{"id":28005,"date":"2025-08-22T00:15:25","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T21:15:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-grup-basina-son-satiri-secme\/"},"modified":"2025-08-22T00:15:25","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T21:15:25","slug":"postgresql-grup-basina-son-satiri-secme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-grup-basina-son-satiri-secme\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7mek: Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Uygulamal\u0131 Rehber<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda, her grup i\u00e7in sadece son sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7meniz mi gerekiyor? \u00d6rne\u011fin, m\u00fc\u015fterilerin zaman i\u00e7indeki son al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flerini, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin son g\u00fcncellemelerini veya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n en son giri\u015flerini mi sorgulaman\u0131z gerekiyor? Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de grup ba\u015f\u0131na son sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7menin farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini, performans optimizasyonunu ve ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klayarak, bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak.  Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 seviyesinden ileri seviyeye kadar, pratik \u00f6rneklerle dolu bir rehber sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Gruplama ve S\u0131ralama: Temel Kavramlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de grup ba\u015f\u0131na son sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, temel gruplama (<code class=\"language-\">GROUP BY<\/code>) ve s\u0131ralama (<code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code>) i\u015flemlerini anlamak \u00f6nemlidir.  <code class=\"language-\">GROUP BY<\/code> c\u00fcmleci\u011fi, verileri belirli s\u00fctunlara g\u00f6re gruplar.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">GROUP BY m\u00fc\u015fteri_id<\/code> c\u00fcmleci\u011fi, her m\u00fc\u015fteri i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir grup olu\u015fturur.  <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> c\u00fcmleci\u011fi ise, verileri belirli bir s\u00fctuna g\u00f6re s\u0131ralar.  <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY tarih DESC<\/code> c\u00fcmleci\u011fi, verileri tarih s\u00fctununa g\u00f6re azalan s\u0131rada (en yeni tarih \u00f6nce) s\u0131ralar.  Bu iki c\u00fcmleci\u011fi birle\u015ftirerek, her grup i\u00e7indeki son sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7ebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me: Yeni Ba\u015flayanlar \u0130\u00e7in Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek Senaryo:<\/strong>  Bir e-ticaret sitesinin sipari\u015f verilerini i\u00e7eren bir tablo d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim.  Her m\u00fc\u015fterinin son sipari\u015f tarihini ve sipari\u015f numaras\u0131n\u0131 bulmak istiyoruz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tablo Yap\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE TABLE siparisler (\n    siparis_no INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n    musteri_id INTEGER NOT NULL,\n    siparis_tarihi DATE NOT NULL\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Ad\u0131m 1: Verileri Tarihe G\u00f6re S\u0131ralama:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle, sipari\u015fleri <code class=\"language-\">musteri_id<\/code>&#8216;ye g\u00f6re gruplay\u0131p, <code class=\"language-\">siparis_tarihi<\/code> s\u00fctununa g\u00f6re azalan s\u0131rada s\u0131ralayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT siparis_no, musteri_id, siparis_tarihi\nFROM siparisler\nORDER BY musteri_id, siparis_tarihi DESC;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Ad\u0131m 2: Her M\u00fc\u015fteri \u0130\u00e7in \u0130lk Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me (ROW_NUMBER() Kullan\u0131m\u0131):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> pencere fonksiyonu, her grup i\u00e7indeki sat\u0131rlara bir s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atar.  Bu numaray\u0131 kullanarak, her gruptaki ilk (yani en son tarihli) sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7ebiliriz.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>WITH sirali_siparisler AS (\n    SELECT siparis_no, musteri_id, siparis_tarihi,\n           ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY musteri_id ORDER BY siparis_tarihi DESC) as rn\n    FROM siparisler\n)\nSELECT siparis_no, musteri_id, siparis_tarihi\nFROM sirali_siparisler\nWHERE rn = 1;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu kod, \u00f6ncelikle <code class=\"language-\">sirali_siparisler<\/code> ad\u0131nda bir CTE (Common Table Expression) olu\u015fturarak sipari\u015fleri s\u0131ralar ve her <code class=\"language-\">musteri_id<\/code> i\u00e7in s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atar. Ard\u0131ndan, s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 1 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 (her gruptaki en son sipari\u015fi) se\u00e7er.  Bu, yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in en anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve g\u00fcvenilir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me: Orta Seviye Uygulama ve Optimizasyon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek Hayat \u00d6rne\u011fi:<\/strong> Bir sosyal medya platformunda, her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n en son g\u00f6nderisinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve g\u00f6nderi tarihini bulmak istedi\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim.  Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6nderisi olabilir ve performans \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tablo Yap\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE TABLE gonderiler (\n    gonderi_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n    kullanici_id INTEGER NOT NULL,\n    gonderi_icerik TEXT,\n    gonderi_tarihi TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE NOT NULL\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>\u0130ndeksler:<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">kullanici_id<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">gonderi_tarihi<\/code> s\u00fctunlar\u0131na indeks eklemek, sorgunun performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.  PostgreSQL&#8217;in indeks kullan\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in [fatihsoysal.com](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) adresindeki makalelere bakabilirsiniz.<br \/>\n* <strong>CTE Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong>  Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi, CTE&#8217;ler sorgunun okunabilirli\u011fini ve performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.  Karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve y\u00f6netilebilir par\u00e7alara ay\u0131r\u0131rlar.<br \/>\n* <strong>WHERE c\u00fcmleci\u011fi:<\/strong> gereksiz s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7mekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.  Sadece ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olan s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek sorgunun performans\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Orta Seviye Kod \u00d6rne\u011fi:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>WITH en_son_gonderiler AS (\n    SELECT gonderi_id, kullanici_id, gonderi_icerik, gonderi_tarihi,\n           ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY kullanici_id ORDER BY gonderi_tarihi DESC) as rn\n    FROM gonderiler\n)\nSELECT gonderi_id, kullanici_id, gonderi_icerik, gonderi_tarihi\nFROM en_son_gonderiler\nWHERE rn = 1;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnek,  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> fonksiyonunu kullanarak, her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n en son g\u00f6nderisini se\u00e7er. \u0130ndeksler eklendi\u011finde performans \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me: \u0130leri D\u00fczey Teknikler ve Performans Analizi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130leri d\u00fczey senaryolarda, performans analizi ve edge case&#8217;ler \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r.  Veri setinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve sorgunun karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, performans\u0131 etkileyen fakt\u00f6rlerdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Performans Analizi:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> c\u00fcmleci\u011fi, sorgunun y\u00fcr\u00fctme plan\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00fcresini g\u00f6sterir.  Bu bilgiyi kullanarak, sorgunun performans\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in gerekli optimizasyonlar\u0131 belirleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Edge Case&#8217;ler:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>E\u015f Zamanl\u0131 G\u00fcncellemeler:<\/strong>  E\u011fer veriler e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcncelleniyorsa,  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> kullan\u0131m\u0131 beklenmedik sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretebilir.  Bu durumda, daha karma\u015f\u0131k kilit mekanizmalar\u0131 veya ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemler gerekebilir.<br \/>\n* <strong>Bo\u015f Gruplar:<\/strong>  Baz\u0131 gruplar\u0131n bo\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda, <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> bu gruplar i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir sat\u0131r d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmez.  Bu durumu ele almak i\u00e7in,  <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE<\/code> veya benzer fonksiyonlar kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130leri D\u00fczey Kod \u00d6rne\u011fi (DISTINCT ON kullan\u0131m\u0131):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code> c\u00fcmleci\u011fi, her grup i\u00e7in sadece bir sat\u0131r se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in alternatif bir y\u00f6ntem sunar. Bu y\u00f6ntem, baz\u0131 durumlarda <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code>&#8216;dan daha performansl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT DISTINCT ON (kullanici_id) gonderi_id, kullanici_id, gonderi_icerik, gonderi_tarihi\nFROM gonderiler\nORDER BY kullanici_id, gonderi_tarihi DESC;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu kod, her <code class=\"language-\">kullanici_id<\/code> i\u00e7in en son <code class=\"language-\">gonderi_tarihi<\/code>&#8216;ne sahip sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7er.  Ancak, <code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code>&#8216;un kullan\u0131m\u0131 <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code>&#8216;a g\u00f6re daha az esnektir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me:  Farkl\u0131 Y\u00f6ntemlerin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code> y\u00f6ntemleri, grup ba\u015f\u0131na son sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki y\u00f6ntemdir.  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> daha esnek ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, <code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code> baz\u0131 durumlarda daha performansl\u0131 olabilir.  Se\u00e7ilecek y\u00f6ntem, verilerin yap\u0131s\u0131na, veri setinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve performans gereksinimlerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.  Her iki y\u00f6ntemin de performans\u0131n\u0131 <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> ile analiz ederek en uygun se\u00e7imi yapabilirsiniz.  [fatihsoysal.com](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) adresindeki makalelerde bu konuda daha detayl\u0131 bilgi bulabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya Senaryolar\u0131 ve Vaka Analizleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Web Analiti\u011fi:<\/strong>  Her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n son ziyaret tarihini ve IP adresini belirlemek.<br \/>\n* <strong>Finansal Veriler:<\/strong>  Her m\u00fc\u015fterinin son i\u015flem tarihini ve tutar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak.<br \/>\n* <strong>Sens\u00f6r Verileri:<\/strong>  Her sens\u00f6r\u00fcn son \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de\u011ferini ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm tarihini kaydetmek.<br \/>\n* <strong>Log Dosyalar\u0131:<\/strong>  Her kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n son giri\u015f tarihini ve giri\u015f IP adresini takip etmek.<\/p>\n<p>Her bir senaryo i\u00e7in, uygun tablo yap\u0131s\u0131 ve sorgu optimizasyonu teknikleri se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu makalede, PostgreSQL&#8217;de grup ba\u015f\u0131na son sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7menin farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini, performans optimizasyonunu ve ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131k.  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code> gibi fonksiyonlar\u0131 kullanarak, verilerinizi etkili bir \u015fekilde sorgulayabilir ve analiz edebilirsiniz.  Ancak, her y\u00f6ntemin avantajlar\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.  Do\u011fru y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7mek ve performans\u0131 optimize etmek i\u00e7in verilerinizi ve gereksinimlerinizi dikkatlice analiz etmeniz \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong><code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code> aras\u0131ndaki fark nedir?<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> her sat\u0131ra benzersiz bir s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atarken, <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code> ayn\u0131 s\u0131radaki sat\u0131rlara ayn\u0131 s\u0131ra numaras\u0131n\u0131 atayabilir.<br \/>\n2. <strong>\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck veri setlerinde performans\u0131 nas\u0131l iyile\u015ftirebilirim?<\/strong> \u0130ndeksler eklemek, CTE&#8217;ler kullanmak, gereksiz s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7mekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> kullanarak sorgunun performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek \u00f6nemlidir.<br \/>\n3. <strong><code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code>&#8216;un <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code>&#8216;a g\u00f6re avantajlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/strong> Baz\u0131 durumlarda, <code class=\"language-\">DISTINCT ON<\/code> daha performansl\u0131 olabilir, \u00f6zellikle veri setinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckse.<br \/>\n4. <strong>E\u015f zamanl\u0131 g\u00fcncellemeler durumunda nas\u0131l bir yakla\u015f\u0131m izlemeliyim?<\/strong>  E\u015f zamanl\u0131 g\u00fcncellemeler durumunda, daha karma\u015f\u0131k kilit mekanizmalar\u0131 veya ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemler gerekebilir.  Veritaban\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin atomikli\u011fini sa\u011flamak \u00f6nemlidir.<br \/>\n5. <strong>Hangi y\u00f6ntem daha okunabilir ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131r?<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> genellikle daha okunabilir ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na Son Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7mek: Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Uygulamal\u0131 Rehber PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda, her grup i\u00e7in sadece son&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-28005","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - 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