{"id":26538,"date":"2025-07-26T21:15:31","date_gmt":"2025-07-26T18:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-grup-basina-ikinci-en-buyuk-degeri-bulma\/"},"modified":"2025-07-26T21:15:31","modified_gmt":"2025-07-26T18:15:31","slug":"postgresql-grup-basina-ikinci-en-buyuk-degeri-bulma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-grup-basina-ikinci-en-buyuk-degeri-bulma\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na \u0130kinci En B\u00fcy\u00fck De\u011feri Bulma"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na \u0130kinci En B\u00fcy\u00fck De\u011feri Bulma<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda her grup i\u00e7in ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri bulmak zorunda kald\u0131n\u0131z m\u0131?  \u00d6rne\u011fin, her \u015fehirdeki ikinci en y\u00fcksek maa\u015f\u0131 alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyorsunuz? Veya her \u00fcr\u00fcn kategorisindeki ikinci en \u00e7ok satan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 incelemek istiyorsunuz? Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de bu sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in ad\u0131m ad\u0131m bir k\u0131lavuz sunmaktad\u0131r.  Yeni ba\u015flayanlardan ileri seviye kullan\u0131c\u0131lara kadar herkesin anlayabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya \u00f6rnekleri ve performans optimizasyon teknikleriyle zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme Yol Haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de grup ba\u015f\u0131na ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri bulma konusunda kademeli bir \u00f6\u011frenme deneyimi sunar:<\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayan:<\/strong> Temel SQL sorgular\u0131 ve <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> fonksiyonunun kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile basit bir yakla\u015f\u0131m.<br \/>\n* <strong>Orta Seviye:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131, optimizasyon ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri.<br \/>\n* <strong>\u0130leri Seviye:<\/strong> Performans analizi, karma\u015f\u0131k senaryolar ve s\u0131n\u0131r durumlar\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Temel Kavramlar: Pencere Fonksiyonlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de grup ba\u015f\u0131na ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri bulmak i\u00e7in pencere fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Pencere fonksiyonlar\u0131, verilerin bir alt k\u00fcmesi \u00fczerinde (pencere) i\u015flem yaparak her sat\u0131r i\u00e7in bir sonu\u00e7 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu, standart toplama fonksiyonlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r; standart fonksiyonlar bir grup i\u00e7in tek bir sonu\u00e7 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, pencere fonksiyonlar\u0131 her sat\u0131r i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 \u00fcretir.  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">DENSE_RANK()<\/code> gibi fonksiyonlar bu kategoride yer al\u0131r.  Bu fonksiyonlar, verileri s\u0131ralayarak her sat\u0131ra benzersiz bir s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na \u0130kinci En B\u00fcy\u00fck De\u011feri Bulma: Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Uygulama (Yeni Ba\u015flayan)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6ncelikle, basit bir \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.  A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u015fehirleri ve maa\u015flar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE TABLE calisanlar (\n    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,\n    sehir VARCHAR(50),\n    maas INTEGER\n);\n\nINSERT INTO calisanlar (sehir, maas) VALUES\n('Ankara', 10000),\n('Ankara', 12000),\n('Ankara', 8000),\n('\u0130stanbul', 15000),\n('\u0130stanbul', 13000),\n('\u0130stanbul', 11000),\n('\u0130zmir', 9000),\n('\u0130zmir', 10000),\n('\u0130zmir', 7000);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u015eimdi, her \u015fehirdeki ikinci en y\u00fcksek maa\u015f\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorguyu kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT sehir, maas\nFROM (\n    SELECT sehir, maas, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY sehir ORDER BY maas DESC) as rn\n    FROM calisanlar\n) as ranked_calisanlar\nWHERE rn = 2;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, \u00f6nce her \u015fehir i\u00e7in maa\u015flar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011fe s\u0131ralar (<code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY maas DESC<\/code>) ve her \u015fehire g\u00f6re ayr\u0131 bir s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atar (<code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY sehir ORDER BY maas DESC)<\/code>).  Sonras\u0131nda, s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 2 olan sat\u0131rlar\u0131 se\u00e7erek (<code class=\"language-\">WHERE rn = 2<\/code>) her \u015fehirdeki ikinci en y\u00fcksek maa\u015f\u0131 bulur.  E\u011fer bir \u015fehirde sadece bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan varsa, bu sorgu sonu\u00e7 d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya Senaryolar\u0131 ve Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131 (Orta Seviye)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rnek, basit bir senaryoyu ele almaktad\u0131r.  Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya uygulamalar\u0131nda, daha karma\u015f\u0131k durumlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ayn\u0131 maa\u015fa sahip birden fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olabilir.  Bu durumda, <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> yerine <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code> veya <code class=\"language-\">DENSE_RANK()<\/code> kullanmak daha uygun olabilir.  <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code>, ayn\u0131 s\u0131raya sahip kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 s\u0131ra numaras\u0131yla etiketlerken, <code class=\"language-\">DENSE_RANK()<\/code> ise bo\u015fluk b\u0131rakmadan ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k s\u0131ra numaralar\u0131 atar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek:<\/strong>  Bir e-ticaret sitesinin \u00fcr\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ele alal\u0131m.  Her kategori i\u00e7in ikinci en \u00e7ok satan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak istiyoruz.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT kategori, urun_adi, satislar\nFROM (\n    SELECT kategori, urun_adi, satislar, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY kategori ORDER BY satislar DESC) as rk\n    FROM urun_satislari\n) as ranked_satislar\nWHERE rk = 2;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Optimizasyon \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>\u0130ndeksler:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">sehir<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">maas<\/code> s\u00fctunlar\u0131na indeks eklemek, sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.<br \/>\n* <strong>WHERE ko\u015fulu:<\/strong>  Gerekliyse, <code class=\"language-\">WHERE<\/code> ko\u015fulu ekleyerek veri k\u00fcmesini filtreleyip sorguyu daha h\u0131zl\u0131 hale getirebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sadece belirli bir b\u00f6lgedeki \u015fehirleri incelemek isteyebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n* <strong>CTE (Common Table Expression):<\/strong>  Karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular\u0131 daha okunabilir ve y\u00f6netilebilir hale getirmek i\u00e7in CTE kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Performans Analizi ve S\u0131n\u0131r Durumlar\u0131 (\u0130leri Seviye)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, sorgu performans\u0131 kritik bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutu ile sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek performans darbo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebilir ve gerekli optimizasyonlar\u0131 yapabilirsiniz.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, indeks eksikli\u011fi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc bir sorgu plan\u0131 performans sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131n\u0131r Durumlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>Bir gruptan daha az kay\u0131t:<\/strong> E\u011fer bir grupta sadece bir kay\u0131t varsa, ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer bulunmaz. Bu durumda, <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE()<\/code> fonksiyonu ile varsay\u0131lan bir de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcrebilirsiniz.<br \/>\n* <strong>E\u015fle\u015fen de\u011ferler:<\/strong>  Ayn\u0131 de\u011fere sahip birden fazla kay\u0131t varsa, <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code> veya <code class=\"language-\">DENSE_RANK()<\/code> fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 daha uygun olur.  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> her zaman benzersiz bir s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu durumda istenmeyen sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretebilir.<br \/>\n* <strong>NULL de\u011ferler:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011ferler, s\u0131ralama i\u015flemini etkileyebilir.  <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011ferlerini nas\u0131l ele almak istedi\u011finize ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> c\u00fcmlesinde <code class=\"language-\">NULLS FIRST<\/code> veya <code class=\"language-\">NULLS LAST<\/code> kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de grup ba\u015f\u0131na ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri bulmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri ve optimizasyon tekniklerini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Pencere fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131ndaki uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.  Veri b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, en uygun y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7mek ve performans\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in veritaban\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini ve sorgu plan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 dikkatlice analiz etmeniz \u00f6nemlidir.  Daha detayl\u0131 bilgi ve ileri d\u00fczey teknikler i\u00e7in [fatihsoysal.com](https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com) adresini ziyaret edebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong><code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">DENSE_RANK()<\/code> fonksiyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark nedir?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">ROW_NUMBER()<\/code> her sat\u0131ra benzersiz bir s\u0131ra numaras\u0131 atar. <code class=\"language-\">RANK()<\/code> ayn\u0131 s\u0131radaki kay\u0131tlar i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 s\u0131ra numaras\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. <code class=\"language-\">DENSE_RANK()<\/code> ise bo\u015fluk b\u0131rakmadan ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k s\u0131ra numaralar\u0131 atar.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>\u0130ndekslerin performans \u00fczerindeki etkisi nedir?<\/strong>  Uygun indeksler, veritaban\u0131n\u0131n ilgili verileri daha h\u0131zl\u0131 bulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleri i\u00e7in hangi optimizasyon teknikleri kullan\u0131labilir?<\/strong>  Par\u00e7alama (partitioning), materyalize g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler (materialized views) ve sorgu optimizasyonu teknikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck veri k\u00fcmeleri i\u00e7in performans\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong><code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011ferleri nas\u0131l ele alabilirim?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> c\u00fcmlesinde <code class=\"language-\">NULLS FIRST<\/code> veya <code class=\"language-\">NULLS LAST<\/code> kullanarak <code class=\"language-\">NULL<\/code> de\u011ferlerinin s\u0131ralamadaki yerini belirleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>Bir gruptan daha az kay\u0131t varsa ne olur?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">COALESCE()<\/code> fonksiyonu ile varsay\u0131lan bir de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcrebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL&#8217;de Grup Ba\u015f\u0131na \u0130kinci En B\u00fcy\u00fck De\u011feri Bulma PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda her grup i\u00e7in ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-26538","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - 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