{"id":30148,"date":"2025-09-24T08:40:25","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T05:40:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/merhaba-example-coma-hos-geldiniz\/"},"modified":"2025-09-24T11:37:07","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T08:37:07","slug":"ubuntu-12-04-ltsde-apache-sanal-sunuculari-kurulumu-tam-kilavuz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/ubuntu-12-04-ltsde-apache-sanal-sunuculari-kurulumu-tam-kilavuz\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu 12.04 LTS\u2019de Apache Sanal Sunucular\u0131 Kurulumu: Tam K\u0131lavuz"},"content":{"rendered":"

# Ubuntu 12.04 LTS’de Apache Sanal Sunucular\u0131 Kurulumu: Tam K\u0131lavuz<\/p>\n

Meta A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131:<\/strong> Ubuntu 12.04 LTS sunucunuza Apache sanal sunucular\u0131 kurmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin. Bu detayl\u0131 k\u0131lavuzda ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kurulum, yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve performans optimizasyonu hakk\u0131nda uzman seviyesinde bilgiler bulacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Fatih Soysal’\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu rehberle web sunucunuzu profesyonelce y\u00f6netin.<\/p>\n

Birden fazla web sitesini tek bir sunucu \u00fczerinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak istiyorsunuz ama nereden ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bilmiyor musunuz? Tek bir IP adresiyle farkl\u0131 alan adlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmek, kaynaklar\u0131 optimize etmek ve sunucu y\u00f6netimini basitle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Apache sanal sunucular\u0131 kullanman\u0131z gerekiyor. Bu kapsaml\u0131 k\u0131lavuzda, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS \u00fczerinde Apache sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131, yap\u0131land\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve optimize edece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz. Haz\u0131rsan\u0131z ba\u015flayal\u0131m!<\/p>\n

Temel Kavramlar: Apache, Sanal Sunucular ve Ubuntu 12.04<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle, baz\u0131 temel kavramlar\u0131 anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor. Apache, en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k kaynak web sunucular\u0131ndan biridir. G\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi, esnekli\u011fi ve geni\u015f topluluk deste\u011fiyle bilinir. Sanal sunucular ise, tek bir fiziksel sunucu \u00fczerinde birden fazla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z web sitesi bar\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131yan bir teknolojidir. Her sanal sunucu, kendi yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131na, bellek ve i\u015flemci kaynaklar\u0131na sahip olur. Ubuntu 12.04 LTS ise, art\u0131k desteklenmese de, bir\u00e7ok kurulu\u015fta hala kullan\u0131lan stabil bir Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu k\u0131lavuzda, bu eski ama sa\u011flam i\u015fletim sisteminde Apache sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fiz. Daha yeni bir Ubuntu s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, baz\u0131 komutlar veya dosya yollar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p>\n

Apache ve Gerekli Paketlerin Kurulumu: Yeni Ba\u015flayanlar \u0130\u00e7in Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS sisteminize Apache web sunucusunu ve gerekli paketleri nas\u0131l kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Bu, sanal sunucu kurulumunun ilk ve en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1. G\u00fcncelleme:<\/strong> \u0130lk olarak, sisteminizi g\u00fcncellemeniz gerekiyor:<\/p>\n

sudo apt-get update\r\nsudo apt-get upgrade<\/code><\/pre>\n
2. Apache Kurulumu:<\/strong> \u015eimdi Apache web sunucusunu kurabiliriz:<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get install apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
3. Apache Durumunun Kontrol\u00fc:<\/strong> Kurulumdan sonra, Apache’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n
sudo systemctl status apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
“active (running)” mesaj\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeniz gerekiyor. De\u011filse, sudo systemctl start apache2<\/code> komutu ile ba\u015flatabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
4. Varsay\u0131lan Web Sayfas\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme:<\/strong> Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda http:\/\/localhost<\/code> adresini ziyaret ederek, Apache’nin varsay\u0131lan web sayfas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Bu, kurulumun ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk Sanal Sunucunuzun Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131: Basit Kod \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u015eimdi, ilk sanal sunucumuzu olu\u015ftural\u0131m. Bu \u00f6rnekte, example.com<\/code> alan ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu alan ad\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bir alan ad\u0131 kayd\u0131n\u0131z olmas\u0131 gerekmez; test ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
1. Sanal Sunucu Dizininin Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo mkdir \/var\/www\/example.com\r\nsudo chown $USER:$USER \/var\/www\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
2. index.html<\/code> Dosyas\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131:<\/strong> example.com<\/code> dizinine index.html<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir dosya olu\u015fturup i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u015fu \u015fekilde belirleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html>\r\n<head>\r\n<title>Example.com<\/title>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<h1>Merhaba, Example.com'a Ho\u015f Geldiniz!<\/h1>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html><\/code><\/pre>\n
3. Sanal Sunucu Konfig\u00fcrasyon Dosyas\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kodu dosyaya ekleyin (yer tutucu de\u011ferleri kendi de\u011ferlerinizle de\u011fi\u015ftirin):<\/p>\n
<VirtualHost *:80>\r\n    ServerName example.com\r\n    ServerAlias www.example.com\r\n    DocumentRoot \/var\/www\/example.com\r\n    <Directory \/var\/www\/example.com>\r\n        AllowOverride All\r\n        Require all granted\r\n    <\/Directory>\r\n    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}\/error.log\r\n    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}\/access.log combined\r\n<\/VirtualHost><\/code><\/pre>\n
4. Sanal Sunucunun Etkinle\u015ftirilmesi:<\/strong><\/p>\n
sudo a2ensite example.com\r\nsudo systemctl reload apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n
Ger\u00e7ek Hayat Senaryolar\u0131 ve Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131: Orta Seviye<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u015eimdi, daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir senaryoya bakal\u0131m. Diyelim ki iki farkl\u0131 web siteniz var: blog.fatihsoysal.com<\/code> ve shop.fatihsoysal.com<\/code>. Bu iki siteyi ayn\u0131 sunucu \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l bar\u0131nd\u0131raca\u011f\u0131z? Ayr\u0131ca, performans optimizasyonu i\u00e7in neler yapabiliriz?<\/p>\n
Birden Fazla Sanal Sunucu:<\/strong> Yukar\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyerek, blog.fatihsoysal.com<\/code> ve shop.fatihsoysal.com<\/code> i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 dizinler olu\u015fturup, benzer \u015fekilde sanal sunucu konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyalar\u0131 (\/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/blog.fatihsoysal.com<\/code> ve \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/shop.fatihsoysal.com<\/code>) olu\u015fturman\u0131z gerekir. Her dosyada ServerName<\/code>, ServerAlias<\/code>, ve DocumentRoot<\/code> direktiflerini ilgili de\u011ferlerle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi unutmay\u0131n. Sonras\u0131nda a2ensite<\/code> komutu ile etkinle\u015ftirip systemctl reload apache2<\/code> ile Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n.<\/p>\n
Performans Optimizasyonu:<\/strong><\/p>\n
* .htaccess Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Kullanmaktan Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n:<\/strong> .htaccess dosyalar\u0131 performans\u0131 olumsuz etkileyebilir. Konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131 do\u011frudan Apache konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyalar\u0131na eklemek daha verimlidir.
\n* Cacheleme:<\/strong> Apache’nin cacheleme \u00f6zelliklerini kullanarak statik dosyalar\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin, resimler, CSS, JavaScript) sunucu y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc azaltabilirsiniz.
\n* Mod_deflate:<\/strong> Bu mod\u00fcl, HTTP yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak bant geni\u015fli\u011fini ve sunucu y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131r. sudo a2enmod deflate<\/code> komutu ile etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.
\n* Mod_expires:<\/strong> Bu mod\u00fcl, taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n statik dosyalar\u0131 ne kadar s\u00fcre cacheleyece\u011fini belirlemenizi sa\u011flar. sudo a2enmod expires<\/code> komutu ile etkinle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.
\n* HTTPS:<\/strong> G\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in HTTPS kullanman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir. Let’s Encrypt gibi \u00fccretsiz SSL sertifikalar\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz. [fatihsoysal.com](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) adresinde daha fazla bilgi bulabilirsiniz. (Buraya Let’s Encrypt ile ilgili bir makale ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 eklenebilir)<\/p>\n
SSL Sertifikas\u0131 Kurulumu ve G\u00fcvenlik: \u0130leri D\u00fczey<\/strong><\/p>\n
Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in SSL sertifikas\u0131 kurulumunu ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. HTTPS, web sitenizin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Let’s Encrypt ile SSL Sertifikas\u0131 Kurulumu:<\/strong> Let’s Encrypt, \u00fccretsiz ve otomatik SSL sertifikas\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Certbot adl\u0131 bir ara\u00e7 kullanarak kolayca sertifika alabilirsiniz. Certbot’u kurmak ve sertifikay\u0131 almak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\n
sudo apt-get install certbot python3-certbot-apache\r\nsudo certbot --apache -d example.com -d www.example.com<\/code><\/pre>\n
Bu komut, example.com<\/code> ve www.example.com<\/code> alan adlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir sertifika al\u0131r ve Apache’ye otomatik olarak entegre eder. Di\u011fer alan adlar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in de benzer komutlar\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nlemleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n
* Firewall:<\/strong> ufw<\/code> gibi bir firewall kullanarak sunucunuzun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rabilirsiniz. Gerekli portlar\u0131 (80 ve 443) a\u00e7may\u0131 unutmay\u0131n.
\n* G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015eifreler:<\/strong> G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve benzersiz \u015fifreler kullan\u0131n.
\n* D\u00fczenli G\u00fcncellemeler:<\/strong> Sisteminizi ve yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcncelleyin.
\n* Log Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130zleme:<\/strong> Apache log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak kontrol ederek olas\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebilirsiniz.
\n* SuID\/GUID Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etme:<\/strong> Sisteminizde izinleri yanl\u0131\u015f ayarlanm\u0131\u015f dosyalar\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/p>\n
Performans Analizi ve Edge Case’ler: \u0130leri D\u00fczey<\/strong><\/p>\n
Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Apache sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l analiz edece\u011finizi ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011finiz baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlar\u0131 (edge case’ler) ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Performans Analizi:<\/strong><\/p>\n
* Apache Benchmark (ab):<\/strong> ab<\/code> arac\u0131, web sunucunuzun performans\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ab -n 1000 -c 100 http:\/\/example.com<\/code> komutu, 1000 istek g\u00f6ndererek ve 100 e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 kullanarak example.com<\/code> adresini test eder.
\n* Webalizer ve AWStats:<\/strong> Bu ara\u00e7lar, web sitenizin trafik istatistiklerini analiz etmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.
\n* Sistem \u0130zleme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong> top<\/code>, htop<\/code> ve iostat<\/code> gibi ara\u00e7lar, sunucunuzun kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 (CPU, bellek, disk I\/O) izlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Edge Case’ler:<\/strong><\/p>\n
* Alan Ad\u0131 \u00c7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n alan adlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131na dikkat edin.
\n* Port \u00c7ak\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131:<\/strong> Ayn\u0131 portu farkl\u0131 sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131zda kullanmamaya dikkat edin.
\n* Dosya \u0130zinleri:<\/strong> Dosya izinlerini do\u011fru ayarlay\u0131n, aksi takdirde web siteniz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayabilir veya g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na neden olabilir.
\n* PHP ve Di\u011fer Mod\u00fcller:<\/strong> PHP veya di\u011fer mod\u00fclleri kurman\u0131z gerekiyorsa, bunu do\u011fru \u015fekilde yapman\u0131z ve konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncellemeniz gerekir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n
Bu k\u0131lavuzda, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS \u00fczerinde Apache sanal sunucular\u0131n\u0131 kurma, yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve optimize etme konusunda ad\u0131m ad\u0131m bir yol haritas\u0131 sunduk. Unutmay\u0131n ki, bu sadece bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Web sunucunuzu g\u00fcvenli ve verimli bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli \u00f6\u011frenme ve g\u00fcncellemeler yapman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir. [fatihsoysal.com](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) adresinden daha fazla bilgi ve kaynak bulabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS):<\/strong><\/p>\n
1. Apache’yi nas\u0131l yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131r\u0131m?<\/strong> sudo systemctl restart apache2<\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n.
\n2. Sanal sunucu konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyas\u0131n\u0131 nerede bulurum?<\/strong> \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/<\/code> dizininde.
\n3. Bir sanal sunucuyu nas\u0131l devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r\u0131m?<\/strong> sudo a2dissite <sanal_sunucu_ad\u0131><\/code> komutunu kullan\u0131n ve ard\u0131ndan sudo systemctl reload apache2<\/code> ile Apache’yi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n.
\n4. Apache log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 nerede bulurum?<\/strong> Genellikle \/var\/log\/apache2\/<\/code> dizininde.
\n5. Let’s Encrypt sertifikam s\u00fcresi doldu\u011funda ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong> Certbot’u kullanarak sertifikan\u0131z\u0131 otomatik olarak yenileyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n
Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# Ubuntu 12.04 LTS’de Apache Sanal Sunucular\u0131 Kurulumu: Tam K\u0131lavuz Meta A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS sunucunuza Apache sanal…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1468],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-30148","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-ubuntu","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"\nMerhaba, Example.com'a Ho\u015f Geldiniz!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hi\u00e7bir etiketi bulunamad\u0131.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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