{"id":27393,"date":"2025-08-12T12:15:23","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T09:15:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-tarih-alanlarinda-like-operatorunun-kullanimi\/"},"modified":"2025-08-12T12:15:23","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T09:15:23","slug":"postgresql-tarih-alanlarinda-like-operatorunun-kullanimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-tarih-alanlarinda-like-operatorunun-kullanimi\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: Tarih Alanlar\u0131nda LIKE Operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Kullan\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tarih Alanlar\u0131nda LIKE Operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc Kullanmak<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda tarih verilerini filtrelemek istiyorsunuz, ancak standart e\u015fitlik (=) operat\u00f6r\u00fc yerine daha esnek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ar\u0131yorsunuz.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli bir ayda veya y\u0131l\u0131n belirli bir d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylar\u0131 sorgulamak istiyorsunuz.  \u0130\u015fte tam bu noktada PostgreSQL&#8217;in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc devreye giriyor. Ancak, tarih alanlar\u0131yla <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131rken dikkat edilmesi gereken baz\u0131 noktalar mevcut. Bu makalede, PostgreSQL&#8217;de tarih alanlar\u0131nda <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l etkili ve verimli bir \u015fekilde kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme Yol Haritas\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayan:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn temelleri, basit tarih formatlar\u0131yla sorgulama.<br \/>\n* <strong>Orta:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131, tarih format\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri, performans ipu\u00e7lar\u0131.<br \/>\n* <strong>\u0130leri D\u00fczey:<\/strong> Performans analizi, karma\u015f\u0131k tarih filtrelemeleri, edge case&#8217;ler ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tarih ve Zaman Veri Tipleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL, tarih ve zaman verilerini depolamak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli veri tipleri sunar.  En yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lanlar <code class=\"language-\">date<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">timestamp<\/code>, ve <code class=\"language-\">timestamptz<\/code>&#8216;dir.  <code class=\"language-\">date<\/code> tipi yaln\u0131zca tarihi (YYYY-MM-DD), <code class=\"language-\">timestamp<\/code> tipi tarih ve saati (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS), <code class=\"language-\">timestamptz<\/code> tipi ise tarih, saat ve zaman dilimini (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS TZ) depolar.  <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmadan \u00f6nce, veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda hangi tarih veri tipinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeniz \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.  LIKE Operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Temelleri: Basit Tarih Sorgulamalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc, metin tabanl\u0131 desen e\u015fle\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.  Tarih alanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131rken, tarih de\u011ferlerini metin olarak ele al\u0131r.  Yani, tarih verilerinizi uygun bir metin format\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeniz gerekebilir.  A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, <code class=\"language-\">siparisler<\/code> tablosundaki <code class=\"language-\">siparis_tarihi<\/code> alan\u0131nda <code class=\"language-\">2024<\/code> y\u0131l\u0131ndaki sipari\u015fleri sorgulayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM siparisler WHERE to_char(siparis_tarihi, 'YYYY') LIKE '2024';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Burada <code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonu, <code class=\"language-\">siparis_tarihi<\/code> alan\u0131ndaki tarih de\u011ferlerini &#8216;YYYY&#8217; format\u0131nda metin de\u011ferlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.  <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc ise bu metin de\u011ferlerini &#8216;2024&#8217; ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.  Bu basit bir \u00f6rnektir, ancak daha karma\u015f\u0131k sorgulamalar i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc farkl\u0131 desen e\u015fle\u015ftirme karakterleriyle birle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">%<\/code> karakteri s\u0131f\u0131r veya daha fazla karakteri, <code class=\"language-\">_<\/code> karakteri ise tek bir karakteri temsil eder.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.  Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya Senaryolar\u0131:  Karma\u015f\u0131k Tarih Filtrelemeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir e-ticaret sitesinin veritaban\u0131nda, belirli bir ayda yap\u0131lan sipari\u015fleri sorgulamak istedi\u011fimizi varsayal\u0131m.  Bu durumda, <code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonunu kullanarak ay bilgisini elde edebilir ve <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak filtreleme yapabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM siparisler WHERE to_char(siparis_tarihi, 'MM') LIKE '03'; -- Mart ay\u0131 sipari\u015fleri<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ya da belirli bir y\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011findeki sipari\u015fleri sorgulamak i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM siparisler WHERE to_char(siparis_tarihi, 'YYYY-MM') LIKE '2024-0%' ; -- 2024 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu \u00f6rnekler, <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn tarih verilerini metinsel olarak ele alarak esnek filtreleme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ancak, performans a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha iyi y\u00f6ntemler de mevcuttur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Performans Optimizasyonu:  <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> yerine Daha Verimli Y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131nda, performans sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.  PostgreSQL, tarih alanlar\u0131nda indeks kullan\u0131m\u0131yla optimize edilmi\u015ftir.  Bu nedenle, <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc yerine, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funda <code class=\"language-\">BETWEEN<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmak daha verimli olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yukar\u0131daki Mart ay\u0131 sipari\u015fleri sorgusunu <code class=\"language-\">BETWEEN<\/code> ile \u015fu \u015fekilde yazabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM siparisler WHERE siparis_tarihi BETWEEN '2024-03-01' AND '2024-03-31';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>E\u011fer <code class=\"language-\">siparis_tarihi<\/code> alan\u0131 \u00fczerinde bir indeks varsa, bu sorgu <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan sorgudan \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r.  <code class=\"language-\">fatihsoysal.com<\/code> sitesindeki PostgreSQL performans optimizasyonu makalelerine bakarak daha detayl\u0131 bilgi edinebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.  Tarih Format\u0131 D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri ve Karakter K\u00fcmeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonu, tarih de\u011ferlerini farkl\u0131 formatlarda metne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.  Kullan\u0131lan format string&#8217;i, hedef metin format\u0131n\u0131 belirler.  Farkl\u0131 karakter k\u00fcmeleri ve b\u00f6lgesel ayarlar, tarih formatlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilir.  Bu nedenle, <code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonunu kullan\u0131rken dikkatli olmak ve do\u011fru format string&#8217;ini kullanmak \u00f6nemlidir.  Yanl\u0131\u015f format string&#8217;i kullanmak, beklenmedik sonu\u00e7lara ve hatalara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.  \u0130leri D\u00fczey Teknikler:  Karma\u015f\u0131k Tarih Desenleri ve Edge Case&#8217;ler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc, daha karma\u015f\u0131k tarih desenlerini filtrelemek i\u00e7in kullanabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli bir hafta i\u00e7i g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan sipari\u015fleri sorgulamak i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonunu <code class=\"language-\">'DAY'<\/code> format\u0131yla birlikte kullanabilirsiniz.  Ancak, bu t\u00fcr karma\u015f\u0131k sorgulamalar\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 dikkatlice izlemeniz ve gerekti\u011finde alternatif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler araman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir.  \u00d6zellikle, b\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131nda, bu t\u00fcr sorgulamalar \u00f6nemli performans d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerine neden olabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.  Performans Analizi ve \u0130ndeksleme<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;in performans analiz ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn performans\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilirsiniz.  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN<\/code> komutu, sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir ve sorguyu optimize etmek i\u00e7in ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flar.  Tarih alanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde uygun indeksler olu\u015fturmak, <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131rken performans\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015ftirebilir.  Ancak, indekslerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve bak\u0131m\u0131 da kaynak t\u00fcketir, bu nedenle indeksleme stratejinizi dikkatlice planlaman\u0131z \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.  \u00d6rnek Vaka Analizi: Bir \u00dcr\u00fcn Sat\u0131\u015f Veritaban\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir \u00fcr\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015f veritaban\u0131nda, belirli bir tarihten sonra sat\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sorgulamak isteyelim.  <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak bunu yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da, <code class=\"language-\">>=<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc kullanmak daha verimli olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM urun_satislari WHERE satis_tarihi &gt;= '2024-01-01';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">2024-01-01<\/code> tarihinden sonraki t\u00fcm sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 getirecektir.  Bu \u00f6rnek, <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn her zaman en iyi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.  Performans ve okunabilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en uygun operat\u00f6r\u00fc se\u00e7mek \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de tarih alanlar\u0131nda <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmak, esnek filtreleme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar, ancak performans a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan her zaman en iyi se\u00e7enek de\u011fildir.  <code class=\"language-\">BETWEEN<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc ve uygun indeksleme stratejileri, performans\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015ftirebilir.  <code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonunu do\u011fru kullanmak ve tarih formatlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak da \u00f6nemlidir.  Karma\u015f\u0131k sorgulamalar i\u00e7in performans analizi yapman\u0131z ve alternatif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler araman\u0131z gerekebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong><code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc tarih alanlar\u0131nda kullanman\u0131n dezavantajlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/strong>  Performans d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne neden olabilir, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131nda. \u0130ndeks kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>Tarih alanlar\u0131nda <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> yerine hangi operat\u00f6rleri kullanmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">BETWEEN<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">>=<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\"><=<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">=<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Tarih formatlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilirim?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">to_char()<\/code> fonksiyonunu kullanarak.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Performans\u0131 nas\u0131l optimize edebilirim?<\/strong>  Uygun indeksler olu\u015fturarak, <code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> yerine daha verimli operat\u00f6rler kullanarak, sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek.<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong><code class=\"language-\">LIKE<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131rken hangi desen e\u015fle\u015ftirme karakterlerini kullanabilirim?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">%<\/code> (s\u0131f\u0131r veya daha fazla karakter), <code class=\"language-\">_<\/code> (tek bir karakter).<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tarih Alanlar\u0131nda LIKE Operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc Kullanmak PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda tarih verilerini filtrelemek istiyorsunuz, ancak standart e\u015fitlik (=) operat\u00f6r\u00fc&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-27393","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - 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