{"id":26652,"date":"2025-07-28T15:15:23","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T12:15:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-bos-zaman-damgasina-sahip-satirlari-secme\/"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:15:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T12:15:23","slug":"postgresql-bos-zaman-damgasina-sahip-satirlari-secme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-bos-zaman-damgasina-sahip-satirlari-secme\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: Bo\u015f Zaman Damgas\u0131na Sahip Sat\u0131rlar\u0131 Se\u00e7me"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL: Bo\u015f Zaman Damgas\u0131 Olan Sat\u0131rlar\u0131 Se\u00e7me<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda zaman damgas\u0131 (timestamp) s\u00fctununa sahip bir tablo var ve bu s\u00fctunun bo\u015f de\u011ferleri i\u00e7erdi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m.  Bu bo\u015f de\u011ferleri nas\u0131l tespit edip ilgili sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7ece\u011finizi merak ediyor musunuz?  Bu makalede, PostgreSQL&#8217;de bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7menin farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya \u00f6rneklerini ve performans optimizasyon tekniklerini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz.  Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 sorunu ile ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n en etkili yollar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedece\u011fiz ve olas\u0131 tuzaklardan ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Bo\u015f Zaman Damgas\u0131 Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de bir zaman damgas\u0131 s\u00fctunu, tarih ve saati birlikte saklamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.  Bo\u015f bir zaman damgas\u0131, bu s\u00fctundaki h\u00fccrenin hi\u00e7bir tarih ve saat bilgisi i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.  Bu, veri eksikli\u011fi, hen\u00fcz bir de\u011fer atanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 veya bilinmeyen bir zaman\u0131 temsil edebilir.  Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 de\u011ferlerini, <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011feri ile temsil edilir.  <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code>, veritaban\u0131nda bir de\u011ferin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya bilinmedi\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00f6zel bir de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Bo\u015f Zaman Damgas\u0131 Olan Sat\u0131rlar\u0131 Se\u00e7me: \u00d6\u011frenme Yol Haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu rehber, farkl\u0131 deneyim seviyelerine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayan:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ad\u0131m 1:<\/strong>  Basit bir tablo olu\u015ftural\u0131m ve i\u00e7ine veriler ekleyelim.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE TABLE ogrenciler (\n    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,\n    ad VARCHAR(255),\n    kayit_zamani TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE\n);\n\nINSERT INTO ogrenciler (ad, kayit_zamani) VALUES\n('Ahmet', '2024-03-15 10:00:00'),\n('Ay\u015fe', NULL),\n('Mehmet', '2024-03-16 14:30:00'),\n('Fatma', NULL);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Ad\u0131m 2:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">IS NULL<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7elim.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM ogrenciler WHERE kayit_zamani IS NULL;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">kayit_zamani<\/code> s\u00fctununda <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011feri olan t\u00fcm sat\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Orta Seviye:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek Hayat \u00d6rne\u011fi:<\/strong> Bir e-ticaret sitesinin sipari\u015f tablosunu ele alal\u0131m.  <code class=\"language-\">teslimat_zamani<\/code> s\u00fctunu, sipari\u015fin teslim edildi\u011fi zaman\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.  Hen\u00fcz teslim edilmemi\u015f sipari\u015fleri bulmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorguyu kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM siparisler WHERE teslimat_zamani IS NULL;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong>  B\u00fcy\u00fck tablolar i\u00e7in indeks kullanmak performans\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.  <code class=\"language-\">teslimat_zamani<\/code> s\u00fctununa bir indeks eklemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE INDEX idx_teslimat_zamani ON siparisler (teslimat_zamani);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0130leri Seviye:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Performans Analizi:<\/strong>  B\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleri i\u00e7in sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek \u00f6nemlidir.  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutu, sorguyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken PostgreSQL&#8217;in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemleri detayl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterir.  \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM siparisler WHERE teslimat_zamani IS NULL;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu, sorguyu optimize etmek i\u00e7in gerekli bilgileri sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Edge Case&#8217;ler:<\/strong>  Baz\u0131 durumlarda, zaman damgas\u0131 s\u00fctunu bo\u015f de\u011fil ama ge\u00e7ersiz bir de\u011fer i\u00e7eriyor olabilir.  Bu durumda, <code class=\"language-\">IS NULL<\/code> kontrol\u00fc yeterli olmayabilir.  Ge\u00e7ersiz de\u011ferleri tespit etmek i\u00e7in daha karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular gerekebilir.  \u00d6rne\u011fin,  <code class=\"language-\">to_timestamp()<\/code> fonksiyonunun hata vermesi durumunda  <code class=\"language-\">CASE<\/code> ifadesi kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Bo\u015f Zaman Damgas\u0131 Kontrol\u00fc \u0130\u00e7in Geli\u015fmi\u015f Teknikler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong># <strong>Nas\u0131l farkl\u0131 NULL kontrol y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanabilirim?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">IS NULL<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE<\/code> fonksiyonunu da kullanarak bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 kontrol\u00fc yapabiliriz.  <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE<\/code>, birden fazla arg\u00fcman al\u0131r ve ilk NULL olmayan de\u011feri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.  Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM ogrenciler WHERE COALESCE(kayit_zamani, '1900-01-01') = '1900-01-01';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">kayit_zamani<\/code> NULL ise &#8216;1900-01-01&#8217; de\u011ferini d\u00f6nd\u00fcrecektir.  Bu \u015fekilde NULL de\u011ferleri kolayca tespit edebiliriz.  Ancak dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, &#8216;1900-01-01&#8217; gibi bir de\u011ferin sisteminizde zaten var olmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong># <strong>Nas\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck tablolarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken performans\u0131 optimize edebilirim?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck tablolarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, performans\u0131 optimize etmek i\u00e7in indeksleme kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Zaman damgas\u0131 s\u00fctununa bir indeks eklemek, <code class=\"language-\">IS NULL<\/code> veya <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE<\/code> sorgular\u0131n\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.  \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE INDEX idx_kayit_zamani ON ogrenciler (kayit_zamani);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, gereksiz s\u00fctunlar\u0131 sorguya dahil etmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131 ve <code class=\"language-\">WHERE<\/code> ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmelisiniz.  Gerekti\u011finde, <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutunu kullanarak sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyip performans darbo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong># <strong>Nas\u0131l farkl\u0131 zaman dilimlerini ele alabilirim?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zaman dilimleri ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, <code class=\"language-\">TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE<\/code> veri tipini kullanmak \u00f6nemlidir.  Bu, zaman damgas\u0131n\u0131n hangi zaman diliminde kaydedildi\u011fini takip etmenizi sa\u011flar.  Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7erken, zaman dilimlerini dikkate alarak sorgular\u0131 yazmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya Vaka Analizi: Bir \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 Sistemi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir insan kaynaklar\u0131 y\u00f6netim sisteminde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015fe ba\u015flama tarihlerini saklayan bir tablo d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim.  <code class=\"language-\">ise_baslama_tarihi<\/code> s\u00fctunu, <code class=\"language-\">TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE<\/code> veri tipiyle tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olsun.  Hen\u00fcz i\u015fe ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f adaylar\u0131n bilgilerini almak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorgu kullan\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT * FROM calisanlar WHERE ise_baslama_tarihi IS NULL;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">ise_baslama_tarihi<\/code> s\u00fctununda <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011feri olan t\u00fcm sat\u0131rlar\u0131, yani hen\u00fcz i\u015fe ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f adaylar\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcrecektir.  B\u00fcy\u00fck bir veri setinde, bu sorguyu optimize etmek i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">ise_baslama_tarihi<\/code> s\u00fctununa bir indeks eklemek faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler mevcuttur.  <code class=\"language-\">IS NULL<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fc en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemdir, ancak <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE<\/code> fonksiyonu da kullan\u0131labilir.  B\u00fcy\u00fck tablolarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken performans\u0131 optimize etmek i\u00e7in indeksleme ve sorgu optimizasyonu tekniklerini kullanmak \u00f6nemlidir.  Zaman dilimlerini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde ele almak da veri b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritiktir.  Bu makalede ele al\u0131nan y\u00f6ntemler ve ipu\u00e7lar\u0131, veritaban\u0131n\u0131zdaki bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 etkili bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6zmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong>Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 de\u011ferleri ile NULL de\u011ferleri aras\u0131nda fark var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/strong>  PostgreSQL&#8217;de bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 de\u011ferleri <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> olarak temsil edilir.  Aralar\u0131nda pratik bir fark yoktur.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 de\u011ferlerini nas\u0131l g\u00fcncelleyebilirim?<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">UPDATE<\/code> komutu ile bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 de\u011ferlerini g\u00fcncelleyebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin: <code class=\"language-\">UPDATE ogrenciler SET kayit_zamani = NOW() WHERE kayit_zamani IS NULL;<\/code><\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 silmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/strong>  Evet, <code class=\"language-\">DELETE<\/code> komutu ile bo\u015f zaman damgas\u0131 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 silebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin: <code class=\"language-\">DELETE FROM ogrenciler WHERE kayit_zamani IS NULL;<\/code><\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Zaman damgas\u0131 s\u00fctununa varsay\u0131lan bir de\u011fer atamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/strong> Evet, tablo olu\u015ftururken <code class=\"language-\">DEFAULT<\/code> k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 kullanarak zaman damgas\u0131 s\u00fctununa varsay\u0131lan bir de\u011fer atayabilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin: <code class=\"language-\">kayit_zamani TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()<\/code><\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>Performans sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015farsam ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutunu kullanarak sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyin ve gerekli optimizasyonlar\u0131 yap\u0131n.  \u0130ndeksleme, sorgu optimizasyonu ve veritaban\u0131 sunucusunun kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin.  Daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in [fatihsoysal.com](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) adresini ziyaret edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL: Bo\u015f Zaman Damgas\u0131 Olan Sat\u0131rlar\u0131 Se\u00e7me PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda zaman damgas\u0131 (timestamp) s\u00fctununa sahip bir tablo var&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-26652","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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