{"id":25851,"date":"2025-07-14T15:15:23","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T12:15:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/"},"modified":"2025-07-14T15:15:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T12:15:23","slug":"postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me"},"content":{"rendered":"<p># PostgreSQL&#8217;de En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7mek<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda belirli bir de\u011fere en yak\u0131n olan sat\u0131r\u0131 bulman\u0131z m\u0131 gerekiyor?  \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir e-ticaret sitesinde kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcne en yak\u0131n fiyatl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek, bir hava durumu uygulamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n konumuna en yak\u0131n hava istasyonunun verilerini almak veya bir sens\u00f6r a\u011f\u0131nda en yak\u0131n sens\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini almak isteyebilirsiniz.  Bu makalede, PostgreSQL&#8217;de bu sorunu nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zebilece\u011finizi, temel seviyeden ileri seviyeye kadar ad\u0131m ad\u0131m, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya \u00f6rnekleriyle ve performans optimizasyon teknikleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6\u011frenme Yol Haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu makale, PostgreSQL&#8217;de en yak\u0131n de\u011fere sahip sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7me konusunda farkl\u0131 seviyelerdeki bilgi birikimine sahip kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in bir yol haritas\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayan:<\/strong>  Temel <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT<\/code> kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenecek, basit bir \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Orta Seviye:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 ele alacak, performans optimizasyon tekniklerini ve farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerini ke\u015ffedece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130leri Seviye:<\/strong>  Karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular\u0131n performans analizini yapacak, edge case&#8217;leri (ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 durumlar) ele alacak ve daha verimli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler geli\u015ftirece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de Temel Kavramlar: <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL&#8217;de en yak\u0131n de\u011feri bulmak i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle verileri s\u0131ralamam\u0131z gerekir. Bunun i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> deyimini kullan\u0131r\u0131z.  <code class=\"language-\">ORDER BY<\/code> deyimi, belirtilen s\u00fctuna g\u00f6re sonu\u00e7 k\u00fcmesini s\u0131ralar.  <code class=\"language-\">ASC<\/code> (artan) veya <code class=\"language-\">DESC<\/code> (azalan) s\u0131ralamas\u0131 belirtilebilir.  <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT<\/code> deyimi ise, sorgu sonucunda d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclecek sat\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">urunler<\/code> adl\u0131 bir tablomuz oldu\u011funu ve bu tablonun <code class=\"language-\">fiyat<\/code> adl\u0131 bir s\u00fctunu oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m.  100 TL&#8217;ye en yak\u0131n fiyatl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bulmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorguyu kullanabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT *\nFROM urunler\nORDER BY ABS(fiyat - 100)\nLIMIT 1;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, <code class=\"language-\">fiyat<\/code> s\u00fctunundaki de\u011ferlerin 100 TL&#8217;den fark\u0131n\u0131n mutlak de\u011ferine g\u00f6re (<code class=\"language-\">ABS()<\/code>) sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u0131ralar ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farka sahip (yani 100 TL&#8217;ye en yak\u0131n) ilk sat\u0131r\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PostgreSQL&#8217;de En Yak\u0131n De\u011feri Bulmak: Ad\u0131m Ad\u0131m Uygulama<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u015eimdi, daha detayl\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.  Bir hava durumu uygulamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, kullan\u0131c\u0131 konumuna en yak\u0131n hava istasyonunu bulmam\u0131z gerekiyor.  <code class=\"language-\">hava_istasyonlari<\/code> adl\u0131 bir tablomuz oldu\u011funu ve bu tablonun <code class=\"language-\">enlem<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">boylam<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">istasyon_adi<\/code> s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erdi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m.  Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n konumu <code class=\"language-\">kullanici_enlem<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">kullanici_boylam<\/code> de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinde sakl\u0131 olsun.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Mesafe Hesaplama:<\/strong> \u0130ki koordinat aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi hesaplamak i\u00e7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck daire mesafesi form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullanabiliriz.  PostgreSQL&#8217;de bu form\u00fcl, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi bir fonksiyon kullan\u0131larak uygulanabilir:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION mesafe_hesapla(enlem1 double precision, boylam1 double precision, enlem2 double precision, boylam2 double precision)\nRETURNS double precision AS $$\nDECLARE\n  radyan_enlem1 double precision := radians(enlem1);\n  radyan_boylam1 double precision := radians(boylam1);\n  radyan_enlem2 double precision := radians(enlem2);\n  radyan_boylam2 double precision := radians(boylam2);\n  radyan_fark_enlem double precision := radyan_enlem2 - radyan_enlem1;\n  radyan_fark_boylam double precision := radyan_boylam2 - radyan_boylam1;\nBEGIN\n  RETURN 6371 * acos(cos(radyan_enlem1) * cos(radyan_enlem2) * cos(radyan_boylam2 - radyan_boylam1) + sin(radyan_enlem1) * sin(radyan_enlem2));\nEND;\n$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu fonksiyon, iki koordinat aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi kilometre cinsinden hesaplar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. En Yak\u0131n \u0130stasyonu Bulma:<\/strong> \u015eimdi, bu fonksiyonu kullanarak en yak\u0131n hava istasyonunu bulabiliriz:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT istasyon_adi, mesafe_hesapla(kullanici_enlem, kullanici_boylam, enlem, boylam) AS mesafe\nFROM hava_istasyonlari\nORDER BY mesafe\nLIMIT 1;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, her hava istasyonu i\u00e7in kullan\u0131c\u0131 konumuna olan mesafeyi hesaplar, mesafelere g\u00f6re s\u0131ralar ve en k\u0131sa mesafeye sahip ilk istasyonun ad\u0131n\u0131 ve mesafeyi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya \u00d6rne\u011fi: En Yak\u0131n \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fc Bulma (E-ticaret)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir e-ticaret sitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim.  Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, belirli bir \u00fcr\u00fcn arad\u0131klar\u0131nda, sto\u011fu bulunan ve fiyat olarak en yak\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmek isteyebilirler.  <code class=\"language-\">urunler<\/code> tablomuzda <code class=\"language-\">urun_adi<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">fiyat<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">stok_adedi<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">kategori_id<\/code> s\u00fctunlar\u0131 olsun.  Kullan\u0131c\u0131 150 TL&#8217;lik bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ar\u0131yor ve ayn\u0131 kategorideki en yak\u0131n fiyatl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bulmak istiyor.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"language-sql\"><code>SELECT urun_adi, fiyat\nFROM urunler\nWHERE kategori_id = (SELECT kategori_id FROM urunler WHERE fiyat = 150)  --Ayn\u0131 kategori \u015fart\u0131\n  AND stok_adedi &gt; 0\nORDER BY ABS(fiyat - 150)\nLIMIT 1;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu sorgu, \u00f6ncelikle 150 TL&#8217;lik \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kategorisini bulur ve sonra ayn\u0131 kategorideki \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden stokta olanlar\u0131, fiyat fark\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131ralayarak en yak\u0131n fiyatl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Performans Optimizasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Veri setiniz b\u00fcy\u00fckse, yukar\u0131daki sorgular\u0131n performans\u0131 d\u00fc\u015febilir.  Performans\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki teknikleri kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n<p>* <strong>\u0130ndeksler:<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">enlem<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">boylam<\/code>, <code class=\"language-\">fiyat<\/code> ve <code class=\"language-\">kategori_id<\/code> s\u00fctunlar\u0131na indeks eklemek sorgu performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilir.<br \/>\n* <strong>Giyotin (PostGIS):<\/strong>  Konumsal verilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, PostGIS uzant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak daha verimli co\u011frafi sorgular yazabilirsiniz.  PostGIS, co\u011frafi veriler i\u00e7in optimize edilmi\u015f fonksiyonlar ve indeksleme mekanizmalar\u0131 sa\u011flar.  <code class=\"language-\">ST_DWithin<\/code> fonksiyonu, belirli bir mesafe i\u00e7indeki noktalar\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<br \/>\n* <strong>CTE (Common Table Expression):<\/strong> Karma\u015f\u0131k sorgular\u0131 daha okunakl\u0131 ve optimize edilebilir hale getirmek i\u00e7in CTE&#8217;ler kullanabilirsiniz.<br \/>\n* <strong>Fonksiyon indeksleri:<\/strong> <code class=\"language-\">mesafe_hesapla<\/code> fonksiyonu i\u00e7in bir fonksiyon indeksi olu\u015fturarak performans\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130leri Seviye Teknikler: Edge Case&#8217;ler ve Performans Analizi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <strong>\u00c7oklu En Yak\u0131n De\u011ferler:<\/strong>  E\u011fer birden fazla \u00fcr\u00fcn ayn\u0131 mesafede ise, <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT 1<\/code> yerine <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT N<\/code> kullanarak birden fazla sonucu alabilirsiniz.<br \/>\n* <strong>Bo\u015f Sonu\u00e7lar:<\/strong>  E\u011fer en yak\u0131n de\u011fere sahip bir sat\u0131r bulunmazsa, sorgu bo\u015f bir sonu\u00e7 k\u00fcmesi d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.  Bu durumu kontrol etmek i\u00e7in <code class=\"language-\">COUNT(*)<\/code> fonksiyonunu kullanabilirsiniz.<br \/>\n* <strong>Performans Analizi:<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutu, sorgular\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek ve iyile\u015ftirme alanlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <strong>En yak\u0131n de\u011fere sahip birden fazla sat\u0131r varsa ne olur?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT<\/code> deyimini kullanarak d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclecek sat\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilirsiniz.  \u00d6rne\u011fin, <code class=\"language-\">LIMIT 3<\/code> komutu en yak\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131r\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>PostGIS kullanman\u0131n avantajlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/strong> PostGIS, co\u011frafi veriler i\u00e7in optimize edilmi\u015f fonksiyonlar ve indeksleme mekanizmalar\u0131 sa\u011flayarak performans\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Performans sorunlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong>  <code class=\"language-\">EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code> komutunu kullanarak sorgunuzun performans\u0131n\u0131 analiz edin ve indeksler, CTE&#8217;ler ve PostGIS gibi optimizasyon tekniklerini deneyin.  Veritaban\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ve donan\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerini de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurun.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Fonksiyon indekslerinin amac\u0131 nedir?<\/strong> Fonksiyon indeksleri, fonksiyonlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re indeksleme yaparak, fonksiyon \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren sorgular\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>Hangi durumlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck daire mesafesi form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong>  Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde iki nokta aras\u0131ndaki en k\u0131sa mesafeyi (geodesik mesafe) hesaplamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck daire mesafesi form\u00fcl\u00fc kullan\u0131l\u0131r.  Bu form\u00fcl, \u00f6zellikle uzun mesafeler i\u00e7in daha do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n<p>Yazar: Fatih Soysal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"# PostgreSQL&#8217;de En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7mek PostgreSQL veritaban\u0131n\u0131zda belirli bir de\u011fere en yak\u0131n olan sat\u0131r\u0131 bulman\u0131z&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_page_subscribe_form":"","csco_page_contact_form":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[644],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-25851","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-postgresql","7":"cs-entry","8":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.5 (Yoast SEO v25.3.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>PostgreSQL: En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hi\u00e7bir etiketi bulunamad\u0131.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PostgreSQL: En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hi\u00e7bir etiketi bulunamad\u0131.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kodlar\u0131n Gizemli D\u00fcnyas\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-07-14T12:15:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fatih Soysal\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fatih Soysal\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"headline\":\"PostgreSQL: En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-14T12:15:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\"},\"wordCount\":997,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/002a254750921dcfd568a99e48240dd1\"},\"articleSection\":[\"PostgreSQL\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2025\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\",\"name\":\"PostgreSQL: En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-14T12:15:23+00:00\",\"description\":\"Hi\u00e7bir etiketi bulunamad\u0131.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/postgresql-en-yakin-degere-sahip-satiri-secme\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"PostgreSQL: En Yak\u0131n De\u011fere Sahip Sat\u0131r\u0131 Se\u00e7me\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fatihsoysal.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Fatihsoysal.com\",\"description\":\"Blog - 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