{"id":26977,"date":"2025-08-03T18:15:25","date_gmt":"2025-08-03T15:15:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-bir-tablodaki-sutun-adlarini-ve-turlerini-listeleme\/"},"modified":"2025-08-03T18:15:25","modified_gmt":"2025-08-03T15:15:25","slug":"postgresql-bir-tablodaki-sutun-adlarini-ve-turlerini-listeleme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-bir-tablodaki-sutun-adlarini-ve-turlerini-listeleme\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: Bir Tablodaki S\u00fctun Adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve T\u00fcrlerini Listeleme"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tablo S\u00fctun Adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve T\u00fcrlerini Listeleme<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda bulunan bir tablonun s\u00fctun adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve veri t\u00fcrlerini h\u0131zl\u0131ca nas\u0131l listeleyebilece\u011finizi hi\u00e7 merak ettiniz mi?  Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de tablo s\u00fctun bilgilerini sorgulama konusunda yeni ba\u015flayanlardan uzmanlara kadar herkes i\u00e7in ad\u0131m ad\u0131m bir rehber sunmaktad\u0131r.  Veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan bu sorunun pratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya \u00f6rneklerini ve performans optimizasyon tekniklerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de tablo yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir.  Bu bilgiye sahip olmak, veritaban\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmek, sorgulamalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek ve potansiyel sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6nceden tespit etmek i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.  Bu rehber sayesinde, PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zdaki tablolar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kolayca inceleyebilecek ve verimli bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabileceksiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme Yol Haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayan:<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code> kullanarak basit sorgulama ve kod \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Orta Seviye:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131, <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code> kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve optimizasyon ipu\u00e7lar\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130leri Seviye:<\/strong> Performans analizi, b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar i\u00e7in optimizasyon ve edge case&#8217;ler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tablo Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Anlamak: Temel Kavramlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL, ili\u015fkisel bir veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netim sistemidir (RDBMS).  Veriler, tablolar halinde organize edilir ve her tablo, belirli veri t\u00fcrlerine sahip s\u00fctunlardan olu\u015fur.  Bir s\u00fctunun veri t\u00fcr\u00fc, o s\u00fctunda saklanabilecek verilerin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (\u00f6rne\u011fin, integer, text, date) tan\u0131mlar.  Tablo yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, veritaban\u0131yla etkile\u015fim kurmak i\u00e7in olmazsa olmazd\u0131r.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir sorgulama yazmadan \u00f6nce, hangi s\u00fctunlar\u0131n hangi veri t\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip oldu\u011funu bilmeniz gerekir.  Ak\u0131ll\u0131ca tasarlanm\u0131\u015f tablolar, veritaban\u0131n\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frudan etkiler.  Veri t\u00fcrlerini do\u011fru se\u00e7mek, depolama alan\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmek ve sorgulama performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de S\u00fctun Adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve T\u00fcrlerini Listeleme: Uygulamal\u0131 K\u0131lavuz (Yeni Ba\u015flayan)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En basit y\u00f6ntem, <code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code> \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r.  Bu \u015fema, veritaban\u0131n\u0131z hakk\u0131nda meta veri i\u00e7erir.  A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki SQL sorgusu, belirli bir tablonun s\u00fctun adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve veri t\u00fcrlerini listeler:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT column_name, data_type\nFROM information_schema.columns\nWHERE table_name = 'your_table_name';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">your_table_name<\/code> yerine, s\u00fctun bilgilerini almak istedi\u011finiz tablonun ad\u0131n\u0131 yazmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">musteriler<\/code> adl\u0131 bir tablonun s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT column_name, data_type\nFROM information_schema.columns\nWHERE table_name = 'musteriler';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, her sat\u0131rda s\u00fctun ad\u0131n\u0131 (<code class=\"language-\">column_name<\/code>) ve veri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (<code class=\"language-\">data_type<\/code>) d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.  Bu, veritaban\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 incelemek veya bir tabloyu anlamak i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011finiz basit ve etkili bir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nas\u0131l Daha Fazla Bilgi Elde Edebilirim? (Orta Seviye)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code> kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olsa da, daha fazla bilgiye ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funuzda <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code> \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz.  <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code>, PostgreSQL&#8217;in sistem katalogudur ve veritaban\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgiler i\u00e7erir.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, s\u00fctunlar\u0131n karakter uzunluklar\u0131n\u0131, null olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve varsay\u0131lan de\u011ferlerini \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorguyu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT attname AS column_name, format_type(atttypid, atttypmod) AS data_type, attnotnull AS not_null, adsrc AS default_value\nFROM pg_attribute\nWHERE attrelid = 'your_table_name'::regclass\nAND attnum &gt; 0;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">pg_attribute<\/code> sistem tablosundan bilgi \u00e7eker.  <code class=\"language-\">attrelid<\/code>, tablo kimli\u011fini belirtir ve <code class=\"language-\">attnum > 0<\/code> ko\u015fulu, sistem s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 filtreleyerek sadece kullan\u0131c\u0131 tan\u0131ml\u0131 s\u00fctunlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.  <code class=\"language-\">format_type<\/code> fonksiyonu, veri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc daha okunabilir bir formatta g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya \u00d6rne\u011fi:<\/strong> Bir e-ticaret sitesinin \u00fcr\u00fcn bilgilerini tutan <code class=\"language-\">urunler<\/code> tablosunun s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyelim.  Bu sorgu, \u00fcr\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131, fiyat\u0131n\u0131, sto\u011funu ve kategorisini i\u00e7eren s\u00fctunlar\u0131n veri t\u00fcrlerini ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6sterir.  Bu bilgi, sorgu optimizasyonu veya raporlama i\u00e7in \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Tablolar \u0130\u00e7in Performans Optimizasyonu Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r? (\u0130leri Seviye)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar i\u00e7in yukar\u0131daki sorgular\u0131n performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015febilir.  B\u00fcy\u00fck tablolarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, performans\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki y\u00f6ntemleri kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<p>* <strong>\u0130ndeksler:<\/strong>  S\u0131k\u00e7a sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00fctunlara indeks eklemek, sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.<br \/>\n* <strong>WHERE klauzu:<\/strong>  Sadece gerekli s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">WHERE<\/code> klauzu kullan\u0131n.  Bu, gereksiz veri okuma i\u015flemlerini \u00f6nler.<br \/>\n* <strong>EXPLAIN ANALYZE:<\/strong>  Sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> kullan\u0131n.  Bu, sorguyu optimize etmek i\u00e7in size yol g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Edge Case&#8217;ler:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 durumlarda, tablo yap\u0131s\u0131 dinamik olarak de\u011fi\u015febilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin,  PostgreSQL&#8217;de bulunan geni\u015fletilebilir tablolar).  Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda, anl\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc almak i\u00e7in bir i\u015flemi veya fonksiyonu kullanman\u0131z gerekebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tablo S\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 Listeleme: Performans Analizi ve \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Performans, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck veritabanlar\u0131nda kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.  Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen <code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code> y\u00f6ntemleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki tablolar i\u00e7in genellikle yeterlidir. Ancak, milyonlarca sat\u0131r\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar i\u00e7in performans d\u00fc\u015febilir.  Bu gibi durumlarda, sorguyu optimize etmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z:<\/p>\n<p>* <strong>\u0130ndeksler:<\/strong> S\u00fctunlara uygun indeksler olu\u015fturmak, sorgu s\u00fcresini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltabilir. \u00d6zellikle <code class=\"language-\">WHERE<\/code> ko\u015fulunda kullan\u0131lan s\u00fctunlar i\u00e7in indeks olu\u015fturmak faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n* <strong>Sadece Gerekli S\u00fctunlar\u0131 Se\u00e7mek:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">SELECT *<\/code> yerine, sadece ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funuz s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek, veri transferini azalt\u0131r ve performans\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir.<br \/>\n* <strong><code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong>  Sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> kullanarak sorguyu optimize etmek i\u00e7in gerekli ad\u0131mlar\u0131 belirleyebilirsiniz. Bu, sorgu optimizasyonunun en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biridir.<br \/>\n* <strong>Par\u00e7alama (Partitioning):<\/strong> \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar\u0131 par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rmak, performans\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.  Par\u00e7alama, b\u00fcy\u00fck tabloyu daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, y\u00f6netilebilir par\u00e7alara ay\u0131r\u0131r ve sorguyu sadece ilgili par\u00e7alar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek:<\/strong>  Milyonlarca kay\u0131t i\u00e7eren bir <code class=\"language-\">log<\/code> tablosunun s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak istiyorsan\u0131z, sadece gerekli s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7meli ve ilgili s\u00fctunlara indeks olu\u015fturmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> ile sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, performans\u0131 daha da iyile\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de tablo s\u00fctun adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcrlerini listelemenin \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerini ele ald\u0131.  Yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in basit <code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code> sorgular\u0131ndan, ileri d\u00fczey kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in performans odakl\u0131 <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code> sorgular\u0131na ve optimizasyon tekniklerine kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazeyi kapsad\u0131k.  Veritaban\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde, verimlili\u011fi ve performans\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in do\u011fru ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve teknikleri bilmek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.  Umar\u0131m bu rehber, PostgreSQL veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131zla daha etkili bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong><code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code> aras\u0131ndaki fark nedir?<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">information_schema<\/code>, veritaban\u0131 hakk\u0131nda genel bilgi i\u00e7eren standart bir \u015fema iken, <code class=\"language-\">pg_catalog<\/code>, PostgreSQL&#8217;in sistem katalogudur ve daha detayl\u0131 bilgiler i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar i\u00e7in performans\u0131 nas\u0131l art\u0131rabilirim?<\/strong> \u0130ndeksler olu\u015fturmak, sadece gerekli s\u00fctunlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek, <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> kullanmak ve par\u00e7alama gibi y\u00f6ntemler performans\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>S\u00fctunlar\u0131n varsay\u0131lan de\u011ferlerini nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frenebilirim?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">pg_attribute<\/code> tablosundaki <code class=\"language-\">adsrc<\/code> s\u00fctununu kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Null olmayan s\u00fctunlar\u0131 nas\u0131l belirleyebilirim?<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">pg_attribute<\/code> tablosundaki <code class=\"language-\">attnotnull<\/code> s\u00fctununu kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>5.  <strong>S\u00fctunlar\u0131n veri t\u00fcrlerini daha detayl\u0131 nas\u0131l inceleyebilirim?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">pg_type<\/code> sistem tablosunu inceleyerek detayl\u0131 veri tipi bilgilerine ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL&#8217;de Tablo S\u00fctun Adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve T\u00fcrlerini Listeleme PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda bulunan bir tablonun s\u00fctun adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve veri t\u00fcrlerini&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-26977","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>PostgreSQL: Bir Tablodaki S\u00fctun Adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve T\u00fcrlerini Listeleme<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hi\u00e7bir etiketi bulunamad\u0131.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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