{"id":31782,"date":"2025-10-13T23:40:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T20:40:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/?p=31782"},"modified":"2025-10-13T23:40:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T20:40:57","slug":"python-anahtar-kelimeleri-ve-tanimlayicilari-guncel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/python-anahtar-kelimeleri-ve-tanimlayicilari-guncel\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Anahtar Kelimeleri ve Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (G\u00fcncel)"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Python Anahtar Kelimeleri ve Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (G\u00fcncel)<\/h2>\n

Giri\u015f<\/h2>\n

Python, dinamik ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiricilerin en \u00e7ok tercih etti\u011fi dillerden biridir. Bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn temelinde, dilin temel yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan anahtar kelimeler (keywords) ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar (identifiers) yatar. Her programlama dilinde oldu\u011fu gibi, Python’da da bu temel kavramlar\u0131n do\u011fru anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve etkin bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, okunabilir, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve hatas\u0131z kod yazman\u0131n anahtar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makale, Python’\u0131n anahtar kelimelerini ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine inceleyecek, g\u00fcncel Python versiyonlar\u0131ndaki kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 detayland\u0131racakt\u0131r. Amac\u0131m\u0131z, hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de deneyimli Python geli\u015ftiricileri i\u00e7in bu kritik konular hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bir rehber sunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Python kodunu okudu\u011funuzda veya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, belirli kelimelerin \u00f6zel bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve belirli g\u00f6revleri yerine getirdi\u011fini fark edersiniz. Bunlar anahtar kelimelerdir. Di\u011fer yandan, kendi de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinizi, fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 veya mod\u00fcllerinizi adland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z isimler ise tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lard\u0131r. Bu iki kavram, dilin s\u00f6zdizimini (syntax) ve anlambilimini (semantics) olu\u015fturarak, bilgisayarla etkile\u015fim kurmam\u0131z\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmemizi sa\u011flar. Python’\u0131n s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fen yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle async<\/code> ve await<\/code> gibi yeni anahtar kelimelerin eklenmesiyle bu temel kavramlar\u0131n g\u00fcncel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Python Anahtar Kelimeleri (Keywords)<\/h2>\n

Tan\u0131m ve \u00d6nemi<\/h3>\n

Python anahtar kelimeleri, Python dilinde \u00f6nceden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zel bir anlam\u0131 olan, rezerve edilmi\u015f kelimelerdir. Bu kelimeler, dilin s\u00f6zdiziminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve belirli bir i\u015flevi yerine getirmek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir ko\u015ful belirtmek i\u00e7in if<\/code>, bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in for<\/code> veya bir fonksiyon tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in def<\/code> anahtar kelimeleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Anahtar kelimeler, Python yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zel olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r ve yorumlan\u0131r. Bu nedenle, anahtar kelimeleri de\u011fi\u015fken, fonksiyon veya s\u0131n\u0131f ad\u0131 gibi tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullanamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Bu k\u0131s\u0131tlama, dilin tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve okunabilirli\u011fini sa\u011flar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her anahtar kelimenin belirli bir ba\u011flamda net bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anahtar kelimeler, program\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek, veri yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak, istisnalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek, mod\u00fclleri i\u00e7e aktarmak ve daha bir\u00e7ok temel programlama g\u00f6revini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmezdir. Onlar olmadan, Python programlar\u0131 anlams\u0131z bir karakter dizisi olmaktan \u00f6teye gidemezdi. Her anahtar kelime, Python’\u0131n belirli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fini veya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder ve bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve verimli kod yazman\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Anahtar Kelimelerin Listesi ve Eri\u015fimi<\/h3>\n

Python, zaman zaman yeni anahtar kelimeler ekleyerek veya mevcut anahtar kelimelerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelleyerek geli\u015fir. Bu nedenle, hangi kelimelerin anahtar kelime oldu\u011funu bilmek \u00f6nemlidir. Python’da mevcut anahtar kelimelerin listesine keyword<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak eri\u015febiliriz. Bu mod\u00fcl, Python’\u0131n standart k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve anahtar kelimelerle ilgili faydal\u0131 i\u015flevler sunar.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kod par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131, mevcut t\u00fcm Python anahtar kelimelerini nas\u0131l listeleyece\u011fimizi g\u00f6sterir:<\/p>\n

import keyword\n\nprint(\"Python Anahtar Kelimeleri:\")\nfor kw in keyword.kwlist:\n    print(kw)\n\n
Bir kelimenin anahtar kelime olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etme<\/h2>\nprint(f\"\\n'if' bir anahtar kelime mi? {keyword.iskeyword('if')}\")\nprint(f\"'my_variable' bir anahtar kelime mi? {keyword.iskeyword('my_variable')}\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu kodu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, Python’\u0131n o anki s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcnde tan\u0131ml\u0131 olan t\u00fcm anahtar kelimelerin bir listesini g\u00f6receksiniz. Python 3.10 ve sonras\u0131 i\u00e7in tipik bir liste \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7erecektir:<\/p>\n
False<\/code>, None<\/code>, True<\/code>, and<\/code>, as<\/code>, assert<\/code>, async<\/code>, await<\/code>, break<\/code>, class<\/code>, continue<\/code>, def<\/code>, del<\/code>, elif<\/code>, else<\/code>, except<\/code>, finally<\/code>, for<\/code>, from<\/code>, global<\/code>, if<\/code>, import<\/code>, in<\/code>, is<\/code>, lambda<\/code>, nonlocal<\/code>, not<\/code>, or<\/code>, pass<\/code>, raise<\/code>, return<\/code>, try<\/code>, while<\/code>, with<\/code>, yield<\/code>.<\/p>\n
Yayg\u0131n Anahtar Kelimeler ve Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Python anahtar kelimeleri, farkl\u0131 kategorilerde grupland\u0131r\u0131labilir ve her biri belirli bir programlama amac\u0131na hizmet eder:<\/p>\n
Mant\u0131ksal De\u011ferler ve Operat\u00f6rler:<\/h4>\n
*   True<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal do\u011fru de\u011feri temsil eder.
\n*   False<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011feri temsil eder.
\n*   None<\/code>: Bir de\u011ferin yoklu\u011funu temsil eden \u00f6zel bir null nesnesidir.
\n*   and<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal VE operat\u00f6r\u00fc. Her iki ko\u015ful da do\u011fruysa do\u011fru d\u00f6ner.
\n*   or<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal VEYA operat\u00f6r\u00fc. Ko\u015fullardan en az biri do\u011fruysa do\u011fru d\u00f6ner.
\n*   not<\/code>: Mant\u0131ksal DE\u011e\u0130L operat\u00f6r\u00fc. Bir ko\u015fulun tersini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
x = True\ny = False\nprint(x and y) # False\nprint(x or y)  # True\nprint(not y)   # True\nmy_var = None\nif my_var is None:\n    print(\"De\u011fer atanmam\u0131\u015f.\")<\/code><\/pre>\n
Kontrol Ak\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/h4>\n
*   if<\/code>, elif<\/code>, else<\/code>: Ko\u015fullu ifadeler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   for<\/code>: Tekrarlayan d\u00f6ng\u00fcler i\u00e7in (iterable nesneler \u00fczerinde).
\n*   while<\/code>: Ko\u015ful do\u011fru oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece d\u00f6ng\u00fc i\u00e7in.
\n*   break<\/code>: D\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc an\u0131nda sonland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n*   continue<\/code>: D\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn mevcut iterasyonunu atlar ve bir sonraki iterasyona ge\u00e7er.
\n*   pass<\/code>: Hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmayan bir yer tutucu ifade. Bo\u015f bir blok tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
sayi = 10\nif sayi > 0:\n    print(\"Pozitif\")\nelif sayi == 0:\n    print(\"S\u0131f\u0131r\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Negatif\")\n\nfor i in range(5):\n    if i == 2:\n        continue\n    if i == 4:\n        break\n    print(i) # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 0, 1, 3<\/code><\/pre>\n
Fonksiyonlar, S\u0131n\u0131flar ve Mod\u00fcller:<\/h4>\n
*   def<\/code>: Bir fonksiyon tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   class<\/code>: Bir s\u0131n\u0131f tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   return<\/code>: Bir fonksiyondan de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   import<\/code>: Bir mod\u00fcl\u00fc veya paketi i\u00e7e aktarmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   from<\/code>: Bir mod\u00fclden belirli nesneleri i\u00e7e aktarmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   as<\/code>: \u0130\u00e7e aktar\u0131lan mod\u00fcllere veya nesnelere takma ad (alias) vermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   lambda<\/code>: Anonim (isimsiz) fonksiyonlar olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
def topla(a, b):\n    return a + b\n\nclass MyClass:\n    pass\n\nimport math as m\nprint(m.pi)\n\nanonim_topla = lambda x, y: x + y\nprint(anonim_topla(3, 4))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u0130stisna Y\u00f6netimi:<\/h4>\n
*   try<\/code>: Hata potansiyeli olan kodu i\u00e7eren blok.
\n*   except<\/code>: try<\/code> blo\u011funda bir istisna olu\u015ftu\u011funda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak blok.
\n*   finally<\/code>: try-except<\/code> blo\u011fu tamamland\u0131ktan sonra her zaman \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak blok.
\n*   raise<\/code>: Bir istisnay\u0131 manuel olarak tetiklemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   assert<\/code>: Bir ko\u015fulun do\u011fru oldu\u011funu iddia etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r; yanl\u0131\u015fsa AssertionError<\/code> y\u00fckseltir.<\/p>\n
try:\n    sonuc = 10 \/ 0\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"S\u0131f\u0131ra b\u00f6lme hatas\u0131!\")\nfinally:\n    print(\"\u0130\u015flem tamamland\u0131.\")\n\n
assert 1 == 2, \"Bir e\u015fit de\u011fil iki!\" # Bu sat\u0131r AssertionError y\u00fckseltir.<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
De\u011fi\u015fken Kapsam\u0131:<\/h4>\n
*   global<\/code>: Bir fonksiyon i\u00e7inde genel (global) bir de\u011fi\u015fkene eri\u015fmek veya onu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   nonlocal<\/code>: \u0130\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f fonksiyonlarda d\u0131\u015f (ancak genel olmayan) bir kapsamdaki de\u011fi\u015fkene eri\u015fmek veya onu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
global_var = 10\n\ndef func1():\n    global global_var\n    global_var = 20\n    print(f\"func1 i\u00e7inden global_var: {global_var}\")\n\ndef func2():\n    outer_var = 30\n    def inner_func():\n        nonlocal outer_var\n        outer_var = 40\n        print(f\"inner_func i\u00e7inden outer_var: {outer_var}\")\n    inner_func()\n    print(f\"func2 i\u00e7inden outer_var: {outer_var}\")\n\nfunc1() # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: func1 i\u00e7inden global_var: 20\nprint(f\"D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan global_var: {global_var}\") # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan global_var: 20\nfunc2() # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: inner_func i\u00e7inden outer_var: 40, func2 i\u00e7inden outer_var: 40<\/code><\/pre>\n
Di\u011ferleri:<\/h4>\n
*   del<\/code>: Nesneleri silmek veya referanslar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   in<\/code>: Bir eleman\u0131n bir dizide (veya ba\u015fka bir iterable’da) olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   is<\/code>: \u0130ki nesnenin bellekte ayn\u0131 nesne olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   with<\/code>, as<\/code>: Kaynak y\u00f6netimini (dosyalar, kilitler vb.) basitle\u015ftiren ba\u011flam y\u00f6neticileri (context managers) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
my_list = [1, 2, 3]\ndel my_list[0]\nprint(my_list) # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: [2, 3]\n\nif 2 in my_list:\n    print(\"2 listede var.\")\n\na = [1]\nb = [1]\nprint(a is b) # False (farkl\u0131 nesneler)\nc = a\nprint(a is c) # True (ayn\u0131 nesne)\n\nwith open(\"example.txt\", \"w\") as f:\n    f.write(\"Merhaba d\u00fcnya!\")\n
Dosya otomatik olarak kapan\u0131r.<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Asenkron Programlama (Python 3.5+):<\/h4>\n
*   async<\/code>: Bir fonksiyonu veya ba\u011flam y\u00f6neticisini asenkron olarak i\u015faretlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n*   await<\/code>: Bir asenkron i\u015flemin tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sadece async<\/code> fonksiyonlar i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
import asyncio\n\nasync def greet(name):\n    await asyncio.sleep(1) # 1 saniye bekler\n    print(f\"Merhaba, {name}!\")\n\nasync def main():\n    await greet(\"D\u00fcnya\")\n    await greet(\"Python\")\n\n
asyncio.run(main())<\/h2>\n
Bu kodu do\u011frudan bir script i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsan\u0131z, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz.<\/h2>\n
\"Merhaba, D\u00fcnya!\" ve sonra \"Merhaba, Python!\" 1 saniye arayla.<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Anahtar Kelimelerin \u00d6zellikleri ve Kurallar\u0131<\/h3>\n
1.  Rezerve Edilmi\u015flerdir:<\/strong> Anahtar kelimeler, Python yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fken, fonksiyon, s\u0131n\u0131f veya mod\u00fcl adlar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lamazlar. Bu kural\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesi SyntaxError<\/code> ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r.
\n2.  B\u00fcy\u00fck\/K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Harf Duyarl\u0131d\u0131r:<\/strong> Python anahtar kelimeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harf duyarl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, if<\/code> bir anahtar kelime iken, If<\/code> veya IF<\/code> de\u011fildir (ancak bunlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullanmak iyi bir uygulama de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir). True<\/code>, False<\/code> ve None<\/code> d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm anahtar kelimeler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
\n3.  De\u011fi\u015ftirilemezler:<\/strong> Anahtar kelimelerin anlamlar\u0131 veya i\u015flevleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez.
\n4.  S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Say\u0131dad\u0131rlar:<\/strong> Python’\u0131n anahtar kelime say\u0131s\u0131 nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr, bu da dilin basitli\u011fini ve \u00f6\u011frenme kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 destekler.<\/p>\n
Python Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (Identifiers)<\/h2>\n
Tan\u0131m ve \u00d6nemi<\/h3>\n
Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar, Python’da de\u011fi\u015fkenlere, fonksiyonlara, s\u0131n\u0131flara, mod\u00fcllere veya di\u011fer program \u00f6\u011felerine verdi\u011fimiz isimlerdir. Kendi kodumuzda olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz her isimlendirilmi\u015f \u00f6\u011fe bir tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, my_variable = 10<\/code> ifadesinde my_variable<\/code> bir tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r; def calculate_sum(a, b):<\/code> ifadesinde calculate_sum<\/code>, a<\/code> ve b<\/code> tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar, kodun okunabilirli\u011fi ve anla\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011fi i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir. \u0130yi se\u00e7ilmi\u015f tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar, kodun ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi amaca hizmet etti\u011fini h\u0131zla kavramam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. K\u00f6t\u00fc adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar ise kodun karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r, hata ay\u0131klamay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve projenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini olumsuz etkiler. Bir program\u0131n sadece bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda insanlar taraf\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 Olu\u015fturma Kurallar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Python’da ge\u00e7erli bir tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in belirli kurallar vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
1.  Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 Karakteri:<\/strong> Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar bir harf (a-z, A-Z) veya bir alt \u00e7izgi (_<\/code>) ile ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Say\u0131 ile ba\u015flayamazlar.
\n    *   Ge\u00e7erli: my_variable<\/code>, _internal_var<\/code>, Name<\/code>
\n    *   Ge\u00e7ersiz: 1st_var<\/code>, !invalid<\/code>
\n2.  Sonraki Karakterler:<\/strong> \u0130lk karakterden sonraki karakterler harfler (a-z, A-Z), say\u0131lar (0-9) veya alt \u00e7izgiler (_<\/code>) olabilir.
\n    *   Ge\u00e7erli: var_1<\/code>, total_amount<\/code>, userName2<\/code>
\n    *   Ge\u00e7ersiz: my-variable<\/code> (tire -<\/code> \u00f6zel bir karakterdir), user name<\/code> (bo\u015fluk i\u00e7erir)
\n3.  Anahtar Kelime Yasa\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar Python’\u0131n anahtar kelimelerinden biri olamaz.
\n    *   Ge\u00e7erli: my_if_statement<\/code>, class_name_var<\/code>
\n    *   Ge\u00e7ersiz: if<\/code>, class<\/code>, for<\/code>
\n4.  \u00d6zel Karakter Yasa\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar !<\/code>, @<\/code>, #<\/code>, $<\/code>, %<\/code>, ^<\/code>, &<\/code>, *<\/code>, (<\/code>, )<\/code>, -<\/code>, +<\/code>, =<\/code>, {<\/code>, }<\/code>, [<\/code>, ]<\/code>, |<\/code>, \\<\/code>, ;<\/code>, :<\/code>, '<\/code>, \"<\/code>, <<\/code>, ><\/code>, \/<\/code>, ?<\/code>, .<\/code> gibi \u00f6zel karakterler i\u00e7eremez. Sadece alt \u00e7izgiye (_<\/code>) izin verilir.
\n5.  Bo\u015fluk Yasa\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar bo\u015fluk i\u00e7eremez. Birden fazla kelimeden olu\u015fan tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in genellikle alt \u00e7izgi (_<\/code>) veya b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flama (camelCase\/PascalCase) kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n6.  B\u00fcy\u00fck\/K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Harf Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Python tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harf duyarl\u0131d\u0131r. Yani, myVar<\/code>, myvar<\/code> ve MyVar<\/code> \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
# Ge\u00e7erli Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\nmy_variable = 10\n_private_data = \"Gizli\"\nClassName = \"\u00d6rnek S\u0131n\u0131f\"\ncalculateSum = lambda x, y: x + y\nMAX_VALUE = 1000\n\n
Ge\u00e7ersiz Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar (Yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 olarak, hata verirler)<\/h2>\n
1st_number = 5        # Say\u0131 ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/h2>\n
my-var = 20           # Tire (-) i\u00e7eriyor<\/h2>\n
class = \"Python\"      # Anahtar kelime<\/h2>\n
user name = \"Alice\"   # Bo\u015fluk i\u00e7eriyor<\/h2>\n
$amount = 50          # \u00d6zel karakter i\u00e7eriyor<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/h2>\n
Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 Adland\u0131rma Konvansiyonlar\u0131 (PEP 8)<\/h3>\n
Ge\u00e7erli bir tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak bir \u015feydir, ancak iyi bir tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturmak ba\u015fka bir \u015feydir. Python toplulu\u011fu, kodun okunabilirli\u011fini ve tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in PEP 8 (Python Geli\u015ftirme \u00d6nerisi 8) stil rehberinde belirli adland\u0131rma konvansiyonlar\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. Bu konvansiyonlara uymak \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir:<\/p>\n
1.  De\u011fi\u015fkenler, Fonksiyonlar, Mod\u00fcller ve Paketler:<\/strong>
\n    *   K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfli, kelimeler aras\u0131nda alt \u00e7izgi (_<\/code>) ile ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (snake_case<\/code>) olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n    *   \u00d6rnek: my_variable<\/code>, calculate_total<\/code>, my_module.py<\/code>, my_package<\/code>
\n2.  S\u0131n\u0131flar:<\/strong>
\n    *   Her kelimenin ilk harfi b\u00fcy\u00fck, kelimeler aras\u0131nda bo\u015fluk veya alt \u00e7izgi olmayan (PascalCase<\/code> veya CamelCase<\/code>) olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n    *   \u00d6rnek: MyClass<\/code>, HttpRequestHandler<\/code>, UserProfile<\/code>
\n3.  Sabitler (Constants):<\/strong>
\n    *   T\u00fcm harfler b\u00fcy\u00fck, kelimeler aras\u0131nda alt \u00e7izgi (_<\/code>) ile ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n    *   \u00d6rnek: MAX_CONNECTIONS<\/code>, PI<\/code>, DATABASE_URL<\/code>
\n4.  \u00d6zel Kullan\u0131mlar (Leading\/Trailing Underscores):<\/strong>
\n    *   Tek Ba\u015fa Gelen Alt \u00c7izgi (_<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n        *   Bir d\u00f6ng\u00fcde veya atamada kullan\u0131lmayacak bir de\u011feri belirtmek i\u00e7in \"at\u0131l\" bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n        *   Bir \u00f6nceki ifadenin sonucunu depolayan interaktif yorumlay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenidir.
\n        *   Bazen bir isim \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir parametre bir anahtar kelime ile ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorsa).
\n        *   \u00d6rnek: for _ in range(5): print(\"Hello\")<\/code>, def func(class_): pass<\/code>
\n    *   Tek Ba\u015fa Gelen Alt \u00c7izgi ile Ba\u015flayan (_variable<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n        *   Dahili kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in bir \"zay\u0131f \u00f6zel\" (weak \"private\") g\u00f6stergesidir. Python'da ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zel (private) \u00fcyeler yoktur, ancak bu konvansiyon, bu de\u011fi\u015fkenin veya metodun bir mod\u00fcl veya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n dahili bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan do\u011frudan eri\u015filmemesi gerekti\u011fini belirtir.
\n           from module import <\/em><\/code> kullan\u0131l\u0131rken bu isimler i\u00e7e aktar\u0131lmaz.
\n        *   \u00d6rnek: _internal_helper_function<\/code>, _cache<\/code>
\n    *   \u00c7ift Ba\u015fa Gelen Alt \u00c7izgi ile Ba\u015flayan (__variable<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n        *   \"\u0130sim kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma\" (name mangling) i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde bu \u015fekilde adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir \u00f6zellik, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ad\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r (_ClassName__variable<\/code>). Bu, alt s\u0131n\u0131flarda isim \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve daha \"g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6zel\" bir g\u00f6sterge olarak kabul edilir.
\n        *   \u00d6rnek: class MyClass: def __private_method(self): pass<\/code>
\n    *   \u00c7ift Ba\u015fa ve \u00c7ift Sona Gelen Alt \u00c7izgi ile Ba\u015flayan ve Biten (__method__<\/code>):<\/strong>
\n        *   \"Dunder metotlar\" (double underscore methods) olarak bilinir. Bunlar, Python taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zel anlam ta\u015f\u0131yan ve genellikle dilin dahili davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel metotlard\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, __init__<\/code>, __str__<\/code>, __add__<\/code>). Bu isimler rezerve edilmi\u015ftir ve kendi \u00f6zel metotlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bu \u015fekilde adland\u0131rmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.
\n        *   \u00d6rnek: __init__<\/code>, __str__<\/code>, __len__<\/code>, __call__<\/code><\/p>\n
Adland\u0131rma konvansiyonlar\u0131na uymak, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerde veya ekip ortamlar\u0131nda kodun tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve okunabilirli\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu sadece bir stil meselesi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda yaz\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fchendisli\u011finin \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6n\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7erli ve Ge\u00e7ersiz Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00d6rnekleri<\/h3>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, kurallara ve konvansiyonlara uygun ve uygun olmayan tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lara dair baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler verilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n
# Ge\u00e7erli ve \u0130yi Adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\nuser_name = \"Alice\"           # snake_case, de\u011fi\u015fken\ncalculate_area = lambda w, h: w * h # snake_case, fonksiyon\nMyDatabaseConnector = None    # PascalCase, s\u0131n\u0131f\nMAX_RETRIES = 5               # ALL_CAPS, sabit\n_internal_data = []           # Tek alt \u00e7izgi, dahili kullan\u0131m\n__api_key = \"secret\"          # \u00c7ift alt \u00e7izgi, isim kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma (s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde daha anlaml\u0131)\n__len__ = 5                   # Dunder metot, Python taraf\u0131ndan rezerve edilmi\u015f (kendi de\u011fi\u015fkeniniz i\u00e7in kullanmay\u0131n!)\n\n
Ge\u00e7ersiz Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar (SyntaxError veya mant\u0131ksal hata verirler)<\/h2>\n
7days = \"hafta\"             # Say\u0131 ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/h2>\n
my-list = [1, 2, 3]         # Tire (-) i\u00e7eriyor<\/h2>\n
for = \"d\u00f6ng\u00fc\"               # Anahtar kelime<\/h2>\n
def func_name(): pass      # def anahtar kelime<\/h2>\n
my name = \"Bob\"             # Bo\u015fluk i\u00e7eriyor<\/h2>\n
$amount = 100               # \u00d6zel karakter i\u00e7eriyor<\/h2>\n\n
Ge\u00e7erli ama K\u00f6t\u00fc Adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar (PEP 8 ihlalleri)<\/h2>\nA = 10                        # Tek harf, amac\u0131 belirsiz\nmyVar = 20                    # camelCase, de\u011fi\u015fkenler i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilmez\nCalculateSum = lambda x, y: x + y # PascalCase, fonksiyonlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilmez\nsome_constant = \"value\"       # snake_case, sabitler i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilmez (ALL_CAPS olmal\u0131)<\/code><\/pre>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler ve Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki<\/h2>\n
\u00c7ak\u0131\u015fmama Prensibi<\/h3>\n
Anahtar kelimeler ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki en temel ili\u015fki, anahtar kelimelerin tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \"\u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmama prensibi\", Python dilinin s\u00f6zdiziminin netli\u011fini ve tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. E\u011fer if<\/code> kelimesini hem bir ko\u015ful ifadesi ba\u015flatmak hem de bir de\u011fi\u015fken ad\u0131 olarak kullanabilseydik, Python yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 kodu nas\u0131l yorumlayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fard\u0131. Bu durum, SyntaxError<\/code> ile sonu\u00e7lanarak program\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n
Bu prensip sayesinde, bir Python program\u0131n\u0131 okudu\u011funuzda veya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, anahtar kelimelerin her zaman belirli bir dil yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini bilirsiniz. Bu da kodun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve hata ay\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130yi Kodlama Uygulamalar\u0131<\/h3>\n
\u0130yi bir Python geli\u015ftiricisi olmak, sadece dilin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 bilmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu kurallar\u0131 etkin ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir \u015fekilde uygulamak anlam\u0131na gelir. Anahtar kelimeler ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar ba\u011flam\u0131nda, bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iyi kodlama uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n
1.  Anlaml\u0131 \u0130simler Kullan\u0131n:<\/strong> Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7eri\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yans\u0131tmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterin. \u00d6rne\u011fin, x<\/code> yerine customer_name<\/code> veya a<\/code> yerine invoice_amount<\/code> kullanmak, kodun okunabilirli\u011fini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n2.  PEP 8 Konvansiyonlar\u0131na Uyun:<\/strong> Python toplulu\u011funun kabul etti\u011fi adland\u0131rma standartlar\u0131na (PEP 8) uymak, kodunuzun di\u011fer geli\u015ftiriciler taraf\u0131ndan daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu, \u00f6zellikle a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak projelerde veya ekip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.
\n3.  Anahtar Kelimeleri Kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131n:<\/strong> Anahtar kelimelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck\/k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harf varyasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, If<\/code> veya CLASS<\/code>) tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n. Bu, kodun anahtar kelimelerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve potansiyel hatalara yol a\u00e7abilir.
\n4.  K\u0131sa ve \u00d6z Olun, Ancak A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 Olun:<\/strong> Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar ne \u00e7ok uzun ne de \u00e7ok k\u0131sa olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirten ancak gereksiz kelimelerden ka\u00e7\u0131nan isimler tercih edin.
\n5.  Tutarl\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Projeniz boyunca ayn\u0131 adland\u0131rma konvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131n. Bir kere snake_case<\/code> kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131ysan\u0131z, o projede t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fkenler ve fonksiyonlar i\u00e7in snake_case<\/code> kullanmaya devam edin.<\/p>\n
Bu prensiplere uymak, sadece hatas\u0131z kod yazman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda kodunuzu daha \"Pythonic\" hale getirir. Python, \"okunabilirlik\" felsefesini benimsemi\u015f bir dildir ve bu felsefe, anahtar kelimelerin netli\u011finden ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n iyi adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde beslenir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n
Python'da anahtar kelimeler ve tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar, dilin temel direkleridir. Anahtar kelimeler, Python yorumlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel olarak tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, belirli i\u015flevleri yerine getiren rezerve edilmi\u015f kelimelerdir. Program\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmekten veri yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaya kadar bir\u00e7ok temel programlama g\u00f6revini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131larlar. async<\/code> ve await<\/code> gibi yeni anahtar kelimelerin eklenmesi, Python'\u0131n modern programlama paradigmalar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dilin dinamik geli\u015fimini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer yandan, tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar, programc\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fkenlere, fonksiyonlara, s\u0131n\u0131flara ve di\u011fer program \u00f6\u011felerine verdikleri isimlerdir. Onlar, kodun okunabilirli\u011fini, anla\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011fini ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini do\u011frudan etkiler. Python'\u0131n kat\u0131 adland\u0131rma kurallar\u0131 ve PEP 8 gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adland\u0131rma konvansiyonlar\u0131, geli\u015ftiricilerin tutarl\u0131 ve anlaml\u0131 kod yazmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
Bu iki kavram aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki basittir: anahtar kelimeler asla tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lamaz. Bu kural, dilin s\u00f6zdiziminin netli\u011fini ve yorumlay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kod \u00fczerindeki yorumlama yetene\u011fini garanti eder. \u0130yi adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar ve anahtar kelimelerin do\u011fru kullan\u0131m\u0131, sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir program yazmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda bak\u0131m\u0131 kolay, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve i\u015fbirli\u011fine a\u00e7\u0131k bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftirmenin temelini olu\u015fturur. Bu nedenle, her Python geli\u015ftiricisinin bu temel kavramlar\u0131 derinlemesine anlamas\u0131 ve en iyi uygulamalar\u0131 benimsemesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kod yazarken her zaman \"Bu kod ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan okundu\u011funda ne kadar anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olacak?\" sorusunu sormak, sizi daha iyi bir geli\u015ftirici yapacakt\u0131r.<\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Python Anahtar Kelimeleri ve Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (G\u00fcncel)\nGiri\u015f\nPython, dinamik ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131l\u0131m geli\u015ftiricilerin en \u00e7ok tercih","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1403],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-31782","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-python","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nPython Anahtar Kelimeleri ve Tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (G\u00fcncel) - 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