00f6netimini Ciddiye Al\u0131n:<\/strong> Her zaman try-except<\/code> bloklar\u0131 kullanarak a\u011f hatalar\u0131n\u0131, zaman a\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve HTTP durum kodu hatalar\u0131n\u0131 yakalay\u0131n. response.raise_for_status()<\/code> kullanmak, 4xx\/5xx hatalar\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak yakalamak i\u00e7in harika bir yoldur.
\n2.  Zaman A\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Belirleyin:<\/strong> \u0130steklerinizin s\u00fcresiz olarak tak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in her zaman timeout<\/code> arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131n. Bu, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131n tepki s\u00fcresini kontrol alt\u0131nda tutar.
\n3.  Oturumlar\u0131 Kullan\u0131n (Session Objects):<\/strong> Ayn\u0131 ana bilgisayara birden fazla istek yap\u0131yorsan\u0131z, requests.Session<\/code> objesi kullan\u0131n. Bu, performans art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flar ve \u00e7erez y\u00f6netimini basitle\u015ftirir.
\n4.  API Rate Limit’lerine Dikkat Edin:<\/strong> \u00c7o\u011fu API, belirli bir zaman diliminde yapabilece\u011finiz istek say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar (rate limiting). Bu limitleri a\u015fmamak i\u00e7in API dok\u00fcmantasyonunu okuyun ve gerekirse istekler aras\u0131na gecikmeler ekleyin (time.sleep()<\/code>).
\n5.  Hassas Bilgileri G\u00fcvenli Saklay\u0131n:<\/strong> API anahtarlar\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 adlar\u0131 ve \u015fifreler gibi hassas bilgileri do\u011frudan kodunuzda saklamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n. Ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 veya g\u00fcvenli bir anahtar kasas\u0131 kullan\u0131n.
\n6.  Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Arac\u0131s\u0131 (User-Agent) Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belirtin:<\/strong> \u00d6zellikle halka a\u00e7\u0131k API’lere istek yaparken, iste\u011finizin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten anlaml\u0131 bir User-Agent<\/code> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ndermek iyi bir uygulamad\u0131r. Bu, API sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n trafi\u011fi anlamas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.
\n7.  Yeniden Deneme Mekanizmalar\u0131:<\/strong> Ge\u00e7ici a\u011f sorunlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan istekleri belirli bir gecikmeyle ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da yeniden denemek i\u00e7in bir mekanizma uygulay\u0131n. urllib3.Retry<\/code> ile requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kullanarak bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi entegre edebilirsiniz.
\n8.  SSL Do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakmaktan Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n:<\/strong> verify=False<\/code> kullanmak, uygulaman\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z hale getirir. Yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok \u00f6zel ve kontrol alt\u0131ndaki durumlarda kullan\u0131n ve riskleri anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n
Bu makale boyunca, Python requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin GET istekleri i\u00e7in nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceledik. Temel bir GET iste\u011fi yapmaktan, yan\u0131t objesini anlamaya, parametreler ve ba\u015fl\u0131klar eklemeye, zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6netimine ve hata i\u015flemeye kadar bir\u00e7ok konuyu ele ald\u0131k. Ayr\u0131ca, oturum objeleri, proxy kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve SSL do\u011frulamas\u0131 gibi daha geli\u015fmi\u015f konulara da de\u011findik.<\/p>\n
requests<\/code> k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, Python ile web’den veri \u00e7ekmek ve API’lerle etkile\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, esnek ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu makaledeki bilgileri kullanarak, web tabanl\u0131 projelerinizde g\u00fcvenle ve etkin bir \u015fekilde HTTP GET istekleri yapabilir, verileri toplayabilir ve i\u015fleyebilirsiniz. Unutmay\u0131n, pratik yapmak ve farkl\u0131 API’lerle denemeler yapmak, bu k\u00fct\u00fcphanede ustala\u015fman\u0131n en iyi yoludur.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Python Requests ile Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 – GET \u0130stekleri\nPython programlama dili, web tabanl\u0131 uygulamalarla etkile\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u00e7lar sunar","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1403],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-32574","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-python","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nPython Requests ile Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 - GET \u0130stekleri - Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/python-requests-ile-baslangic-get-istekleri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Requests ile Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 - 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