{"id":26594,"date":"2025-07-27T18:17:40","date_gmt":"2025-07-27T15:17:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-how-to-subtract-years-from-a-date-ceviri\/"},"modified":"2025-07-27T18:17:40","modified_gmt":"2025-07-27T15:17:40","slug":"postgresql-how-to-subtract-years-from-a-date-ceviri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-how-to-subtract-years-from-a-date-ceviri\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: How to Subtract Years from a Date (\u00c7eviri)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL&#8217;den Y\u0131l \u00c7\u0131karma: Tarih \u0130\u015flemlerinde Uzmanl\u0131k<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir uygulama geli\u015ftiriyorsunuz ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fum tarihlerinden ka\u00e7 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti\u011fini hesaplaman\u0131z gerekiyor.  Ya da bir m\u00fc\u015fterinin abonelik biti\u015f tarihini belirlemek i\u00e7in abonelik ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihinden belirli say\u0131da y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karmak istiyorsunuz.  Bu gibi durumlarda, PostgreSQL&#8217;in sundu\u011fu tarih fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini kolayca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Bu makalede, PostgreSQL&#8217;de tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m, yeni ba\u015flayanlardan ileri seviye kullan\u0131c\u0131lara kadar herkesin anlayabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z.  Farkl\u0131 senaryolara uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ve performans optimizasyonu tekniklerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL Tarih Fonksiyonlar\u0131: Temel Kavramlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL, tarih ve zaman verileriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc fonksiyonlar sunar.  Bu fonksiyonlar, tarih manip\u00fclasyonunu kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve verimli hale getirir.  <code class=\"language-\">age()<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">date_part()<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">interval<\/code> gibi fonksiyonlar, tarih i\u015flemlerinde s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131l\u0131r.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">age()<\/code> fonksiyonu iki tarih aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 hesaplar ve sonu\u00e7 <code class=\"language-\">interval<\/code> tipi olarak d\u00f6ner. <code class=\"language-\">date_part()<\/code> fonksiyonu ise bir tarih veya zaman de\u011ferinden belirli bir bile\u015feni (y\u0131l, ay, g\u00fcn vb.) ay\u0131klamay\u0131 sa\u011flar.  <code class=\"language-\">interval<\/code> tipi ise y\u0131l, ay, g\u00fcn gibi zaman birimlerini temsil eder ve aritmetik i\u015flemlerde kullan\u0131labilir.  Bu temel kavramlar\u0131 anlamak, tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini do\u011fru ve verimli bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;den Y\u0131l \u00c7\u0131karma: Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Uygulama K\u0131lavuzu (Yeni Ba\u015flayanlar \u0130\u00e7in)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in en yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntem, <code class=\"language-\">interval<\/code> tipi ile birlikte <code class=\"language-\">-<\/code> (\u00e7\u0131karma) operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmakt\u0131r.  A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, <code class=\"language-\">'2024-03-15'<\/code> tarihine 5 y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini g\u00f6steriyoruz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT '2024-03-15'::date - INTERVAL '5 year';<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">2019-03-15<\/code> tarihini d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.  <code class=\"language-\">::date<\/code> k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, PostgreSQL&#8217;e verinin tarih t\u00fcr\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu bildirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.  E\u011fer tarihleriniz zaten <code class=\"language-\">date<\/code> t\u00fcr\u00fcnde ise bu k\u0131sm\u0131 kullanman\u0131za gerek yoktur.<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek olarak, bir tablodaki do\u011fum tarihlerinden ge\u00e7en y\u0131l\u0131 hesaplayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE TABLE kisiler (\n    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,\n    ad VARCHAR(255),\n    dogum_tarihi DATE\n);\n\nINSERT INTO kisiler (ad, dogum_tarihi) VALUES\n('Ahmet', '1990-05-10'),\n('Ay\u015fe', '1995-11-22');\n\nSELECT ad, dogum_tarihi, AGE(dogum_tarihi) FROM kisiler;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code class=\"language-\">AGE()<\/code> fonksiyonu, iki tarih aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 <code class=\"language-\">interval<\/code> olarak d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131da, ya\u015f bilgisi y\u0131l, ay ve g\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6sterilecektir. Sadece y\u0131l\u0131 almak i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">EXTRACT<\/code> fonksiyonunu kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT ad, dogum_tarihi, EXTRACT(YEAR FROM AGE(dogum_tarihi)) AS yas FROM kisiler;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek Hayat \u00d6rne\u011fi ve Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131 (Orta Seviye)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frenci kay\u0131t sisteminde, \u00f6\u011frencilerin mezuniyet tarihlerini hesaplamak i\u00e7in tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini kullanabiliriz.  \u00d6\u011frencilerin kay\u0131t tarihleri ve e\u011fitim s\u00fcreleri (y\u0131l olarak) veritaban\u0131nda tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE TABLE ogrenciler (\n    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,\n    ad VARCHAR(255),\n    kayit_tarihi DATE,\n    egitim_suresi INT\n);\n\nINSERT INTO ogrenciler (ad, kayit_tarihi, egitim_suresi) VALUES\n('Ali', '2021-09-15', 4),\n('Veli', '2022-09-15', 3);\n\nSELECT ad, kayit_tarihi, kayit_tarihi + INTERVAL '4 year' AS mezuniyet_tarihi FROM ogrenciler;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Burada, <code class=\"language-\">egitim_suresi<\/code> s\u00fctunundaki de\u011fer kullan\u0131larak <code class=\"language-\">kayit_tarihi<\/code>&#8216;ne y\u0131l ekleyerek mezuniyet tarihini hesaplad\u0131k. Ancak, bu sorguyu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir veritaban\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken performans sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fayabilirsiniz.  B\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleri i\u00e7in, indeksleme ve uygun veri tiplerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 performans\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.  <code class=\"language-\">kayit_tarihi<\/code> s\u00fctununa bir indeks eklemek sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirecektir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Performans Analizi ve Edge Case&#8217;ler (\u0130leri Seviye)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, tarih i\u015flemlerinin performans\u0131 kritik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.  Yanl\u0131\u015f indeksleme veya verimsiz sorgu yaz\u0131m\u0131, ciddi performans sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.  PostgreSQL&#8217;in <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutu, sorgular\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmenize ve potansiyel darbo\u011fazlar\u0131 belirlemenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, yukar\u0131daki \u00f6\u011frenci \u00f6rne\u011fi i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutunu kullanarak sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyebilir ve performans\u0131 optimize edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Edge case&#8217;ler, beklenmedik durumlar veya s\u0131n\u0131r durumlar\u0131d\u0131r.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemi sonucunda negatif bir y\u0131l de\u011feri elde edebilirsiniz.  Bu gibi durumlarda, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frulamak ve gerekli i\u015flemleri (\u00f6rne\u011fin, negatif y\u0131l\u0131 0 olarak ayarlamak) yapmak \u00f6nemlidir.  Ayr\u0131ca, y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f tarihlerini (1 Ocak ve 31 Aral\u0131k) dikkate alman\u0131z gerekebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme Yol Haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayan:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Ad\u0131m 1:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">interval<\/code> tipi ve <code class=\"language-\">-<\/code> operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn temel kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin.  Yukar\u0131daki basit \u00f6rnekleri deneyin.<br \/>\n* <strong>Ad\u0131m 2:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">date_part()<\/code> fonksiyonu ile tarih bile\u015fenlerini ay\u0131klamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin.<br \/>\n* <strong>Ad\u0131m 3:<\/strong>  Basit bir tablo olu\u015fturup, tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini uygulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Orta Seviye:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Ad\u0131m 1:<\/strong>  Ger\u00e7ek hayat \u00f6rneklerini inceleyin ve kendi verilerinizle deneyin.<br \/>\n* <strong>Ad\u0131m 2:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutunu kullanarak sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz edin.<br \/>\n* <strong>Ad\u0131m 3:<\/strong>  \u0130ndeksleme ve uygun veri tiplerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130leri Seviye:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Ad\u0131m 1:<\/strong>  Karma\u015f\u0131k tarih i\u015flemleri ve edge case&#8217;leri ele al\u0131n.<br \/>\n* <strong>Ad\u0131m 2:<\/strong>  Performans optimizasyonu tekniklerini derinlemesine \u00f6\u011frenin.<br \/>\n* <strong>Ad\u0131m 3:<\/strong>  PostgreSQL&#8217;in sundu\u011fu di\u011fer tarih fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL, tarihlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve esnek fonksiyonlar sunmaktad\u0131r.  Bu makalede, tarihten y\u0131l \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemini farkl\u0131 seviyelerdeki kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131k.  Uygun teknikleri kullanarak, veritaban\u0131n\u0131zdaki tarih i\u015flemlerini verimli ve do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilirsiniz.  Daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in [Fatih Soysal&#8217;\u0131n bloguna](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong>Negatif bir y\u0131l de\u011feri nas\u0131l ele al\u0131n\u0131r?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">CASE<\/code> ifadesi veya benzeri kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131 kullanarak negatif y\u0131l de\u011ferlerini 0 veya ba\u015fka bir uygun de\u011ferle de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n2. <strong>Tarihten ay veya g\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karmak nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">INTERVAL<\/code> tipinde ay veya g\u00fcn belirterek ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanabilirsiniz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">INTERVAL '3 month'<\/code> veya <code class=\"language-\">INTERVAL '10 day'<\/code>).<br \/>\n3. <strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleri i\u00e7in performans\u0131 nas\u0131l optimize edebilirim?<\/strong>  \u0130ndeksleme, uygun veri tipleri ve verimli sorgu yaz\u0131m\u0131 performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutu yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<br \/>\n4. <strong>Farkl\u0131 zaman dilimlerini nas\u0131l y\u00f6netirim?<\/strong>  PostgreSQL&#8217;in zaman dilimi fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak farkl\u0131 zaman dilimlerindeki tarihlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirsiniz.<br \/>\n5. <strong>Tarih hesaplamalar\u0131nda olas\u0131 hatalar nelerdir?<\/strong>  K\u0131r\u0131lgan kod yazmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferlerini test etmeli ve her zaman olas\u0131 hatalar i\u00e7in \u00f6nlem almal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL&#8217;den Y\u0131l \u00c7\u0131karma: Tarih \u0130\u015flemlerinde Uzmanl\u0131k PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir uygulama geli\u015ftiriyorsunuz ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fum tarihlerinden ka\u00e7&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-26594","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - 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